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³ Ranney, Austin, Pathways to Parliament (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965)Google Scholar; Kelley, J. and McAllister, I., ‘Ballot Paper Cues and the Vote in Australia and Britain: Alphabetic Voting, Sex, and Title’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 48 (1984), 452–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar; but see Rasmussen, Jorgen, ‘Female Career Patterns and Leadership Disabilities in Britain: The Crucial Role of Gatekeepers in Regulating Entry to the Political Elite’, Polity, 13 (1981), 600–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rasmussen, Jorgen, ‘The Electoral Costs of Being a Woman in the 1979 British General Election’, Comparative Politics, 15 (1983), 462–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rasmussen, Jorgen, ‘Women's Role in Contemporary British Politics: Impediments to Parliamentary Candidature’, Parliamentary Affairs, 36 (1983), 300–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Vallance, Elizabeth, Women in the House (London: Athlone Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Hills, Jill, ‘Candidates: The Impact of Gender’, Parliamentary Affairs, 34 (1981), 221–8.Google Scholar

⁴ This argument has been put by Currell, Melvin, ‘The Recruitment of Women to the House of Commons’, paper delivered to the British Political Studies Association Conference, 1978Google Scholar; Hills, , ‘Britain’Google Scholar, in Lovenduski, Joni and Hills, Jill, eds, The Politics of the Second Electorate (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), pp. 8–32Google Scholar; Rasmussen, , ‘Female Career Patterns’Google Scholar; Rasmussen, , ‘Women's Role in Contemporary British Polities’Google Scholar. Contrary evidence from Labour party selectors in Scotland and the north of England is provided by Bochel, John and Denver, David, ‘Candidate Selection in the Labour Party: What the Selectors Seek’, British Journal of Political Science, 13 (1983), 45–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ Studlar, Donley and Sigelman, Lee, ‘Special Elections: A Comparative Perspective’, British Jour nal of Political Science, 17 (1987), 247–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Studlar, Donley and Welch, Susan, ‘Explaining the Iron Law of Andrarchy: Voting for Women in Scottish Local Elections’, Comparative Political Studies, forthcoming.Google Scholar

⁶ Previous use of the model is found in Studlar, and Welch, , ‘Explaining the Iron Law’Google Scholar; and Welch, Susan, Ambrosius, Margery M., Clark, Janet and Darcy, Robert, ‘The Effect of Candidate Gender on Electoral Outcomes in State Legislative Races’, Western Political Quarterly, 38 (1985), 464–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁸ Studlar, and Welch, , ‘Explaining the Iron Law’.Google Scholar

⁹ Bristow, , ‘Women Councillors’, pp. 79–81.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Studlar, and Welch, , ‘Explaining the Iron Law’.Google Scholar

¹¹ Railings, C. and Thrasher, M., The 1985 County Council Election Results in England: A Statistical Digest, 2 vols (Plymouth: Center for the Study of Local Elections, 1985).Google Scholar This article is part of a larger study of women in British local elections. Our analyses of the 1984 Scottish district elections has already been cited in fn. 5 above. In progress is an examination of the impact of multi-member versus single-member districts on women's electability in the 1983 English and Welsh district elections.

¹² Railings, and Thrasher, , The 1985 County Council Election Results.Google Scholar

¹³ Brislow, , ‘Women Councillors’.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Voters' antagonism toward women candidates could conceivably be demonstrated by differential abstention. An examination of turnout showed no differences in turnout in contest with women candidates, with and without controls for the socio-economic status of the district, number of candidates and party of the candidates.

¹⁵ Studlar, and Welch, , ‘Explaining the Iron Law’.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Bristow, , ‘Women Councillors’, p. 84Google Scholar; Randall, Vicki, Women and Politics (New York: St Martin's Press, 1982), p. 93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ Darcy, Robert, Welch, Susan and Clark, Janet, Women: Elections and Representation (New York: Longman, 1987).Google Scholar