¹ Lindblom, Charles E., Unions and Capitalism (New Haven, Conn.: Vale University Press, 1949).Google Scholar

² Dahl, Robert A. and Lindblom, Charles E., Politics, Economics and Welfare: Planning and Politico-Economic Systems Resolved into Basic Social Processes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953Google Scholar; new edition, with a new Preface by the authors, 1976).

³ Lindblom, Charles E., ‘The Science of “Muddling Through”’, Public Administration Review, XIX (1959), 79–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Among the other articles are: ‘Policy Analysis’, American Economic Review, LXVIII (1958), 298–312Google Scholar, and with Hirschman, Albert O., ‘Economic Development, Research and Development, Policy Making: Some Converging Views’, Behavioral Science, VII (1962), 211–22.Google Scholar

⁴ Braybrooke, David and Lindblom, Charles E., A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process (New York: Free Press, 1963)Google Scholar; Lindblom, Charles E., The Intelligence of Democracy: Decision Making Through Mutuai Adjustment (New York: Free Press, 1965).Google Scholar

⁵ Lindblom, Charles E., The Policy-Making Process (Engkwood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1968; 2nd edn., revised, 1980).Google Scholar

⁶ Lindblom also worked for the State Department in the mid-sixties.

⁷ Lindblom, Charles E., Politics and Markets: The World's Political-Economic Systems (New York: Basic Books, 1977).Google Scholar

⁸ Lindblom, Charles E. and Cohen, David K., Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1979).Google Scholar

⁹ Lindblom, Charles E., ‘Still Muddling, Not Yet Through’, Public Administration Review, IXL (1979), 517–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ See fn. 5 above.

¹¹ Wildavsky, Aaron, Dixon-Yates: A Study in Power Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1962)Google Scholar, and Leadership in a Small Town (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Bedminster Press, 1964).Google Scholar

¹² Wildavsky, Aaron, The Politics of the Budgetary Process (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1974Google Scholar; revised editions in 1974 and 1978). For example, in a survey of members of the American Political Science Association who also occupied government positions it was the most frequently mentioned book for being ‘helpful’ in their work. See Political Science Utilization Directory (Urbana: University of Illinois, Policy Studies Organization, 1975), p. 7.Google Scholar

¹³ Wildavsky, , The Politics of the Budgetary Process, p. 3.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Davis, Otto, Dempster, Michael and Wildavsky, Aaron, ‘A Theory of the Budgetary Process’, American Political Science Review, LX (1966), 529–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also ‘On the Process of Budgeting: An Empirical Study of Congressional Appropriation’, in Tullock, Gordon, ed., Papers on Non-Market Decision Making (Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Center for Political Economy, 1966), 63–132Google Scholar, and ‘On the Process of Budgeting II: an Empirical Study of Congressional Appropriations’, in Byrne, R. F. et al. , eds., Studies in Budgeting (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1971), 292–375.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Davis, Otto, Dempster, Michael and Wildavsky, Aaron, ‘Towards a Predictive Theory of Government Expenditure: US Domestic Appropriations’, British Journal of Political Science, IV (1974), 419–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶ Dempster, M. A. H. and Wildavsky, Aaron, ‘On Change: Or, There Is No Magic Size for an Increment’, Political Studies, XXVII (1979), 371–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar What may be the definitive work by these authors is scheduled for publication in 1981, The Political Economy of Public Spending.

¹⁷ Nienaber, Jeanne and Wildavsky, Aaron, The Budgeting and Evaluation of Federal Recreation Programs, or Money Doesn't Grow on Trees (New York: Basic Books, 1973)Google Scholar; Caiden, Naomi and Wildavsky, Aaron, Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries (New York: Wiley, 1974)Google Scholar; Heclo, Hugh and Wildavsky, Aaron, The Private Government of Public Money (London: Macmillan, 1974; 2nd edn. 1980)Google Scholar; Wildavsky, Aaron, Budgeting: A Comparative Theory of Budgetary Processes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975)Google Scholar; Dempster, M. A. H. and Wildavsky, Aaron, The Political Economy of Public Spending (forthcoming, 1981).Google Scholar

¹⁸ See, for example, Weiner, Sanford and Wildavsky, Aaron, ‘The Prophylactic Presidency’, Public Interest, LII (1978), 3–19.Google Scholar Wildavsky has also edited volumes on the presidency, e.g. Perspectives on the Presidency (Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown, 1975).Google Scholar

¹⁹ Wildavsky, Aaron, Speaking Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis (Boston, Mass: Little, Brown, 1979)Google Scholar; several substantive analyses are included in the book.

²⁰ Pressman, Jeffrey L. and Wildavsky, Aaron B., Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland: Or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation of Ruined Hopes (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1973; 2nd edn., 1979).Google Scholar

²¹ An article on risk assessment, ‘A Radical Approach to Risk Assessment’ will soon be published in Public Interest, and there is a forthcoming book on the topic written with the English anthropologist Mary Douglas. On the second topic, see Wildavsky, Aaron, How to Limit Government Spending (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980)Google Scholar, where the author proposes a constitutional amendment in order to limit the pace of public sector growth to that of GNP.

²² Dahl, and Lindblom, , Politics, Economics and Welfare (1976 edn), pp. 83–5.Google Scholar

²³ Braybrooke, and Lindblom, , A Strategy of Decision (hereafter cited in 1970 paperback edition), pp. 23, 82.Google Scholar

²⁴ A Strategy of Decision, pp. 47–57.Google Scholar

²⁵ A Strategy of Decision, Chap. 5.

²⁶ Lindblom, , The Intelligence of Democracy, p. 144.Google Scholar

²⁷ The Intelligence of Democracy, pp. 146f.Google Scholar; also A Strategy of Decision, pp. 97f.Google Scholar

²⁸ The Intelligence of Democracy, p. 147.Google Scholar

²⁹ A Strategy of Decision, pp. 140, 141.Google Scholar

³⁰ The Intelligence of Democracy, p. 3.Google Scholar

³¹ The Intelligence of Democracy, p. 10.Google Scholar

³² The Intelligence of Democracy, p. 15.Google Scholar

³³ Dror, Yehezkel, ‘Muddling Through – “Science” or Inertia?’, Public Administration Review, XXIV (1964), 153–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴ ‘Muddling Through – “Science” or Inertia?’, p. 154.Google Scholar

³⁵ See, for example, Dror, Yehezkel, Public Policymaking Reexamined (Scranton, N.J.: Chandler, 1968).Google Scholar

³⁶ Lindblom, Charles E., ‘Contexts for Change and Strategy: A Reply’, Public Administration Review, XXIV (1964), 157–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Braybrooke, and Lindblom, , A Strategy of Decision, Chap. 4.Google Scholar

³⁷ Etzioni, Amitai, The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes (New York: Free Press, 1968), p. 295.Google Scholar

³⁸ Etzioni, , The Active Society, 271ff.Google Scholar; see also Arrow, Kenneth's review of A Strategy of Decision, in Political Science Quarterly, LXXIX (1964), p. 585.Google Scholar

³⁹ Etzioni, , The Active Society, p. 273.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Etzioni, , The Active Society, p. 288.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Etzioni, , The Active Society, p. 290.Google Scholar

⁴² Goodin, Robert and Waldner, limar, ‘Thinking Big, Thinking Small, and Not Thinking at All’, Public Policy, XXVII (1979), 1–24.Google Scholar

⁴³ Gershuny, J. I., ‘Policy-making Rationality: A Reformulation’, Policy Sciences, IX (1978), 295–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁴ Lindblom, ‘Still Muddling, Not Yet Through’, p. 517.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ ‘Still Muddling, Not Yet Through’, p. 519.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ ‘Still Muddling, Not Yet Through’, p. 520.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ ‘Still Muddling, Not Yet Through’, p. 523.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ See Lindblom, , The Intelligence of Democracy, pp. 307–9Google Scholar, and Lindblom, Charles E., ‘Decision-Making in Taxation and Expenditures’, Public Finances: Needs, Sources and Utilization (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), 295–329.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Wildavsky, , The Politics of the Budgetary Process, pp. 4, 5Google Scholar. See also Tullock, Gordon, ‘The Revolution in Fiscal Theory’, Public Administration Review, XXV (1965), 85–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁰ The Politics of the Budgetary Process, p. 7.Google Scholar

⁵¹ The Politics of the Budgetary Process, pp. 13, 15.Google Scholar

⁵² The Politics of the Budgetary Process, p. 131.Google Scholar

⁵³ The Politics of the Budgetary Process, p. 179.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ See, for example, Wildavsky, Aaron, ‘The Political Economy of Efficiency: Cost-Benefit Analysis, Systems Analysis, and Program Budgeting’, Public Administration Review, XXVI (1966), 292–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar; also the 1974 and 1979 editions of The Politics of the Budgetary Process.

⁵⁵ Davis, , Dempster, and Wildavsky, , ‘A Theory of the Budgetary Process’, p. 543.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Davis, , Dempster, and Wildavsky, , ‘Towards a Predictive Theory of Government Expenditure: US Domestic Appropriations’, p. 452.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Dempster, and Wildavsky, , ‘On Change: Or, There Is No Magic Size for an Increment’, p. 382.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Natchez, Peter B. and Bupp, Irvin C., ‘Policy and Priority in the Budgetary Process’, American Political Science Review, LXVII (1973), 951–63, p. 963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁹ Dempster, and Wildavsky, , ‘On Change: Or, There Is No Magic Size for an Increment’, p. 372.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Lindblom, , Politics and Markets, p. ix.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Politics and Markets, Part I.Google Scholar

⁶² Politics and Markets, Part II.Google Scholar

⁶³ Politics and Markets, p. ix.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Politics and Markets, p. 233.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Politics and Markets, p. 162.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Politics and Markets, p. 164.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Politics and Markets, p. 168f.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Politics and Markets, pp. 173, 175.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Politics and Markets, p. 176.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Politics and Markets, pp. 193f.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Politics and Markets, p. 202.Google Scholar

⁷² Politics and Markets, p. 230.Google Scholar

⁷³ Wildavsky, Aaron, ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, Yale Law Journal, LXXXVIII (1978), 217–34, p. 218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁴ ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, p. 219.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, p. 227.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, p. 227.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, p. 230.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, p. 231.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, pp. 232f.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ ‘Changing Forward Versus Changing Back’, p. 234.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Anderson, Charles W., ‘The Political Economy of Charles E. Lindblom’, American Political Science Review, LXXII (1978), p. 1013.Google Scholar

⁸² For the best introduction to the current debate among political scientists, see Schmitter, Philippe C. and Lehmbruch, Gerhard, eds., Trends Toward Corporatist Intermediation (London: Sage, 1979).Google Scholar

⁸³ Walzer, Michael, ‘Must Democracy Be Capitalist?’, The New York Review of Books, 20 07 1978.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Wildavsky, , Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 2, 410.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 15, 389.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 6, 9, 16, 413, 13.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 386, 387.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Speaking Truth to Power, especially p. 17Google Scholar – but the entire book is organized on the basis of these concepts.

⁸⁹ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 25, 174.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 116, 17, 124.Google Scholar

⁹¹ Speaking Truth to Power, p. 206.Google Scholar

⁹² Speaking Truth to Power, p. 37.Google Scholar

⁹³ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 389, 392.Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 42, 274ff.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Speaking Truth to Power, pp. 255, 278.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Speaking Truth to Power, p. 143.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Speaking Truth to Power, p. 352.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ As cited in Meltsner, Arnold, Policy Analysts in the Bureaucracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), p. 2.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ See especially Politics and Markets, Chaps. 19 and 22.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ Very recently, Wildavsky has addressed the problem of knowledge utilization more explicitly than before; see Knott, Jack and Wildavsky, Aaron, ‘If Dissemination Is the Solution, What Is the Problem?’, Knowledge, 1 (1980), 537–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰¹ Lindblom, and Cohen, , Usable Knowledge, pp. 90f. and Chap. 6.Google Scholar

¹⁰² Wildavsky, , Speaking Truth to Power, p. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Anderson, , ‘The Political Economy of Charles E. Lindblom’, p. 1012.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Lindblom, , Politics and Markets, pp. 248f.Google Scholar; generally Chaps. 19 and 22.