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² Schumpeter, Joseph, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1962), p. 269.Google Scholar

³ This article focuses on the research of McClosky, given the centrality of his empirical results to the thesis of democratic elitism. It offers a critique of a part of the writing, but is in no respect a critique of the writer: on the contrary, McClosky has made a seminal contribution and we would not have been in a position to offer our contribution had he not first made his.

⁴ McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance, p. 434.Google Scholar

⁵ Stouffer, , Communism, Conformity, and Civil LibertiesGoogle Scholar; McClosky, , ‘Consensus and Ideology in American Polities’Google Scholar; McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of ToleranceGoogle Scholar; McClosky, Herbert and Zaller, John, The American Ethos: Public Attitudes toward Capitalism and Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984)Google Scholar; Nunn, Clyde, Crockett, Harry Jr, and Williams, J. Allen Jr, Tolerance of Nonconformity (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978)Google Scholar; Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James and Marcus, George E., ‘An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance’, American Political Science Review, 73 (1979), 781–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James and Marcus, George E., Political Tolerance and American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982)Google Scholar; Barnum, and Sullivan, , ‘Attitudinal Tolerance and Political Freedom in Britain’.Google Scholar

⁶ McClosky, , ‘Consensus and Ideology in American Politics’, p. 374, italics added.Google Scholar

⁷ Dahl, , Who Governs? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961)Google Scholar; Key, V. O. Jr, Public Opinion and American Democracy (New York: Knopf, 1961).Google Scholar

⁸ McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance (for example, pp. 28–30).Google Scholar

⁹ McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance, pp. 32–273.Google Scholar

¹⁰ But see Fletcher, Joseph F., ‘Participation and Attitudes Toward Civil Liberties: Is There an Educative Effect?’, International Political Science Review, 11 (1990), 439–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹ Dahl, , Who Governs?Google Scholar

¹² See, for example, Bachrach, Peter, The Theory of Democratic Elitism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967)Google Scholar; Dye, and Ziegler, , The Irony of DemocracyGoogle Scholar; Nunn, , Crockett, and Williams, , Tolerance for Nonconformity.Google Scholar

¹³ The extent to which the thesis of democratic elitism reinforces the arguments for participatory democracy has largely escaped attention. Beyond this, it should be emphasized that merely because a scholar agrees with the consensus and the participation claims as empirical generalizations, it does not follow that he or she personally favours an elite possessing special prerogatives or extra-constitutional powers.

¹⁴ Sniderman, Paul M., Fletcher, Joseph F., Russell, Peter H. and Tetlock, Philip E., ‘Political Culture and the Problem of Double Standards: Mass and Elite Attitudes Toward Language Rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms’, Canadian Journal of Political Science, 22 (1989), 259–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ Kish, Leslie, ‘A Procedure for Objective Respondent Selection Within the Household’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 44 (1949), 380–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶ Institute for Social Research, Attitudes Toward Civil Liberties and the Canadian Charter of Rights—Technical Documentation, revised version (Toronto, Ont.: York University, 1989).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Sullivan, et al. , ‘An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance’Google Scholar; Sullivan, et al. , Political Tolerance and American Democracy.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Sullivan, et al. , ‘An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance’Google Scholar; Sullivan, et al. , Political Tolerance and American Democracy.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The item is taken from McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance, with permission.Google Scholar

²⁰ See Dworkin, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977).Google Scholar

²¹ This item is taken with permission from McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance.Google Scholar

²² This item is taken, with permission, from McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance.Google Scholar

²³ Commission of Inquiry Concerning Certain Activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (McDonald Commission), Second Report: Freedom and Security Under the Law (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1981).Google Scholar

²⁴ Borovoy, A. Allan, When Freedoms Collide (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys Ltd., 1988).Google Scholar

²⁵ To discipline our assessment of issues of wiretapping, the justifications are drawn from the enabling legislation, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act, 1984.

²⁶ Fletcher, Joseph F., ‘Mass and Elite Attitudes About Wiretapping in Canada: Implications for Democratic Theory and Polities’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 53 (1989), 225–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁷ The parallels between attitudes now and actual behaviour in the October Crisis is impressive.

²⁸ Schumpeter, , Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy.Google Scholar

²⁹ McClosky, and Zaller, , The American Ethos: Public Attitudes toward Capitalism and Democracy, p. 235Google Scholar; McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance, pp. 415–38.Google Scholar

³⁰ McClosky, Herbert, Hoffman, Paul J. and O'Hara, Rosemary, ‘Issue Conflict and Consensus Among Party Leaders and Followers’, American Political Science Review, 54 (1960), 406–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also see Kirkpatrick, Jeanne J., A New Presidential Elite (New York: Basic Books, 1976)Google Scholar; and Miller, Warren E., Parties in Transition (New York: Russell Sage, 1986).Google Scholar

³¹ McClosky and Brill present these results to demonstrate the strength of the connection between liberalism and commitment to civil liberties, among both elite and general population samples.

³² McClosky, and Brill, , Dimensions of Tolerance, p. 422.Google Scholar

³³ Dahl, , Who Governs?, p. 320.Google Scholar