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Towards understanding of glycaemic index and glycaemic load in habitual diet: associations with measures of glycaemia in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis ,
Ashish Dhawan ,
Angela D. Liese ,
Karen Teff  and
Mandy Schulz
Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis*
Affiliation:
Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 2718 Middleburg Drive, Columbia, SC 29 208USA
Ashish Dhawan
Affiliation:
Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 2718 Middleburg Drive, Columbia, SC 29 208USA
Angela D. Liese
Affiliation:
Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 2718 Middleburg Drive, Columbia, SC 29 208USA
Karen Teff
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
Mandy Schulz
Affiliation:
German Institute of Human NutritionDepartment of Epidemiology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
*
*corresponding author: Dr Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis, fax +1 803 251 7873, email [email protected]
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Abstract

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Epidemiologic studies have applied the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) to assessments of usual dietary intake. Results have been inconsistent particularly for the association of GI or GL with diabetes incidence. We aimed to advance understanding of the GI and GL as applied to food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) by evaluating GI and GL in relation to plasma measures of glycaemia. Included were 1255 adults at a baseline examination (1994–6) and 813 who returned for the 5-year follow-up examination. Usual diet, at both examinations, was assessed by a validated FFQ. GI and GL were evaluated in relation to average fasting glucose (two measures at each examination) and 2h post-75g glucose load plasma glucose (baseline and follow-up), and glycated haemoglobin (A1c; follow-up only); using generalized linear models. Correlation coefficients (r) for GI and GL related to measures of glycaemia, adjusted for total energy intake, ranged from −0·004 to 0·04 (all NS) for both examinations. Adjustment for potential confounders, for fasting glucose in models for 2h glucose (to model incremental glucose) and for average fasting glucose in models for A1c (to account, in part, for overnight endogenous glucose production) also did not materially alter findings, nor did inclusion of data from both examinations together in linear mixed models. The present results call into question the utility of GI and GL to reflect glycaemic response to food adequately, when used in the context of usual diet. Further work is needed to quantify usual dietary exposures relative to glucose excursion and associated chronic glycaemia and other metabolic parameters.

Keywords

Dietary assessmentHabitual dietEpidemiologic studies
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 95 , Issue 2 , February 2006 , pp. 397 - 405
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

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