Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T05:06:40.887Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Selenium and breast-feeding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Jose G. Dorea
Jose G. Dorea*
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Universidade de Brasilia, 70919.970, Brasilia, Brazil
*
*Corresponding author: Professor Jose G. Dorea, fax +55 61 368 5853, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The objective of the present review is to discuss Se nutrition during breast-feeding, encompassing environmental and maternal constitutional factors affecting breast-milk-Se metabolism and secretion. A literature search of Medline and Webofscience was used to retrieve and select papers dealing with Se and breast milk. Although Se in natural foods occurs only in organic form, breast milk responds to organic and inorganic Se in supplements. Inorganic Se (selenite, selenate), which is largely used in maternal supplements, is not detectable in breast milk. The mammary-gland regulating mechanism controls the synthesis and secretion of seleno-compounds throughout lactation, with a high total Se level in colostrum that decreases as lactation progresses. Se appears in breast milk as a component of specific seleno-proteins and seleno-amino-acids in milk proteins that are well tolerated by breast-fed infants even in high amounts. Se in breast milk occurs as glutathione peroxidase (4–32% total Se) > selenocystamine > selenocystine > selenomethionine. The wide range of breast-milk Se concentrations depends on Se consumed in natural foods, which reflects the Se content of the soils where they are grown. Se prophylaxis, either through soil Se fertilization or maternal supplements, is effective in raising breast-milk Se concentration. In spite of wide variation, the median Se concentration from studies worldwide are 26, 18, 15, and 17 μg/l in colostrum (0–5 d), transitional milk (6–21 d), mature milk (1–3 months) and late lactation (>5 months) respectively. Se recommendations for infants are presently not achieved in 30% of the reported breast-milk Se concentrations; nevertheless Se status is greater in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants.

Keywords

SeleniumLactationSpeciationGlutathione peroxidase
Type
Review article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 88 , Issue 5 , November 2002 , pp. 443 - 461
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2002

References

Al-Awadi, FM & Srikumar, TS (2000) Trace-element status in milk and plasma of Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti lactating mothers. Nutrition 16, 1069–1073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Awadi, FM & Srikumar, TS (2001) Determination of selenium concentration and its chemical forms in the milk of Kuwaiti and non-Kuwaiti lactating mothers. Journal of Trace Elements and Experimental Medicine 14, 57–67.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, CB, Lacourcuere, GM & Stadtman, TC (1999) Responsiveness of selenoproteins to dietary selenium. Annual Review of Nutrition 19, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alegria, A, Barbera, R, Farre, R, Ferrer, E, Lagarda, MJ & Torres, MA (1998) Optimization of selenium determination in human milk and whole blood by flow injection hydride atomic absorption spectrometry. Journal of AOAC International 81, 457–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alegria, A, Barbera, R, Farre, R, Lagarda, MJ, Lorente, RM & Torres, A (1996) Effectiveness of microwave based digestion procedures for the demineralization of human milk and infant formulas prior to fluorometric determination of selenium. Nahrung 40, 92–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Al-Saleh, I, Al-Doush, I & Faris, R (1997) Selenium levels in breast milk and cow's milk: a preliminary report from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Oncology 16, 41–46.Google ScholarPubMed
Ammar, EM & Couri, D (1981) Acute toxicity of sodium selenite and selenomethionine in mice after ICV or IV administration. Neurotoxicology 2, 383–386.Google ScholarPubMed
Anal, O, Ulman, C, Gezen, S, Guner, G, Yenigun, A, Çetiner, N & Taneli, N (1995) Phyisiologic level of human milk selenium. Turkish Journal of Medical Science 23, 49–51.Google Scholar
Aquilio, E, Spagnoli, R, Seri, S, Bottone, G & Spennati, G (1996) Trace element content in human milk during lactation of preterm newborns. Biological Trace Elements Research 51, 63–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnaud, J, Prual, A, Preziosi, P, Cherouvrier, F, Favier, A, Galan, P & Hercberg, S (1993 a) Effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on trace element (Cu, Se, Zn) concentrations in serum and breast milk from Nigerian women. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 37, 262–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnaud, J, Prual, A, Preziosi, P, Favier, A & Hercberg, S (1993 b) Selenium determination in human milk in Niger: influence of maternal status. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 7, 199–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Aro, A, Kumpulainen, J, Alfthan, G, Voshchenko, AV & Ivanov, VN (1994) Factors affecting the selenium intake of people in Transbaikalian Russia. Biological Trace Elements Research 40, 277–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avissar, N, Slemmon, JR, Palmer, IS & Cohen, HJ (1991) Partial sequence of human plasma glutathione-peroxidase and immunological identification of milk glutathione-peroxidase as the plasma enzyme. Journal of Nutrition 121, 1243–1249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbosa, AC & Dorea, JG (1998) Indices of mercury contamination during breast feeding in the Amazon Basin. Environmental and Toxicology and Pharmacology 6, 71–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckett, GJ, Nicol, F, Rae, PW, Beech, S, Guo, Y & Arthur, JR (1993) Effects of combined iodine and selenium deficiency on thyroid hormone metabolism in rats. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, Suppl. 2, 240S–243S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Behne, D, Kyriakopoulos, A, Gessner, H, Vormann, J & Gunther, T (1992) Sex-related effects of zinc deficiency on the selenium metabolism in rats. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 6, 21–25.Google ScholarPubMed
Benemariya, H, Robberecht, H & Deelstra, H (1995) Copper, zinc and selenium concentrations in milk from middle-class women in Burundi (Africa) throughout the first 10 months of lactation. Science of Total Environment 164, 161–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, ID, Picciano, MF & Milner, JÁ (1988) Characteristics of human milk glutathione peroxidase. Biological Trace Elements Research 18, 59–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bianchi, MLP, Cruz, A, Zanetti, MA & Dorea, JG (1999) Dietary intake of selenium and its concentration in breast milk. Biological Trace Elements Research 70, 273–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratakos, MS & Ioannou, PV (1991) Selenium in human milk and dietary selenium intake by Greeks. Science of Total Environment 105, 101–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratter, P (1996) Essential trace elements in the nutrition of infants. In Therapeutic Uses of Trace Elements, pp. 69–77 [Neve, et al., editor]. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratter, P, Blasco, IN, Negretti de Bratter, VE & Raab, A (1998) Speciation as an analytical aid in trace element research in infant nutrition. Analyst 123, 821–826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratter, P, Bratter, VE, Recknagel, S & Brunetto, R (1997) Maternal selenium status influences the concentration and binding pattern of zinc in human milk. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 11, 203–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratter, P & Negretti de Bratter, VE (1996) Influence of high dietary selenium intake on the thyroid hormone level in human serum. Journal of Trace Elements and Experimental Medicine 10, 163–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bratter, P, Negretti de Bratter, VE, Jaffe, WG & Mendez Castellano, H (1991 a) Selenium status of children living in seleniferous areas of Venezuela. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 5, 269–270.Google ScholarPubMed
Bratter, P, Negretti de Bratter, VE, Rosick, U & von Stockhausen, HB (1987) Trace element concentration in serum of infants in relation to dietary sources. In Trace Element-Analytical Chemistry in Medicine and Biology, vol. 4, pp. 133–143 [Bratter, P and Schramel, P, editors]. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.Google Scholar
Bratter, P, Negretti de Bratter, VE, Rosick, U & von Stockhausen, HB (1991 b) Selenium in the nutrition of infants: Influence of the maternal selenium status. In Trace Elements in the Nutrition of Children, vol. 23, pp. 79–90 [Chandra, RK, editor]. New York: Vevey/Raven Press Ltd.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, KM, Pickard, K, Nicol, F, Beckett, GJ, Duthie, GG & Arthur, JR (2000) Effects of organic and inorganic selenium supplementation on selenoenzyme activity in blood lymphoctyes, granulocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. Clinical Science 98, 593–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burger, J, Cooper, K & Gochfeld, M (1992) Exposure assessment for heavy metal ingestion from a sport fish in Puerto Rico: estimating risk for local fishermen. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 36, 355–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campfield, T, Hepner, G, Werhan, L & Shah, B (1987) Selenium intake and serum selenium status of preterm infants fed human-milk. Pediatric Research 21, A424.Google Scholar
Clemente, GF, Ingrao, G & Santaroni, GP (1982) The concentration of some trace elements in human milk from Italy. Science of Total Environment 24, 255–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cocho, JÁ, Cervilla, JR & Fraga, JM (1992) Recent Developments in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology, pp. 615–619. [Sunshine, J, editor]. New York: Dekker.Google Scholar
Combs, GF Jr (2001) Selenium in global food systems. British Journal of Nutrition 85, 517–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cumming, FJ, Fardy, JJ & Briggs, MH (1983) Trace elements in human milk. Obstetrics and Gynecology 62, 506–508.Google ScholarPubMed
Cumming, FJ, Fardy, JJ & Woodward, DR (1992 a) Selenium and human lactation in Australia: milk and blood selenium levels in lactating women, and selenium intakes of their breast-fed infants. Acta Paediatrica 81, 292–295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cumming, FJ, Fardy, JJ & Woodward, DR (1992 b) Selenium intake of Australian breast fed infants. Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry 161, 21–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, L, Gibson, R & Simmer, K (1997) Selenium status of preterm infants: The effect of postnatal age and method of feeding. Acta Paediatrica 86, 281–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darlow, BA, Inder, TE, Sluis, KB, Nuthall, G, Mogridge, N & Winterbourn, CC (1995) Selenium status of New-Zealand infants fed either a selenium supplemented or a standard formula. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 31, 339–344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debski, B, Finley, DA, Picciano, MF, Lonnerdal, B & Milner, J (1989) Selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity of milk from vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. Journal of Nutrition 119, 215–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debski, B, Picciano, MF & Milner, JA (1987) Selenium content and distribution of human, cow and goat milk. Journal of Nutrition 117, 1091–1097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Debski, B, Zarski, TP & Milner, JÁ (1992) Selenium content and distribution in bovine and human milk from different regions of Poland. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin A 39, 313–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deschuytere, A, Vermeylen, K & Deelstra, H (1987) Vitamin E and selenium concentrations in milk and milk fractions. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung 184, 385–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobrzynski, W, Trafikowska, U, Trafikowska, A, Pilecki, A, Szymanski, W & Zachara, BA (1998) Decreased selenium concentration in maternal and cord blood in preterm compared with term delivery. Analyst 123, 93–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodge, ML, Wander, RC, Butler, JÁ, Du, SH, Thomson, CD & Whanger, PD (1999) Selenium supplementation increases the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of human breast milk. Journal of Trace Elements and Experimental Medicine 12, 37–44.3.0.CO;2-H>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, ML, Wander, RC, Xia, Y, Butler, JA & Whanger, PD (1998) Glutathione peroxidase activity modulates fatty acid profiles of plasma and breast milk in Chinese women. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 12, 221–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolamore, BA, Brown, J, Darlow, BA, George, PM, Sluis, KB & Winterbourn, CC (1992) Selenium status of Christchurch infants and the effect of diet. New Zealand Medical Journal 105, 139–142.Google ScholarPubMed
Donangelo, CM & Dorea, JG (1998) Mercury and lead exposure during early human life as affected by food and nutritional status. Environment and Nutrition Interaction 2, 169–186.Google Scholar
Dorea, JG (2000) Zinc in human milk. Nutrition Research 20, 1645–1688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorea, JG, Horner, MR & Bezerra, V (1982) Correlation between changeable constituents and milk intake in breast-fed babies. Journal of Pediatrics 101, 80–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dorea, JG, Moreira, MB, East, G & Barbosa, AC (1998) Selenium and mercury concentrations in some fish species of the Madeira River, Amazon Basin, Brazil. Biological Trace Elements Research 65, 211–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorner, K, Schneider, K, Sievers, E, Schulz-Lell, G, Oldigs, HD & Schaub, J (1990) Selenium balances in young infants fed on breast milk and adapted cow's milk formula. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 4, 37–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Dotson, KD, Picciano, MF, Jerrell, JP & Perkins, EG (1991) Maternal selenium (Se) nutrition affects both milk Se and lipid patterns. FASEB Journal 5, A917.Google Scholar
Drasch, G, Mail der, S, Schlosser, C & Roider, G (2000) Content of non-mercury-associated selenium in human tissues. Biological Trace Elements Research 77, 219–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dylewski, ML, Neville, MC & Picciano, MF (2001) Longitudinal profile of human milk selenium from birth to 1 year. FASEB Journal 15, A599.Google Scholar
Dylewski, ML & Picciano, MF (1999) Modest selenium supplementation enhances milk selenium content in extended lactation. FASEB Journal 13, A255.Google Scholar
Ellis, L, Picciano, MF, Smith, AM, Hamosh, M & Mehta, NR (1990) The impact of gestational length on human milk selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. Pediatric Research 27, 32–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farré, R, Ganzalez, M, Marsa, M & Morros, R (1981) Selenium content in commercial baby milk powders and paps. Revista de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos 21, 554–560.Google Scholar
Foster, LH, Kondza, B & Surner, S (1996) Selenium content of breast milk and infant formulae: an estimation of intakes in the UK. Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine 4, 505–507.Google Scholar
Friel, JK, Andrews, WL, Edgecombe, C, McCloy, UR, Belkhode, SL, L'Abbe, MR, Mercer, CN & McDonald, AC (1999) Eighteen-month follow-up of infants fed evaporated milk formula. Canadian Journal of Public Health 90, 240–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friel, JK, Andrews, WL, Long, DR & L'Abbe, MR (1993) Selenium status of very low birth weight infants. Pediatric Research 34, 293–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friel, JK, Andrews, WL, Simmons, BS, L'Abbe, MR, Mercer, C, MacDonald, A & McCloy, UR (1997) Evaluation of full-term infants fed an evaporated milk formula. Acta Paediatrica 86, 448–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funk, MA, Hamlin, L, Picciano, MF, Prentice, A & Milner, JÁ (1990) Milk selenium of rural African women: influence of maternal nutrition, parity, and length of lactation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 220–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garg, AN, Weginwar, RG & Chutke, NL (1993) Radiochemical neutron activation analysis of Fe, Co, Zn, Sb and Se in biomedical and environmental samples. Science of Total Environment 139–140, 421–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grandjean, P, Weihe, P, Needham, LL, Burse, VW, Patterson, DG Jr, Sampson, EJ, Jorgensen, PJ & Vahter, M (1995) Relation of a seafood diet to mercury, selenium, arsenic, and polychlorinated biphenyl and other organochlorine concentrations in human milk. Environmental Research 71, 29–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimanis, AP, Vassilaki-Grimani, M, Alexiou, D & Papadatos, C (1978) Determination of 7 trace elements in human milk, powdered cow's milk and infant foods by neutron activation analysis. In Proceedings of Nuclear Activation Technique in the Life Sciences, pp. 241. Vienna: IAEA.Google Scholar
Hadjimarkos, DM (1963) Selenium content of human milk – Possible effect on dental caries. Journal of Pediatrics 63, 273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadjimarkos, DM & Shearer, TR (1973) Selenium in mature human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 26, 583–585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatano, S, Aihara, K, Nishi, Y & Usui, T (1985) Trace elements (copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium) in plasma and erythrocytes in relation to dietary intake during infancy. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 4, 87–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Hawkes, WC, Willhite, CC, Omaye, ST, Cox, DN, Choy, WN & Tarantal, AF (1994) Selenium kinetics, placental transfer, and neonatal exposure in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Teratology 50, 48–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heese, HV, Lawrence, MA, Dempster, WS & Pocock, F (1988) Reference concentrations of serum selenium and manganese in healthy nulliparas. South Africa Medical Journal 73, 163–165.Google ScholarPubMed
Hemingway, RG (1999) The influences of dietary selenium and vitamin E intakes on milk somatic cell counts and mastitis in cows. Veterinary Research Communication 23, 481–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higashi, A, Tamari, H, Kuroki, Y & Matsuda, I (1983) Longitudinal changes in selenium content of breast milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 72, 433–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hojo, Y (1986) Sequential study on glutathione peroxidase and selenium contents of human milk. Science of Total Environment 52, 83–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hojo, Y (1987) Selenium and glutathione peroxidase in human saliva and other human body fluids. Science of Total Environment 65, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jack, LJ, Kahl, S, St Germain, DL & Capuco, AV (1994) Tissue distribution and regulation of 5'-deiodinase processes in lactating rats. Journal of Endocrinology 142, 205–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jochum, F, Fuchs, A, Menzel, H & Lombeck, I (1995) Selenium in German infants fed breast milk or different formulas. Acta Paediatrica 84, 859–862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, CE, Smith, AM, Chan, GM & Moyer-Mileur, LJ (1993) Selenium status of term infants fed human milk or selenite-supplemented soy formula. Journal of Pediatrics 122, 739–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kadrabova, J, Madaric, A, Kovacikova, Z & Ginter, E (1995) Selenium status, plasma zinc, copper, and magnesium in vegetarians. Biological Trace Elements Research 50, 13–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kantola, M, Mand, E, Viltak, A, Juravskaja, J, Purkunen, R, Vartiainen, T, Saaridoski, S & Pasanen, M (1997) Selenium contents of serum and human milk from Finland and neighbouring countries. Journal of Trace Elements and Experimental Medicine 10, 225–232.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kantola, M & Vartiainen, T (1991) Selenium content of breast milk in Finland after fertilization of soil with selenium. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 5, 283–284.Google ScholarPubMed
Kantola, M & Vartiainen, T (2001) Changes in selenium, zinc, copper and cadmium contents in human milk during the time when selenium has been supplemented to fertilizers in Finland. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 15, 11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawamoto, H, Maeda, T & Tanaka, T (1994) Fluorometric determination of selenium in breast milk: studies on wet ashing. Rinsho Byori 42, 83–88.Google ScholarPubMed
, KD (1979) Epidemiologic studies on the etiologic relationship of selenium and Keshan disease. Chinese Medical Journal 92, 477–482.Google Scholar
Kim, ES, Kim, JS, Cho, KH, Lee, KH & Tamari, Y (1998) Quantitation of taurine and selenium levels in human milk and estimated intake of taurine by breast-fed infants during the early periods of lactation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 442, 477–486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kim, YY & Mahan, DC (2001) Prolonged feeding of high dietary levels of organic and inorganic selenium to gilts from 25 kg body weight through one parity. Journal of Animal Science 79, 956–966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohrle, J, Brigelius-Flohe, R, Bock, A, Gartner, R, Meyer, O & Flohe, L (2000) Selenium in biology: Facts and medical perspectives. Biological Chemistry 381, 849–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koivistoinen, P (1980) Mineral element composition of Finnish foods I-XI. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 22, 1–171.Google Scholar
Kosta, L, Byrne, AR & Dermelj, M (1983) Trace elements in some human milk samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. Science of Total Environment 29, 261–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krachler, M, Li, FS, Rossipal, E & Irgolic, KJ (1998) Changes in the concentrations of trace elements in human milk during lactation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 12, 159–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krachler, M, Prohaska, T, Koellensperger, G, Rossipal, E & Stingeder, G (2000) Concentrations of selected trace elements in human milk and in infant formulas determined by magnetic sector field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Biological Trace Elements Research 76, 97–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumpulainen, J, Salmenpera, L, Siimes, MA, Koivistoinen, P, Lehto, J & Perheentupa, J (1987) Formula feeding results in lower selenium status than breast-feeding or selenium supplemented formula feeding: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 49–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumpulainen, J, Salmenpera, L, Siimes, MA, Koivistoinen, P & Perheentupa, J (1985) Selenium status of exclusively breast-fed infants as influenced by maternal organic or inorganic selenium supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 829–835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumpulainen, J, Vuori, E, Kuitunen, P, Makinen, S & Kara, R (1983) Longitudinal study on the dietary selenium intake of exclusively breast-fed infants and their mothers in Finland. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 53, 420–426.Google ScholarPubMed
Kumpulainen, J, Vuori, E & Siimes, MA (1984) Effect of maternal dietary selenium intake on selenium levels in breast milk. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 54, 251–255.Google ScholarPubMed
Kursa, J, Travnicek, J, Rambeck, WA, Kroupova, V & Vitovec, J (2000) Goitrogenic effects of extracted rapeseed meal and nitrates in sheep and their progeny. Veterinary Medicine 45, 129–140.Google Scholar
L'Abbe, MR & Friel, JK (2000) Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase content of human milk from mothers of premature and full-term infants during the first 3 months of lactation. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 31, 270–274.Google ScholarPubMed
L'abbe, MR, Trick, KD & Koshy, A (1996) Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 9, 119–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladodo, KS, Iatsyk, GV, Oshchenko, AP, Skvortsova, VA & Tkhu, FV (1997) Selenium contents in human milk after term and preterm labor and in breast milk substitutes. Voprosy Pitaniia 2, 22–24.Google Scholar
Levander, OA (1982) Clinical consequences of low selenium intake and its relationship to vitamin E. New York Academy of Science 393, 70–82 (cited by Reynolds et al. 1986).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levander, OA (1989) Upper limit of selenium in infant formulas. Journal of Nutrition 119, 1869–1872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levander, OA, Moser, PB & Morris, VC (1987) Dietary selenium intake and selenium concentrations of plasma, erythrocytes, and breast milk in pregnant and postpartum lactating and nonlactating women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 694–698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, F, Rossipal, E & Irgolic, KJ (1999) Determination of selenium in human milk by hydride cold-trapping atomic absorption spectrometry and calculation of daily selenium intake. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 47, 3265–3268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, JZ, Yoshinaga, J, Suzuki, T, Abe, M & Morita, M (1990) Mineral and trace element content of human transitory milk identified with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 36, 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litov, RE & Combs, GF Jr (1991) Selenium in pediatric nutrition. Pediatrics 87, 339–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litov, RE, Sickles, VS, Chan, GM, Hargett, IR & Cordano, A (1989) Selenium status in term infants fed human milk or infant formula with or without added selenium. Nutrition Research 9, 585–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombeck, I, Kasperek, K, Bonnermann, B, Feinendegen, LE & Bremer, HJ (1978) Selenium content of human milk, cows milk and cows milk infant formulas. European Journal of Pediatrics 129, 139–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lonnerdal, B & Hernell, O (1994) Iron, zinc, copper and selenium status of breast-fed infants and infants fed trace element fortified milk-based infant formula. Acta Paediatrica 83, 367–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, MK, Burgert, SL, Milner, JA, Glass, L, Kummer, R, Deering, R, Boucek, R & Picciano, MF (1993a) Selenium status of infants is influenced by supplementation of formula or maternal diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, 643–648.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, MK, Burgert, SL, Milner, JA, Glass, L, Kummer, R, Deering, R, Boucek, R & Picciano, MF (1993b) Selenium status of lactating women is affected by the form of selenium consumed. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58, 649–652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahan, DC (2000) Effect of organic and inorganic selenium sources and levels on sow colostrum and milk selenium content. Journal of Animal Science 78, 100–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandic, Z, Mandic, ML, Grgic, J, Hasenay, D & Grgic, Z (1995) Selenium content of breast milk. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung 201, 209–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mangels, AR, Moser-Veillon, PB, Patterson, KY & Veillon, C (1990) Selenium utilization during human lactation by use of stable-isotope tracers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 621–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannan, S & Picciano, MF (1987) Influence of maternal selenium status on human milk selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 95–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Micetic-Turk, D, Rossipal, E, Krachler, M & Li, F (2000) Maternal selenium status in Slovenia and its impact on the selenium concentration of umbilical cord serum and colostrum. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 522–524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michalke, B (2000) CE–ICP–MS: Advantages and improvements in selenium speciation. Spectroscopy 15, 30–33.Google Scholar
Michalke, B & Schramel, P (1997) Selenium speciation in human milk with special respect to quality control. Biological Trace Elements Research 59, 45–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michalke, B & Schramel, P (1998) Application of capillary zone electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and capillary isoelectric focusing-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for selenium speciation. Journal of Chromatography A 807, 71–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millar, KR & Sheppard, AD (1972) α-Tocopherol and selenium levels in human and cows' milk. New Zealand Journal of Science 15, 3–15.Google Scholar
Milner, JA, Sherman, L & Picciano, MF (1987) Distribution of selenium in human milk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 617–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, MA, Wander, RC, Xia, YM, Du, SH, Butler, JÁ & Whanger, PD (2000) Selenium supplementation of Chinese women with habitually low selenium intake increases plasma selenium, plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, and milk selenium, but not milk glutathione peroxidase activity. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 11, 341–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, PB, Reynolds, RD, Acharya, S, Howard, MP, Andon, MB & Lewis, AS (1988) Copper, iron, zinc, and selenium dietary intake and status of Nepalese lactating women and their breast-fed infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 729–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moser-Veillon, PB, Mangels, AR, Patterson, KY & Veillon, C (1992) Utilization of two different chemical forms of selenium during lactation using stable isotope tracers: an example of speciation in nutrition. Analyst 117, 559–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Negretti de Bratter, VE, Recknagel, S & Gawli, D (1995) Speciation of Se, Fe, and Zn in human-whey – The use of instrumental neutron-activation analysis (INAA) to corroborate element profiles measured with inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission-spectrometry (ICP-AES). Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 353, 137–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, JW, St-Laurent, A-M, McQueen, RE & Charmley, E (1991) The effect of feeding organically bound selenium and α-tocopherol to dairy cows on susceptibility of milk to oxidation. Canadian Journal Animal Science 71, 1181–1186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, JB & Andersen, O (1995) A comparison of the lactational and transplacental deposition of mercury in offspring from methylmercury-exposed mice-effect of seleno-L-methionine. Toxicology Letters 76, 165–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ortman, K & Pehrson, B (1999) Effect of selenate as a feed supplement to dairy cows in comparison to selenite and selenium yeast. Journal of Animal Science 77, 3365–3370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oster, O, Schmiedel, G & Prellwitz, W (1986) Fortschr Atomspectrom Spurenanal 2, 409–417.Google Scholar
Palma, PA & Howell, RR (1982) Trace elements in human milk: difference of nutritional significance between United States and Mexico. Clinical Research 30, 887A.Google Scholar
Palmer, IS & Olson, OE (1974) Relative toxicities of selenite and selenate in the drinking water of rats. Journal of Nutrition 104, 306–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parr, RM, DeMayer, EM, Iyengar, VG, Byrne, AR & Kirkbright, GF, Schöch, G, Niimisto, L, Piñeda, O, Vis, HL, Hofhander, Y & Omolulu, A (1991) Minor and trace elements in human milk from Guatemala, Hungary, Nigeria, Phillipines, Sweden and Zaire. Results from a WHO/IAEA Joint Project. Biological Trace Elements Research 29, 51–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perrone, L, Di Palma, L, Di Toro, R, Gialanella, G & Moro, R (1993) Trace element content of human milk during lactation. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Diseases 7, 245–247.Google ScholarPubMed
Pilecki, A & Zachara, BA (2001) Daily selenium intake by breast-fed infants and the selenium concentration in the milk of lactating women in western Poland. Medical Science Monitor 7, 1002–1004.Google Scholar
Raghib, MH, Chan, WY & Rennert, OM (1986) Comparative studies of selenium-75 (selenite and selenomethionine) absorption from various milk diets in suckling rats. Journal of Nutrition 116, 1456–1463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radzanowski, GM, Jackson, K, Pramuk, K & Kaup, SM (1997) Comparison of trace elements and macronutrients in breast milk of women from eight different geographical locations. In Trace Elements in Man and Animals, TEMA-10. Evian, France: NRC Research Press.Google Scholar
Rayman, MP (2000) The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 356, 233–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, RD, Acharya, S, Leklem, JE & Moser, PB (1986) Effects of low maternal dietary intake of calcium, selenium and vitamin B-6 upon breast milk composition in Nepal. Human Lactation 2, 205–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivero-Martino, FA, Fernandez-Sanchez, ML & Sanz-Medel, A (2001) The potential of double focusing-ICP-MS for studying elemental distribution patterns in whole milk, skimmed milk and milk whey of different milks. Analytica Chimica Acta 442, 191–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robberecht, H, Benemariya, H & Deelstra, H (1995) Daily dietary intake of copper, zinc, and selenium of exclusively breast-fed infants of middle-class women in Burundi, Africa. Biological Trace Elements Research 49, 151–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robberecht, H, Roekens, E, Van Caillie-Bertrand, M, Deelstra, H & Clara, R (1985) Longitudinal study of the selenium content in human breast milk in Belgium. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74, 254–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, EMR, Alaejos, MS & Romero, CD (1998) Concentrations of selenium in human milk. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung A 207, 174–179.Google Scholar
Rossipal, E, Krachler, M, Li, F & Micetic-Turk, D (2000) Investigation of the transport of trace elements across barriers in humans: studies of placental and mammary transfer. Acta Paediatrica 89, 1190–1195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossipal, E & Tiran, B (1995) Selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels in healthy infants and children in Austria and the influence of nutrition regimens on these levels. Nutrition 11, Suppl. 5, 573–575.Google ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, N, Preis, O, Bitzos, EI, Reale, MM & Wong, SL (1981) Hematologic and selenium status of low-birth-weight infants fed formulas with and without iron. Journal of Pediatrics 99, 57–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachde, ZG & Bundt, J (1989) Bestimmungvon gesundheitlicht relevanten Metallen und essentiellenSpurenelementen in Humanmilch von Hamburger Frauen (Analysis of important metals and essential trace elements in human milk from Hamburg mothers). Deutsch Lebensmittel-Rundschau 85, 108–110.Google Scholar
Schramel, P, Hasse, S & Ovcar-Pavlu, J (1988 a) Selenium, cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations in human breast milk, in placenta, maternal blood, and the blood of the newborn. Biological Trace Elements Research 15, 111–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schramel, P, Lill, G, Hasse, S & Klose, BJ (1988 b) Mineral and trace element concentrations in human breast milk, placenta, maternal blood, and the blood of the newborn. Biological Trace Elements Research 16, 67–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schrauzer, GN (2001) Nutritional selenium supplements: product types, quality, and safety. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20, 1–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shearer, TR & Hadjimarkos, DM (1975) Geographic distribution of selenium in human milk. Archives of Environmental Health 30, 230–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shen, L, Van Dael, P, Luten, J & Deelstra, H (1996) Estimation of selenium bioavailability from human, cow's, goat and sheep milk by an in vitro method. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 47, 75–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shultz, TD & Leklem, JE (1983) Selenium status of vegeterians, nonvegetarians, and hormone-dependent cancer subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37, 114–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sievers, E, Arpe, T, Schleyerbach, U, Garbe-Schonberg, D & Schaub, J (2001) Plasma selenium in preterm and term infants during the first 12 months of life. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 14, 218–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slebodzinski, AB & Brzezinska–Slebodzinska, E (1991) Local generation of triiodo-thyronine by the mammary gland as a source of measurable quantities of the hormone in milk. Endocrine Regulation 25, 83–89.Google Scholar
Sluis, KB, Darlow, BA, George, PM, Mogridge, N, Dolamore, BA & Winterbourn, CC (1992) Selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels in premature infants in a low selenium community (Christchurch, New Zealand). Pediatric Research 32, 189–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, AM, Chan, GM, Moyer-Mileur, LJ, Johnson, CE & Gardner, BR (1991) Selenium status of preterm infants fed human milk, preterm formula, or selenium-supplemented preterm formula. Journal of Pediatrics 119, 429–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, AM, Chang, MPH & Medeiros, AL (2000) Generational differences in selenium status of women. Biological Trace Elements Research 75, 157–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, AM, Picciano, MF & Milner, JÁ (1982) Selenium intakes and status of human milk and formula fed infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35, 521–526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, AM, Picciano, MF, Milner, JÁ & Hatch, TF (1988) Influence of feeding regimens on selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activities in plasma and erythrocyte of infants. Journal of Trace Elements and Experimental Medicine 1, 209–216.Google Scholar
Snook, JT, Kinsey, D, Palmquist, DL, DeLany, JP, Vivian, VM & Moxon, AL (1987) Selenium content of foods purchased or produced in Ohio. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 87, 744–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snook, JT, Palmquist, DL, Moxon, AL, Cantor, AH & Vivian, VM (1983) Selenium status of a rural (predominantly Amish) community living in a low-selenium area. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 620–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorvacheva, TN, Shagova, MI, Kurkova, VI & Kon', IJa (1996) Selenium status of healthy children under 1 year of age dependent on the type of feeding. Voprosy Pitaniia 4, 24–27 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Sugathan, P & Riyaz, N (1990) Suppression of lactation by selenium disulfide. International Journal of Dermatology 29, 232–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sundberg, J, Oskarsson, A & Bergman, K (1991) Milk transfer of inorganic mercury to suckling rats. Interaction with selenite. Biological Trace Elements Research 28, 27–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamari, Y, Chayama, K & Tsuji, H (1995) Longitudinal study on selenium content in human milk particularly during early lactation compared to that in infant formulas and cow's milk in Japan. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 9, 34–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamari, Y, Chayama, K & Tsuji, H (1996) Selenium distribution in infant formulas and breast milk. In Metal Ion in Biology and Medicine, pp. 508–510 [Collery, Ph, Corbella, J, Domingo, JL, Elienne, JC and Llabel, JM, editors]. Paris: John Libbey Eurotext.Google Scholar
Tamari, Y & Kim, ES (1999) Longitudinal study of the dietary selenium intake of exclusively breast-fed infants during early lactation in Korea and Japan. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 13, 129–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tamari, Y & Mohri, T (1991) Trace components of human milk. Selenium. Memoirs of Konan University of Science 38, 115–122.Google Scholar
Terry, N, Zayed, AM, Souza, MP & Tarun, AS (2000) Selenium in higher plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 51, 401–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terwolbeck, K, Behne, D, Meinhold, H, Menzel, H & Lombeck, I (1993) Increased plasma T(4)-levels in children with low selenium state due to reduced type-I iodothyronine 5' deiodinase activity. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 7, 53–55.Google Scholar
Thomson, CD, Packer, MA, Butler, JA, Duffield, AJ, O'Donaghue, KL & Whanger, PD (2001) Urinary selenium and iodine during pregnancy and lactation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 14, 210–217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, CD, Robinson, MF, Butler, JA & Whanger, PD (1993) Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women. British Journal of Nutrition 69, 577–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorn, J, Robertson, J, Buss, DH & Bunton, NG (1978) Trace nutrients. Selenium in British food. British Journal of Nutrition 39, 391–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tiran, B, Rossipal, E, Tiran, A & Lorenz, O (1993) Selenium and iodine supply of newborns in Styria, Austria, fed with human milk and milk formulas. Trace Elements in Medicine 10, 104–107.Google Scholar
Torres, MA, Verdoy, J, Alegria, A, Barbera, R, Farre, R & Lagarda, MJ (1999) Selenium contents of human milk and infant formulas in Spain. Science of the Total Environment 228, 185–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trafikowska, U, Sobkowiak, E, Butler, JA, Whanger, PD & Zachara, BA (1998) Organic and inorganic selenium supplementation to lactating mothers increase the blood and milk Se concentrations and Se intake by breast-fed infants. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 12, 77–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trafikowska, U, Zachara, BA, Wiacek, M, Sobkowiak, E & Czerwionka-Szaflarska, M (1996) Selenium supply and glutathione peroxidase activity in breastfed Polish infants. Acta Paediatrica 85, 1143–1145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varo, P, Alfthan, G, Ekholm, P, Aro, A & Koivistoinen, P (1988) Selenium intake and serum selenium in Finland: effects of soil fertilization with selenium. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 324–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varo, P, Nuurtamo, M, Saari, E & Koivistoinen, P (1980) Mineral composition of Finnish foods. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 22, 115–126.Google Scholar
Verlinden, M, Vansprundel, M, Vanderauwera, JC & Eylenbosch, WJ (1983) The selenium status of Belgian population groups. 1 Healthy adults. Biological Trace Elements Research 5, 91–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virtanen, SM, van't Veer, P, Kok, F, Kardinaal, AF & Aro, A (1996) Predictors of adipose tissue tocopherol and toenail selenium levels in nine countries: the EURAMIC study. European Multicentre Case-Control Study on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Cancer of the Breast. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 599–606.Google ScholarPubMed
Walivaara, R, Jansson, L & Akesson, B (1986) Selenium content of breast milk sampled in 1978 and 1983 in Sweden. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75, 236–239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, WC, Makela, AL, Nanto, V, Makela, P & Lagstrom, H (1998) The serum selenium concentrations in children and young adults: a long-term study during the Finnish selenium fertilization programme. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 529–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasowicz, W, Gromadzinska, J, Szram, K, Rydzynski, K, Cieslak, J & Pietrzak, Z (2001) Selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations in the blood and milk of lactating women. Biological Trace Elements Research 79, 221–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whanger, PD (1992) Selenium in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning and chemical carcinogenesis. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 6, 209–221.Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, MMF (1983) Selenium and glutathione peroxidase in mature milk. Proceedings of the University of Otago Medical School 61, 20–21.Google Scholar
Yanardag, R & Orak, H (1999) Selenium content of milk and milk products of Turkey. II. Biological Trace Elements Research 68, 79–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, G, Yin, S, Zhou, R, Gu, L, Yan, B, Liu, Y & Liu, Y (1989 a) Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. Part II: Relation between Se-intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 3, 123–130.Google Scholar
Yang, G, Zhou, R, Yin, S, Gu, L, Yan, B, Liu, Y, Liu, Y & Li, X (1989 b) Studies of safe maximal daily dietary selenium intake in a seleniferous area in China. I. Selenium intake and tissue selenium levels of the inhabitants. Journal of Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 3, 77–87.Google Scholar
Yoshinaga, J, Li, JZ, Suzuki, T, Karita, K, Abe, M, Fujii, H, Mishina, J & Morita, M (1991) Trace elements in human transitory milk. Variation caused by biological attributes of mother and infant. Biological Trace Elements Research 31, 159–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zachara, BA & Pilecki, A (2000) Selenium concentration in the milk of breast-feeding mothers and its geographic distribution. Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 1043–1046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zachara, BA, Trafikowska, U, Czerwionka-Szaflarska, M & Sobkowiak, E (1994) Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in human milk during various stages of lactation. In Proceedings of Vth International Symposium on the Uses of Selenium and Tellurium, pp. 331–335 [Caparella, SC, Olfield, JE and Palmieri, Y, editors]. Belgium: Biblioteque de Belgique a Bruxelles.Google Scholar
Zagrodzki, P, Szmigiel, H, Ratajczak, R, Szybinski, Z & Zachwieja, Z (2000) The role of selenium in iodine metabolism in children with goiter. Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 67–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed