Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T23:23:53.788Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Simulation of prospective phytosterol intake in Germany by novel functional foods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Karolin Kuhlmann ,
Oliver Lindtner ,
Almut Bauch ,
Guido Ritter ,
Brigitte Woerner  and
Birgit Niemann
Karolin Kuhlmann
Affiliation:
University of Applied Sciences Münster, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Corrensstrasse 25, D-48149, Münster, Germany
Oliver Lindtner
Affiliation:
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Nutritional Medicine, Thielallee 88-92, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
Almut Bauch
Affiliation:
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Nutritional Medicine, Thielallee 88-92, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
Guido Ritter
Affiliation:
University of Applied Sciences Münster, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Corrensstrasse 25, D-48149, Münster, Germany
Brigitte Woerner
Affiliation:
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Nutritional Medicine, Thielallee 88-92, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
Birgit Niemann*
Affiliation:
Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Nutritional Medicine, Thielallee 88-92, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Birgit Niemann, fax +49 1888 4123715, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A blood cholesterol-lowering margarine containing plant sterolesters was the first functional food placed on the European food market pursuant to the regulation (EC) 258/97. In the following years nine further applicants submitted the request to add plant sterol compounds to dairy products, cheeses, bakery products, sausages, plant oils and other products. The European Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) declared a precautionary intake limit of 3 g plant sterols per d by multiple dietary sources. Using the consumption data of the German National Food Consumption Study, carried out from 1985 to 1988 with 23 209 participants, we hypothetically added 0·3–2 g plant sterols to usual daily servings of ten different food products, selected from the novel food applications. We calculated the prospective plant sterol intake regarding each kind of enriched food and by stepwise accumulation of different functional foods in three enrichment scenarios. Within our enrichment context we find a phytosterol intake satiation, if multiple plant sterol-enriched foods are eaten. An enrichment amount of 2 g plant sterols per proposed food serving size results in an intake maximum of 13 g/d.

Keywords

PhytosterolsFunctional ingredientsFortificationIntake simulationSafety assessment
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 93 , Issue 3 , March 2005 , pp. 377 - 385
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2005

References

Adolf, T, Schneider, R & Eberhardt, W et al. (1995) Ergebnisse der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie (1985–1988) über die Lebensmittel- und Nährstoffaufnahme in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.In VERA-Schriftenreihe Band XI Kuebler W Anders HJ Heeschen W Niederkleen Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck (The German National Consumption Study, (1985–89): Consumption of foods and nutrients in the Federal German Republic. in: VERA Study Volume XI) [Kuebler, W,Anders, HJ and Heeschen, W, editors]. Niederkleen: Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck.Google Scholar
AID–Auswertungs- und Informationsdienst für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten e.V. (1991) MONICA – Mengenliste. AID Spezial 1, 1–41.Google Scholar
Ayesh, R, Weststrate, JA, Drewitt, PN & Hepburn, PA (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 5. Faecal short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 1127–1138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, VA, Hepburn, PA, Kennedy, SJ, Jones, PA, Lea, LJ, Sumpter, JP & Ashby, J (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 1. Assessment of oestrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 13–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colling, M, Weggemann, S, Doring, A, Keil, U & Wolfram, G (1989) Nutrition survey of adults using a 7-day protocol – a pilot study in the Augsburg MONICA project. Offentl Gesundheitswes 51, 94–97.Google ScholarPubMed
Diplock, AT, Aggett, PJ, Ashwell, M, Bornet, F, Fern, EB & Roberfroid, MB (1999) Scientific concepts of functional foods in Europe. Consensus document. Br J Nutr 81, Suppl. 1, S1–S27.Google Scholar
Flynn, A, Moreiras, O, Stehle, P, Fletcher, RJ, Muller, DJ & Rolland, V (2003) Vitamins and minerals: a model for safe addition to foods. Eur J Nutr 42, 118–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gylling, H, Puska, P, Vartiainen, E & Miettinen, TA (1999) Retinol, vitamin D, carotenes and alpha-tocopherol in serum of a moderately hypercholesterolemic population consuming sitostanol ester margarine. Atherosclerosis 145, 279–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gylling, H, Siimes, MA & Miettinen, TA (1995) Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 36, 1807–1812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallikainen, MA, Sarkkinen, ES & Uusitupa, MI (1999) Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, 966–969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallikainen, MA, Sarkkinen, ES & Uusitupa, MI (2000) Plant stanol esters affect serum cholesterol concentrations of hypercholesterolemic men and women in a dose-dependent manner. J Nutr 130, 767–776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hendriks, HF, Weststrate, JA, van Vliet, T & Meijer, GW (1999) Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, 319–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hepburn, PA, Horner, SA & Smith, M (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters – a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 521–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornstra, G, Barth, CA & Galli, C (1998) Functional food science and the cardiovascular system. Br J Nutr 80, Suppl. 1, S113–S146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemm, C, Mathis, G & Christ, M (1999) Der Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel (The German Food Code and Nutrient Base) (BLS II.3). Konzeption, Aufbau und Dokumentation der Datenbank blsdat (Conception, structure and documentation of the data-base blsdat). BGVV-Hefte 8, 5–45.Google Scholar
Kreuter, MW, Brennan, LK, Scharff, DP & Lukwago, SN (1997) Do nutrition label readers eat healthier diets? Behavioral correlates of adults' use of food labels. Am J Prev Med 13, 277–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroes, R, Muller, D & Lambe, J (2002) Assessment of intake from the diet. Food Chem Toxicol 40, 327–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Law, M (2000) Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 320, 861–864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mensink, RP, Aro, A, Den, Hond, E, German, JB, Griffin, BA, Ten, Meer, HU, Mutanen, M, Pannemans, D & Stahl, W (2003) PASSCLAIM – diet-related cardiovascular disease. Eur J Nutr 42, Suppl. 1, 16–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, C & Brown, J (1999) Knowledge and use of the food label among senior women in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Health Aging 3, 152–157.Google ScholarPubMed
Milner, JA (2000) Functional foods: the US perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 71, Suppl. 6, 1654S–1659Sdiscussion 1674S–1675S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, TT (1999) The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. J Nutr 129, 2109–2112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostlund, RE, Jr, McGill, JB, Zeng, CM, Covey, DF, Stearns, J, Stenson, WF Spilburg, CA (2002) Gastrointestinal absorption and plasma kinetics of soy Delta(5)-phytosterols and phytostanols in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282, E911–E916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raeini-Sarjaz, M, Ntanios, FY, Vanstone, CA & Jones, PJ (2002) No changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations with the intake of plant sterol/stanol esters in the context of a controlled diet. Metabolism 51, 652–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raulio, S, Nurttila, A & Mannonen, L (2001) Adding phytosterols and -stanols to food – modelling the amount received by Finnish adults. Publications of National Food Agency 10, 3–22.Google Scholar
Relas, H, Gylling, H & Miettinen, TA (2001) Acute effect of dietary stanyl ester dose on post-absorptive alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations. Br J Nutr 85, 141–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberfroid, MB (2000) Concepts and strategy of functional food science: the European perspective. Am J Clin Nutr 71, Suppl. 6, 1660S–1664S discussion 1674S–1675S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, DJ, Minter, HJ, Howes, D & Hepburn, PA (2000) The safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 38, 485–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scientific Committee on Food (2000) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Request for the Safety Assessment of the Use of Phytosterol Esters in Yellow Fat Spreads Brussels, European: Commission.Google Scholar
Scientific Committee on Food (2002a) General View of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Long-term Effects of the Intake of Elevated Levels of Phytosterols from Multiple Dietary Sources, with Particular Attention to the Effects on β-carotene Brussels, European: Commission.Google Scholar
Scientific Committee on Food (2002b) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on a Report on Post Launch Monitoring of ‘Yellow Fat Spreads with Added Phytosterol Esters’ Brussels, European: Commission.Google Scholar
Sudhop, T, Gottwald, BM, von Bergmann, K (2002) Serum plant sterols as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease. Metabolism 51, 1519–1521.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tunstall-Pedoe, H (1985) Monitoring trends in cardiovascular disease and risk factors: the WHO ‘Monica’ project. WHO Chron 39, 3–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Waalkens-Berendsen, DH, Wolterbeek, AP, Wijnands, MV, Richold, M & Hepburn, PA (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 3. Two-generation reproduction study in rats with phytosterol esters – a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 683–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, P (2001) Towards ensuring the safety of vitamins and minerals. Toxicol Lett 120, 83–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wester, I (1999) Dose responsivness to plant stanol esters. Eur Heart J Suppl 1, Suppl. S, S104–S108.Google Scholar
Weststrate, JA, Ayesh, R, Bauer-Plank, C & Drewitt, PN (1999) Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37, 1063–1071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weststrate, JA & Meijer, GW (1998) Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52, 334–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willet, W (1998) Nutritional Epidemiology, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar