Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T18:08:01.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Towards understanding of glycaemic index and glycaemic load in habitual diet: associations with measures of glycaemia in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis ,
Ashish Dhawan ,
Angela D. Liese ,
Karen Teff  and
Mandy Schulz
Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis*
Affiliation:
Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 2718 Middleburg Drive, Columbia, SC 29 208USA
Ashish Dhawan
Affiliation:
Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 2718 Middleburg Drive, Columbia, SC 29 208USA
Angela D. Liese
Affiliation:
Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, 2718 Middleburg Drive, Columbia, SC 29 208USA
Karen Teff
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
Mandy Schulz
Affiliation:
German Institute of Human NutritionDepartment of Epidemiology, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
*
*corresponding author: Dr Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis, fax +1 803 251 7873, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Epidemiologic studies have applied the glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) to assessments of usual dietary intake. Results have been inconsistent particularly for the association of GI or GL with diabetes incidence. We aimed to advance understanding of the GI and GL as applied to food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) by evaluating GI and GL in relation to plasma measures of glycaemia. Included were 1255 adults at a baseline examination (1994–6) and 813 who returned for the 5-year follow-up examination. Usual diet, at both examinations, was assessed by a validated FFQ. GI and GL were evaluated in relation to average fasting glucose (two measures at each examination) and 2h post-75g glucose load plasma glucose (baseline and follow-up), and glycated haemoglobin (A1c; follow-up only); using generalized linear models. Correlation coefficients (r) for GI and GL related to measures of glycaemia, adjusted for total energy intake, ranged from −0·004 to 0·04 (all NS) for both examinations. Adjustment for potential confounders, for fasting glucose in models for 2h glucose (to model incremental glucose) and for average fasting glucose in models for A1c (to account, in part, for overnight endogenous glucose production) also did not materially alter findings, nor did inclusion of data from both examinations together in linear mixed models. The present results call into question the utility of GI and GL to reflect glycaemic response to food adequately, when used in the context of usual diet. Further work is needed to quantify usual dietary exposures relative to glucose excursion and associated chronic glycaemia and other metabolic parameters.

Keywords

Dietary assessmentHabitual dietEpidemiologic studies
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 95 , Issue 2 , February 2006 , pp. 397 - 405
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Bell, RA, Mayer-Davis, EJ, Martin, MA, D'Agostino, RB Jr & Haffner, SMAssociations between alcohol consumption and insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care. (2000) 23 1630–1636CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bischoff, HThe mechanism of alpha-glycosidase inhibition in the management of diabetes.Clin Invest Med. (1995) 18 303–311Google Scholar
Block, G, Hartman, AM, Dresser, CM, Carroll, MD, Gannon, J & Gardner, LA data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing. Am J Epidemiol. (1986) 124 453–469CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brand-Miller, JC, Thomas, M, Swan, V, Ahmad, ZI, Petocz, P & Colagiuri, SPhysiological validation of the concept of glycemic load in lean young adults.J Nutr (2003) 133 2728–2732CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buyken, AE, Toeller, M, Heitkamp, G, Karamanos, B, Rottiers, R, Muggeo, M & Fuller, JHGlycemic index in the diet of European outpatients with type 1 diabetes: relations to glycated hemoglobin and serum lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. (2001) 73 574–581CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coniff, RF, Shapiro, JA, Robbins, D, Kleinfield, R, Seaton, TB, Beisswenger, P & McGill, JBReduction of glycosylated hemoglobin and postprandial hyperglycemia by acarbose in patients with NIDDM. A placebo-controlled dose-comparison study.Diabetes Care (1995) 18 817–824CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coniff, RF, Shapiro, JA & Seaton, TBLong-term efficacy and safety of acarbose in the treatment of obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med. (1994) 154 2442–2448CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckel, RHA new look at dietary protein in diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr. (2003) 78 671–672CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ercan, N, Gannon, MC & Nuttall, FQEffect of added fat on the plasma glucose and insulin response to ingested potato given in various combinations as two meals in normal individuals.Diabetes Care (1994) 17 1453–1459CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ford, ES & Liu, SGlycemic index and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among US adults.Arch Intern Med (2001) 161 572–576CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster-Powell, K, Holt, SH & Brand-Miller, JCInternational table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002.Am J Clin Nutr. (2002) 76 5–56CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gannon, MC & Nuttall, FQFactors affecting interpretation of postprandial glucose and insulin areas.Diabetes Care (1987) 10 759–763CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gannon, MC & Nuttall, FQEffect of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet on blood glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes. (2004) 53 2375–2382CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gannon, MC, Nuttall, FQ, Saeed, A, Jordan, K & Hoover, HAn increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes.Am J Clin Nutr (2003) 78 734–741CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gulliford, MC & Ukoumunne, OCDeterminants of glycated haemoglobin in the general population: associations with diet, alcohol and cigarette smoking. Eur J Clin Nutr (2001) 55 615–623CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanley, AJ, D'Agostino, R Jr, Wagenknecht, LE, Saad, MF, Savage, PJ, Bergman, R & Haffner, SMIncreased proinsulin levels and decreased acute insulin response independently predict the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Diabetes (2002) 51 1263–1270CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hodge, AM, English, DR, O'Dea, K & Giles, GGGlycemic index and dietary fiber and the risk of type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care (2004) 27 2701–2706CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, SH, Miller, JC & Petocz, hPAn insulin index of foods: the insulin demand generated by 1000-kJ portions of common foods.Am J Clin Nutr (1997) 66 1264–1276CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, DJ, Jenkins, AL, Wolever, TM, Vuksan, V, Rao, AV, Thompson, LU & Josse, RGLow glycemic index: lente carbohydrates and physiological effects of altered food frequency.Am J Clin Nutr (1994) 59 706S–709sCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, DJ, Wolever, TM, Taylor, RH, Barker, H, Fielden, H, Baldwin, JM, Bowling, ACNewman, HC, Jenkins, AL & Goff, DVGlycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange.Am J Clin Nutr (1981) 34 362–366CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liese, AD, Roach, AK, Sparks, KC, Marquart, L, D'Agostino, RB Jr & Mayer-Davis, EJWhole-grain intake and insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.Am J Clin Nutr (2003) 78 965–971CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liese, AD, Schulz, M, Moore, CG & Mayer-Davis, EJDietary patterns, insulin sensitivity and adiposity in the multi-ethnic Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study population. Br J Nutr (2004) 92 973–984CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littell, RC, Pendergast, J & Natarajan, RModeling covariance structure in the analysis of repeated measures data.Stat Med (2000) 19 1793–18193.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer-Davis, EJ, D'Agostino, R Jr, Karter, A, Haffner, S, Rewers, M, Saad, MF & Bergman, RN for the IRAS investigators Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS).JAMA (1998) 279 669–674CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer-Davis, EJ, Levin, S & Marshall, JA (1999a) Heterogeneity in associations between macronutrient intake and lipoprotein profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22 1632–1639CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer-Davis, EJ, Monaco, JH & Hoen, HM (1997) Dietary fat and insulin sensitivity in a triethnic population: the role of obesity. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Am J Clin Nutr 65 79–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer-Davis, EJ, Vitolins, MZ, Carmichael, SL, Hemphill, S, Tsaroucha, G, Rushing, J, Levin, SValidity and reproducibility of a food frequency interview in a Multi-Cultural Epidemiology Study. Ann Epidemiol (1999b) 9 314–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, KA, Kushi, LH, Jacobs, DR Jr, Slavin, J, Sellers, TA, Folsom, ARCarbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr (2000) 71 921–930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nutrition Coordinating Center Minnesota Nutrition Data System. Program 2.3, Food Database Version 2.2, Nutrient Database Version 19 MinneapolisUniversity of Minnesota (1990)Google Scholar
Nuttall, FQ, Gannon, MCPlasma glucose and insulin response to macronutrients in nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care (1991) 14 824–838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuttall, FQ, Gannon, MCCarbohydrates and diabetes. In American Diabetes Association Guide to Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Franz, MJ, Bantle, JPAlexandria. VAAmerican Diabetes Association (1999)Google Scholar
Nuttall, FQ, Gannon, MC, Wald, JL, Ahmed, MPlasma glucose and insulin profiles in normal subjects ingesting diets of varying carbohydrate, fat, and protein content. J Am Coll Nutr (1985) 4 437–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perneger, TVWhat's wrong with Bonferroni adjustments 1. Br Med J (1998) 316 1236–1238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmeron, J, Ascherio, A, Rimm, EB, Colditz, GA, Spiegelman, D, Jenkins, DJ, Stampfer, MJ, Wing, AL, Willett, WCDietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men.Diabetes Care (1997b) 20 545–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmeron, J, Manson, JE, Stampfer, MJ, Colditz, GA, Wing, AL, Willett, WCDietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes in women.JAMA (1997a 277 472–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, M, Liese, AD, Fang, F, Mayer-Davis, EJ, Sparks, KC, Wolever, TMSNutritional correlates of glycemic index: American Diabetes Association 64th Scientific Sessions. Am J Clin Nutr (2004) 53 A91Suppl. 2.Google Scholar
Schulze, MB, Liu, S, Rimm, EB, Manson, JE, Willett, WC, Hu, FBGlycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr (2004) 80 348–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, J, Ahn, K, Juhaeri, et al. . 2002 Dietary fiber intake and glycemic index and incidence of diabetes in African-American and white adults: the ARIC study. Diabetes Care 25 1715–1721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tahara, Y, Shima, KKinetics of HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine and analysis of their weight functions against preceding plasma glucose level 1. Diabetes Care (1995) 18 440–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagenknecht, LE, Mayer, EJ, Rewers, Met al.. The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS): objectives, design, and recruitment results. Ann Epidemiol (1995) 5 464–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolever, TMThe glycemic index. World Rev Nutr Diet (1990) 62 120–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolever, TM, Jenkins, DJ, Jenkins, AL, Josse, RGThe glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications. Am J Clin Nutr (1991) 54 846–854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group Technical Report Series no. 727. Geneva: WHO (1985)Google Scholar