Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T10:42:37.478Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Plasma and urinary phyto-oestrogens as biomarkers of intake: validation by duplicate diet analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Margaret R. Ritchie ,
Michael S. Morton ,
Nigel Deighton ,
Alison Blake  and
John H. Cummings
Margaret R. Ritchie*
Affiliation:
Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
Michael S. Morton
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
Nigel Deighton
Affiliation:
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
Alison Blake
Affiliation:
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, UK
John H. Cummings
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Margaret R. Ritchie, fax +44 1382530699, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Estimating intake of phyto-oestrogens (PO) is difficult because there is inadequate information on the PO content of foods. Development of a biomarker of intake is therefore necessary for carrying out epidemiological studies. We aimed to validate a newly constructed PO database, containing more than 600 values assigned to foods by using duplicate diet analysis, and to investigate the relationships between measured PO intake, urinary excretion and plasma concentrations of PO. Fourteen subjects with estimated dietary intakes of PO ranging from 0 to 44mg/d, measured by 7d weighed intake, completed a duplicate diet collection over 24h. Concurrently, a 24h urine collection, validated using p-aminobenzoic acid, was obtained and one timed spot plasma sample taken. Duplicate diets, complete urine collections and plasma samples were analysed for total genistein and daidzein using liquid chromatography–MS to determine PO intake. The potential for 24h urinary excretion and plasma PO concentrations to reflect dietary intake was investigated. Mean estimated and measured dietary PO intakes were 12·3 and 11·0mg/d respectively. The correlation between estimated intake and measured intake of PO was highly significant (r 0·98, P<0·001). Urinary excretion (24h) and plasma concentrations of PO were significantly related to measured dietary PO intake (r 0·97, P<0·001 and r 0·92, P<0·001 respectively). The relationship between 24h urinary PO excretion and timed plasma concentrations was also significant (r 0·99, P<0·001). These findings validate the PO database and indicate that 24h urinary excretion and timed plasma concentrations can be used as biomarkers of PO intake.

Keywords

BiomarkerPhyto-oestrogen databaseDietary intakePlasmaUrine
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 91 , Issue 3 , March 2004 , pp. 447 - 457
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2004

References

Adlercreutz, H, Fotsis, T, Watanabe, S, Lampe, J, Wahala, K, Makela, T & Hase, T, (1994) Determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma by isotope dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Cancer Detect Prev 18, 259–271.Google ScholarPubMed
Adlercreutz, H, Markkanen, H & Watanabe, S, (1993) Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet 342, 1209–1210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arai, Y, Uehara, M, Sato, Y, Kimira, M, Eboshida, A, Adlercreutz, H & Watanabe, S, (2000) Comparison of isoflavones among dietary intake, plasma concentration and urinary excretion for accurate estimation of phyto-oestrogen intake. J Epidemiol 10, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bingham, SA & Cummings, JH (1983) The use of 4-aminobenzoic acid as a marker to validate the completeness of 24 h urine collections in man. Clin Sci 64, 629–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, SA, Nelson, M, Paul, AA, Haraldsdottir, J, Loken, EB & Van Stavern, WA (1988) Methods for data collection at an individual level. In Manual On Methodology for Food Consumption Studies, pp. 54–320 [Cameron, ME and Van Stavern, WA, editors]. Oxford: xford University Press.Google Scholar
Busby, M, Jeffcoat, AR, Bloedon, LT, et al. (2002) Clinical characteristics and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: single-dose administration to healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 75, 126–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clarke, DB, Barnes, KA, Castle, L, Rose, M, Wilson, LA, Baxter, MJ, Price, KR & DuPont, MS (2004) Levels of phytoestrogens, inorganic trace elements, natural toxicants and nitrate in vegetarian duplicate diets. J Agric Food Chem (In the Press).Google Scholar
Clarke, DB, Lloyd, AS, Oldfield, MF, Botting, NP, Needs, PW & Wiseman, H (2002) Measurement of the intact sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of phytoestrogens in human urine using direct injection HPLC and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with [13C3]isoflavone internal standards. Anal Chem 309, 158–172.Google Scholar
Coward, L, Barnes, NC, Setchell, KDR & Barnes, S (1993) Genistein, daidzein and their beta-glycoside conjugates: antitumour isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian Diets. J Agric Food Chem 41, 1961–1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, L, Smith, M, Kirk, M & Barnes, S (1998) Chemical modification of isoflavones in soyfoods during cooking and processing. Am J Clin Nutr 68, 1486S–1491S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Djuric, Z, Chen, G, Doerge, DR, Heilbrun, LK & Kucuk, O (2001) Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on markers of oxidative stress in men and women. Cancer Lett 172, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franke, AA, Custer, LJ, Wilkens, LR, Le Marchand, L, Nomura, AMY, Goodman, MT & Kolonel, LN (2002) Liquid chromatographic–photodiode array mass spectrometric analysis of dietary phyto-oestrogens from human urine and blood. J Chromatogr B 777, 45–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frankenfeld, CL, Patterson, RE, Kalhorn, TF, Skor, HE, Howald, WN & Lampe, JW (2002) Validation of a soy food frequency questionnaire with plasma concentrations of isoflavones in US adults. J Am Diet Assoc 102, 1407–1413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grace, PB, Taylor, JI, Botting, NP, Fryatt, T, Oldfield, MF, Al-Maharik, N & Bingham, SA (2003 a) Quantification of isoflavones and lignans in serum using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17, 1350–1357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grace, PB, Taylor, JI, Botting, NP, Fryatt, T, Oldfield, MF & Bingham, SA (2003 b) Quantification of isoflavones and lignans in urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 315, 114–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habito, RC, Montalto, J, Leslie, E & Ball, MJ (2000) Effects of replacing meat with soyabean in the diet on sex hormone concentrations in healthy adult males. Br J Nutr 84, 557–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Irvine, C, Shand, N, Fitzpatrick, M & Alexander, S (1998) Daily intake and urinary excretion of genistein and daidzein by infants fed soy- or dairy-based infant formulas. Am J Clin Nutr 68, 1462S–1465S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Izumi, T, Piskula, MK, Osawa, S, Obata, A, Tobe, K, Saito, M, Katao, SKunota, Y & Kikuchi, M (2000) Soy isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in higher amounts than their glucosides in humans. J Nutr 130, 1695–1699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, A, Price, K & Fenwick, G (1989) Development and application of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of phytoestrogens. J Sci Food Agric 46, 357–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, GE, Joannou, GE, Reeder, AY, Nelson, C & Waring, MA (1995) The variable metabolic response to dietary isoflavones in humans Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208, 40–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirk, P, Patterson, RE & Lampe, J (1999) Development of a soy food frequency questionnaire to estimate isoflavone consumption in US adults. J Am Diet Assoc 99, 558–563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lampe, J, Gustafson, D, Hutchins, A, Martini, MC, Li, S, Wahala, K, Grandits, GA, Potter, JD & Slavin, JL (1999) Urinary isoflavonoid and lignan excretion on a Western diet: relation to soy, vegetable and fruit intake Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8, 699–707.Google ScholarPubMed
Liggins, J, Bluck, LJC, Coward, WA & Bingham, SA (1998) Extraction and quantification of daidzein and genistein in food. Anal Biochem 264, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liggins, J, Mulligan, A, Runswick, S & Bingham, SA (2002) Daidzein and genistein content of cereals. Eur J Clin Nutr 56, 961–966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, L & Anderson, K (1998) Sex and long-term soy diets affects the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 68, 1500S–1504S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, JH, Cawood, E, Kinniburgh, D, Provan, A, Collins, AR & Irvine, DS, (2001) Effect of a phyto-oestrogen food supplement on reproductive health in normal males. Clin Sci 100, 613–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, MS, Arisaka, O, Miyake, N, Morgan, LD & Evans, BAJ (2002) Phytoestrogen concentrations in serum from Japanese men and women over forty years of age. J Nutr 132, 3168–3171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, MS, Wilcox, G, Wahlqvist, ML & Griffiths, K (1994) Determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in human female plasma following dietary supplementation. J Endocrinol 142, 251–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pumford, SL, Morton, MS, Turkes, A & Griffiths, K, (2002) Determination of the isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein in biological samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Ann Clin Biochem 39, 281–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinli, K & Block, G (1996) Phytoestrogen content of foods – A compendium of literature values. Nutr Cancer 26, 123–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richelle, M, Pridmore-Merten, S, Bodenstab, S, Enslen, M & Offord, EA (2002) Hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides to aglycones by β-glycosidase does not alter plasma and urine isoflavone pharmacokinetics in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 132, 2587–2592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritchie, MR, Morton, MS, Bolton-Smith, C & Cummings, JH (2001) Correlation between dietary and urinary phyto-oestrogens (genistein and daidzein) in healthy adults. Proc Nut Soc 60, 136A.Google Scholar
Rowland, I, Wiseman, H, Sanders, B, Adlercreutz, H & Bowey, E, (2000) Interindividual variation in metabolism of soy isoflavones and lignans: influence of habitual diet on equal production by the gut microflora Nutr Cancer 36, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, TAB, Dean, TS, Grainger, D, Miller, GJ & Wiseman, H (2002) Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanol-extracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor β1 concentrations and haemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 373–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setchell, KDR, Brown, NM, Desai, P, Zimmer-Nechmias, L, Wolfe, BEBrashear, WT, Kirschner, ASCassidy, A & Heubi, JE (2001) Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. J Nutr 131, 1362S–1375S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slavin, J, Karr, S, Hutchins, A & Lampe, J (1998) Influence of soybean processing, habitual diet, soy dose on urinary isoflavonoid excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 68, 1492S–1495S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsunoda, N, Pomery, S & Nestel, P (2002) Absorption in humans of isoflavones from soy and red clover is similar. Am J Clin Nutr 132, 2199–2201.Google ScholarPubMed
Uehara, M, Lapcik, O, Hampl, R, Al-Maharik, N, Makela, T, Wahala, K, Mikola, H & Adlercreutz, H (2000) Rapid analysis of phyto-oestrogens in human urine by time-resolved fluorimmunoassay. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 72, 273–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
US Department of Agriculture–Iowa State University (1999). Data-base on the Isoflavone Content of Foods. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/isoflav/isofalv.htmlGoogle Scholar
Verkasalo, PK, Appleby, PN, Allen, NE, Davey, G, Adlercreutz, H & Key, TJ (2001) Soy intake and plasma concentrations of daidzein and genistein: validity of dietary assessment among eighty British women (Oxford arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Br J Nutr 86, 415–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, GW, Kuan, SS, Francis, OJ, Ware, GM & Carman, AS, (1990) A simplified HPLC method for the determination of phyto-oestrogens in soybean and its processed products. J Agric Food Chem 38, 185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H & Murphy, PA (1994 a) Isoflavone content in commercial soybean foods J Agric Food Chem 42, 1666–1673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H & Murphy, PA (1994 b) Isoflavone composition of American and Japanese soybeans in Iowa: Effects of variety, crop year, and location. J Agric Food Chem 42, 1674–1677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H & Murphy, PA (1996) Mass balance of isoflavones during soybean processing J Agric Food Chem 44, 2377–2383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wild, CP, Andersson, C, O'Brien, NM, Wilson, L & Woods, JA (2001) A critical evaluation of the application of biomarkers in epidemiologial studies on diet and health. Br J Nutr 86, S37–S53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, X, Wang, H, Murphy, PA & Hendrich, S (2000) Neither background diet nor type of soy food affects short term isoflavone bioavailability in women. J Nutr 130, 798–801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, S, Sobue, TSasaki, S, et al. (2001) Validity and reproducibilty of a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire to assess isoflavone intake in a Japanese population in comparison with dietary records and blood and urine isoflavones. J Nutr 131, 2741–2747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar