Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T12:13:07.105Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

David A. Bender
David A. Bender*
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
*
Corresponding author: fax +44 (0)171 380 7193, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin, and is readily metabolized and excreted, so it has generally been assumed to have negligible toxicity, although at very high levels of intake it can cause peripheral nerve damage. Nutritional deficiency disease is extremely rare, although a significant proportion of the population shows biochemical evidence of inadequate status, despite apparently adequate levels of intake. The vitamin has been used to treat a wide variety of conditions, which may or may not be related to inadequate intake. In some conditions use of vitamin B6 supplements has been purely empirical; in other conditions there is a reasonable physiological or metabolic mechanism to explain why supplements of the vitamin many times greater than average requirements may have therapeutic uses. However, even in such conditions there is little evidence of efficacy from properly conducted controlled trials.

Keywords

Vitamin B6Carpal tunnel syndromeGlucose tolerancePremenstrual syndrome
Type
Review article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 81 , Issue 1 , January 1999 , pp. 7 - 20
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

References

Abraham, GE & Hargrove, JT (1980) Effect of vitamin B6 on premenstrual symptamology in women with premenstrual tension syndromes, a double-blind cross-over study. Infertility 3, 155–165.Google Scholar
Adams, PWWynn, VFolkard, J & Seed, M (1976) Influence of oral contraceptives, pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and tryptophan on carbohydrate metabolism. Lancet i, 759–764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allgood, VE & Cidlowski, JA (1992) Vitamin B6 modulates transcriptional activation by multiple members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 3819–3824.Google Scholar
Allgood, VE Powell Oliver, FE & Cidlowski, JA (1990) Vitamin B6 influences glucocorticoid receptor-dependent gene expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 12424–12433.Google Scholar
Alvarez, FG & Guntupalli, KK (1995) Isoniazid overdose: four case reports and review of the literature. Intensive Care Medicine 21, 641–644.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amadio, PC (1987) Carpal tunnel syndrome, pyridoxine, and the work place. Journal of the Hand Surgeons of America 12, 875–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashcroft, GWEccleston, DMurray, LGGlan, AIMCrawford, TBBConnechan, J & Lonergan, M (1972) Modified amine hypothesis for the aetiology of depression. Lancet i, 879–904.Google Scholar
Aybak, MSermet, AAyyildiz, MO & Karakilcik, AZ (1995) Effect of oral pyridozine hydrochloride supplementation on arterial blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung 45, 1271–1273.Google Scholar
Barr, ANHeinze, WMendoza, JE & Perlik, S (1978) Longterm treatment of Huntington disease with l-glutamate and pyridoxine. Neurology 28, 1280–1282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, W (1984) Pyridoxine supplements in the premenstrual syndrome. Practitioner 228, 425–427.Google ScholarPubMed
Bayoumi, RAKirwan, JR & Smith, WRD (1972) Some effects of dietary vitamin B6 deficiency and 4-deoxypyridoxine on γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism in rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 19, 569–576.Google Scholar
Bender, DA (1980a) Inhibition in vitro of the enzymes of the oxidative pathway of tryptophan metabolism and of nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis by benserazide, carbidopa and isoniazid. Biochemical Pharmacology 29, 707–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bender, DA (1980b) Effects of benserazide, carbidopa and isoniazid administration on tryptophan-nicotinamide nucleotide metabolism in the rat. Biochemical Pharmacology 29, 2099–2104.Google Scholar
Bender, DA (1987) Oestrogens and vitamin B6-actions and interactions. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 51, 140–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bender, DA (1993) Lack of concordance between two biochemical indices of vitamin B6 nutritional status. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 315A.Google Scholar
Bender, DAEarl, CJ & Lees, AJ (1979) Niacin depletion in Parkinsonian patients treated with l-dopa, benserazide and carbidopa. Clinical Science 56, 89–93.Google Scholar
Bender, DA & Russell Jones, R (1979) Isoniazid-induced pellagra despite vitamin-B6 supplementation. Lancet ii, 1125–1126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, DA & Totoe, L (1984a) Inhibition of tryptophan metabolism by oestrogens in the rat, a factor in the aetiology of pellagra. British Journal of Nutrition 51, 219–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, DA & Totoe, L (1984b) High doses of vitamin B6 are associated with inhibition of hepatic tryptophan metabolism and increased uptake of tryptophan into the brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 43, 733–736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bender, DA & Wynick, D (1981) Inhibition of kynureninase (l-kynurenine hydrolase, EC 3.7.1.3) by oestrone sulphate, an alternative explanation for abnormal results of tryptophan load tests in women receiving oestrogenic steroid. British Journal of Nutrition 45, 269–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benninck, HJTC & Schreurs, WHP (1975) Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine. British Medical Journal iii, 13–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, ARSchaumburg, HHSchroeder, CApfel, S & Reynolds, R (1992) Dose response, coasting, and differential fiber vulnerability in human toxic neuropathy: a prospective study of pyridoxine neurotoxicity. Neurology 42, 1367–1370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, AL (1990) Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 585, 250–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, AL & Dinesen, JS (1993) Brief communication: effect of pharmacologic doses of vitamin B6 on carpal tunnel syndrome, electroencephalographic results, and pain. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 12, 73–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertoldi, MMoore, PSMaras, BDominici, P & Voltattorni, CB (1996) Mechanism based inactivation of dopa decarboxylase by serotonin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 23954–23959.Google Scholar
Biehl, JP & Vilter, RW (1954) Effect of isoniazid on vitamin B6 metabolism, its possible significance in producing isoniazid neuritis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 85, 389–392.Google Scholar
Black, ALGuirard, BM & Snell, EE (1977) Increased muscle phosphorylase in rats fed high levels of vitamin B6. Journal of Nutrition 107, 1962–1968.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, ALGuirard, BM & Snell, EE (1978) The behavior of muscle phosphorylase as a reservoir for vitamin B6 in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 108, 670–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boers, GHJ (1997) Hyperhomocysteinaemia as a risk factor for arterial and venous disease. A review of the evidence and relevance. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 78, 520–522.Google ScholarPubMed
Boes, EG (1980) Inhibition of puerperal lactation: a comparative study of bromocriptine and pyridoxine. South African Medical Journal 57, 900–903.Google ScholarPubMed
Bowden, JFBender, DACoulson, WF & Symes, EK (1986) Increased uterine uptake and nuclear retention of [3H]oestradiol through the oestrous cycle and enhanced end-organ sensitivity to oestrogen stimulation in vitamin B6 deficient rats. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 25, 359–365.Google Scholar
Brent, JVo, NKulig, K & Rumack, BH (1990) Reversal of prolonged isoniazid induced coma by pyridoxine. Archives of Internal Medicine 150, 1751–1753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brent, RL (1995) Bendectin: review of the medical literature of the comprehensively studied human nonteratogen and the most prevalent tortogen litigen. Reproductive Toxicology 9, 337–349.Google Scholar
Brush, MGBennett, T & Hansen, K (1988) Pyridoxine in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome, retrospective study in 630 patients. British Journal of Clinical Practice 42, 448–452.Google ScholarPubMed
Bucci, L (1973) Pyridoxine and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 122, 240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canham, JEBaker, EMHarding, RSSauberlich, HE & Plough, IC (1969) Dietary protein — its relationship to vitamin B6 requirements and function. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 166, 16–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Coburn, SP (1996) Modeling vitamin B6 metabolism. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 40, 107–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coburn, SPSchaltenbrand, WEMahuren, JDClausman, RJ & Townsend, DW (1983) Effects of megavitamin treatment on mental performance and plasma vitamin B-6 concentrations in mentally retarded young adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 352–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, KLGorecki, GASilverstein, SBEbersole, JS & Solomon, LR (1984) Effect of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) on diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Journal of the American Podiatry Association 74, 394–397.Google Scholar
Cohen, M & Bendich, A (1986) Safety of pyridoxine — a review of human and animal studies. Toxicology Letters 34, 129–139.Google Scholar
Coleman, MSobel, SBhagavan, HNCoursin, DMarquardt, AGuay, M & Hunt, C (1985) A double blind study of vitamin B6 in Down's syndrome infants. Part 1: Clinical and biochemical results. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 29, 233–240.Google ScholarPubMed
Cornish, EJ & Tesoriero, W (1975) Pyridoxine and oestrogen-induced glucose intolerance. British Medical Journal iii, 649–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coursin, DB (1954) Convulsive seizures in infants in pyridoxine deficient diets. Journal of the American Medical Association 154, 406–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dakshinamurti, K & Lal, KJ (1992) Vitamins and hypertension. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 69, 40–73.Google Scholar
Dakshinamurti, K LeBlanq WD Herchi, R & Havlicek, V (1976) Non-parallel changes in brain monoamines of pyridoxal deficient growing rats. Experimental Brain Research 26, 355–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalton, K & Dalton, MJ (1987) Characteristics of pyridoxine overdose neuropathy syndrome. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 76, 8–11.Google Scholar
D'Angelo, A & Selhub, J (1997) Homocysteine and thrombotic disease. Blood 90, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delitala, GMasala, A & Alagna, S (1977) Suppression of pimozide induced prolactin secretion by pyridoxine (vitamin B6). Biomedicine 27, 191–192.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1991) Dietary Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects no. 41. London: H. M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1997) Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. Statement on vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) toxicity. http://www.open.gov.uk/doh/hef/B6.htmGoogle Scholar
Dierkes, JKroesen, M & Pietrzik, K (1998) Folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation in healthy young women. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 68, 98–103.Google Scholar
Doll, HBrown, SThurston, A & Vessey, M (1989) Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and the premenstrual syndrome, a randomized crossover trial. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 39, 364–368.Google ScholarPubMed
Eberle, ED & Eiduson, S (1968) Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in developing rat brain. Journal of Neurochemistry 15, 1071–1083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eiduson, SYuwiler, A & Eberle, ED (1972) The effect of pyridoxine deficiency on l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine aminotransferase in developing rat brain. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 4, 63–80.Google Scholar
Ellis, JM (1987) Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6. Southern Medical Journal 80, 882–884.Google Scholar
Ellis, JMAzuma, JWatanabe, TFolkers, KLowell, JRHurst, GA Ho Ahn, CShuford, EH Jr & Ulrich, RF (1977) Survey and new data on treatment with pyridoxine of patients having a clinical syndrome including the carpal tunnel and other defects. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 17, 165–177.Google Scholar
Ellis, JM & Folkers, K (1990) Clinical aspects of treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 585, 302–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, JMFolkers, KLevy, MShizukuishi, SLewandowski, JNishii, SSchubert, HA & Ulrich, R (1982) Response of bitamin B-6 deficiency and the carpal tunnel syndrome to pyridoxine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79, 7494–7498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, JMKishi, TAzuma, J & Folkers, K (1976) Vitamin B6 deficiency in patients with a clinical syndrome including the carpal tunnel defect. Biochemical and clinical response to therapy with pyridoxine. Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 13, 743–757.Google ScholarPubMed
Everad, DF (1971) l-Dopa and its combination with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Lancet ii, 46.Google Scholar
Fellman, JH & Roth, ES (1971) Inhibition of tyrosine aminotransferase activity by l-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Biochemistry 10, 408–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Findling, RLMaxwell, KScotese-Wojtila, LHuang, JYamashita, T & Wizniter, M (1997) High dose pyridoxine and magnesium administration in children with autistic disorder, an absence of salutary effects in double blind, placebo controlled study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 27, 467–478.Google Scholar
Fowler, B (1985) Recent advances in the mechanism of pyridoxine responsive disorders. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 8, Suppl. 1, 76–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franzblau, ARock, CLWerner, RAAlbers, JWKelly, MP & Johnston, EC (1996) The relationship of vitamin B6 status to median nerve function and carpal tunnel syndrome among active industrial workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38, 485–491.Google Scholar
Fregly, MJ & Cade, JR (1995) Effect of pyridoxine and tryptophan, alone and combined, on the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate induced hypertension in rats. Pharmacology 50, 298–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fries, MEChrisley, BM & Driskell, JA (1981) Vitamin B6 status of a group of preschool children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 2706–2710.Google Scholar
Frimpter, GWAndelman, RJ & George, WF (1969) Vitamin B6 dependency syndromes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 22, 794–805.Google Scholar
Gammon, GDBurge, FW & King, G (1953) Neural toxicity in patients treated with isoniazid. American Medical Association Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 70, 64–69.Google Scholar
Ganea, E & Harding, JJ (1996) Lens proteins changes induced by sugars and pyridoxal phosphate. Ophthalmic Research 28, Suppl. 1, 65–68.Google Scholar
Gillmer, MD & Mazibuko, D (1979) Pyridozine treatment of chemical diabetes in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 133, 499–502.Google Scholar
Glenn, GMKrober, MSKelly, P McCarty J & Weir, M (1995) Pyridoxine as therapy in theophylline induced seizures. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 37, 342–345.Google Scholar
Gregory, JF (1980a) Effect of γ-pyridoxyl-lysine and related compounds on liver and brain pyridoxal kinase and liver pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5'-phosphate oxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 255, 2355–2359.Google Scholar
Gregory, JF (1980b) Effects of γ-pyridoxyl-lysine bound to dietary proteins on the vitamin B6 status of rats. Journal of Nutrition 100, 995–1005.Google Scholar
Gregory, JFoster, KTyler, H & Wiseman, M (1980) The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults London: H. M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Gupta, T & Sharma, R (1990) An antilactogenic effect of pyridoxine. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 88, 336–337.Google Scholar
Hagen, INesheim, BI & Tuntland, T (1985) No effect of vitamin B-6 against premenstrual tension. A controlled clinical study. Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica 64, 667–670.Google Scholar
Hallman, J & Oreland, L (1987) Therapeutic effect of vitamin B6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome, a double-blind cross-over study. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 88, 1–15, as cited by Kleijnen et al. (1990).Google Scholar
Hansen, CMLeklem, JE & Miller, LT (1996) Vitamin B-6 status of women with a constant intake of vitamin B-6 changes with three levels of dietary protein. Journal of Nutrition 126, 1891–1901.Google Scholar
Hansson, O & Sillanppaa, M (1976) Pyridoxine and serum concentration of phenytoin and phenobarbitone. Lancet i, 256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayakawa, M & Shibata, M (1991) The in vitro and in vivo inhibition of protein glycosylation and diabetic vascular basement membrane thickening by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 37, 149–159.Google Scholar
Heller, SSalkeld, RM & Korner, WF (1973) Vitamin B6 status in pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 26, 1339–1348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillman, R (1964) Effect of vitamin B6 on the dental caries experience of pregnant women. Vitamins and Hormones 22, 695–704.Google Scholar
Homocysteine Lowering Trialists' Collaboration (1998) Lowering blood homocysteine with folic acid based supplements: meta-analysis of randomised trials. British Medical Journal 316, 894–898.Google Scholar
Hoorn, RFHFlickweert, JP & Westrink, D (1975) Vitamin B1, B2 and B6 deficiencies in geriatric patients measured by coenzyme stimulation of enzyme activities. Clinica Chimica Acta 61, 151–162.Google Scholar
Hunter, KRStern, GM & Laurence, DR (1970) Use of levodopa with other drugs. Lancet ii, 1283–1285.Google Scholar
Jacobsson, C & Granstrom, G (1996) Prevention of etretinate induced craniofacial malformations by vitamin B6 in the rat. European Journal of Oral Science 104, 584–588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, WA & Jones, GP (1953) Peripheral neuropathy due to isoniazid: report of two cases. Lancet i, 1073–1074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelsay, JBaysal, A & Linkswiler, H (1968a) Effect of vitamin B6 depletion on the pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine content of the blood and urine of men. Journal of Nutrition 94, 490–494.Google Scholar
Kelsay, JMiller, LT & Linkswiler, H (1968b) Effect of protein intake on the excretion of quinolinic acid and niacin metabolites by men during vitamin B6 depletion. Journal of Nutrition 94, 27–31.Google Scholar
Kendall, KE & Schnurr, PP (1987) The effects of vitamin B6 supplementation on premenstrual symptoms. Obstetrics and Gynecology 70, 145–149.Google ScholarPubMed
Key, TJSilcocks, PBDavey, GKAppleby, PN & Bishop, DT (1997) A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. British Journal of Cancer 76, 678–687.Google Scholar
Kirksey, AKeaton, KAbernathy, RP & Greger, JL (1978) Vitamin B6 nutritional status of a group of female adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 946–954.Google Scholar
Kleijnen, JTer-Riet, G & Knipschild, P (1990) Vitamin B6 in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome — a review. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 97, 847–852.Google Scholar
Kotake, YUeda, TMori, TIgaki, S & Hattori, M (1975) Abnormal tryptophan metabolism and experimental diabetes by xanthurenic acid. Acta Vitaminologica et Enzymologica 29, 236–239.Google Scholar
Kretsch, MJSauberlich, HESkala, JH & Johnson, HL (1995) Vitamin B-6 requirement and status assessment: young women fed a depletion diet followed by a plant or animal protein diet with graded amounts of vitamin B-6. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, 1091–1101.Google Scholar
Krinke, GSchaumburg, HHSpencer, PSSuter, JThomann, O & Hess, R (1980) Pyridoxine megavitaminosis produces degeneration of peripheral sensory neurons (sensory neuronopathy) in the dog. Neurotoxicology 2, 13–24.Google Scholar
Lal, KJ & Dakshinamurti, K (1993) Calcium channels in vitamin B6 deficiency induced hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 11, 1357–1361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, KJ & Dakshinamurti, K (1995) The relationship between low calcium induced increase in systolic blood pressure and vitamin B6. Journal of Hypertension 13, 327–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lal, KJDakshinamurti, K & Thliveris, J (1996) The effect of vitamin B6 on the systolic blood pressure of rats in various animal models of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 14, 355–363.Google Scholar
Leatham, AM (1986) Safety and efficacy of anti-emetics used to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Clinical Pharmacology 5, 660–668.Google Scholar
Lelord, GCallaway, E & Muh, JP (1982) Clinical and biological effects of high doses of vitamin B6 and magnesium on autistic children. Acta Vitamologica et Enzymologica 4, 27–44.Google Scholar
Lemoine, A le Devehat, CCodaccioni, JLMonges, ABermond, P & Salkeld, RM (1980) Vitamin B1, B2, B6 and C status in hospital inpatients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 2595–2600.Google Scholar
Levin, ERHanscom, TAFisher, MLauvstad, WALui, ARyan, AGlockner, D & Levin, SR (1981) The influence of pyridoxine in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care 4, 606–609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linkswiler, HM (1981) Methionine metabolism as affected by a vitamin B-6 deficiency. In Methods in Vitamin B-6 Nutrition: Analysis and Status Assessment, pp. 373–382.[Leklem, JE and Reynolds, RD, editors]. New York, NY: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabin, DCHollis, SLockwood, J & David, TJ (1995) Pyridoxine in atopic dermatitis. British Journal of Dermatology 133, 764–767.Google Scholar
Macdonald, HNCollins, YDTobin, MJ & Wijayarathne, DN (1976) The failure of pyridoxine in suppression of puerperal lactation. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 83, 54–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLachlan, RS & Brown, WF (1995) Pyridoxine dependent epilepsy with iatrogenic sensory neuronopathy. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 22, 50–51.Google Scholar
Maksymowych, ABRobertson, NM & Litwack, G (1993) Efficacy of pyridoxal treatment in controlling the growth of melanomas in cell culture and an animal pilot study. Anticancer Research 13, 1925–1937.Google Scholar
Marcus, RG (1975) Suppression of lactation with high doses of pyridoxine. South African Medical Journal 49, 2155–2156.Google Scholar
Mardel, SPhair, IO'Dwyer, F & Henry, JA (1994) Intravenous pyridoxine in acute ethanol intoxication. Human Experimental Toxicology 13, 321–323.Google Scholar
Martner-Hawes, PMHunt, IFMurphy, NJSwendseid, ME & Settlage, RH (1986) Vitamin B6 nutriture and plasma diamine oxidase in pregnant Hispanic teenagers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 907–913.Google Scholar
Meister, A (1990) On the transamination of enzymes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 585, 13–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, LT & Linkswiler, H (1967) Effect of protein intake on the development of abnormal tryptophan metabolism by men during vitamin B6 depletion. Journal of Nutrition 93, 53–59.Google Scholar
Mira, MStewart, PM & Abraham, SF (1988) Vitamin and trace element status in premenstrual syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 636–641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mori, KKaido, MFujishiro, KInoue, N & Koide, O (1992) Effects of megadoses of pyridoxine on spermatogenesis and male reproductive organs in rats. Archives of Toxicology 66, 198–203.Google Scholar
Mpofu, CAlani, SMWhitehouse, CFowler, B & Wrath, JE (1991) No sensory neuropathy during pyridoxine treatment in homocystinuria. Archives of Disease in Childhood 66, 1081–1082.Google Scholar
Mudd, SH (1971) Pyridoxine-responsive genetic disease. Federation Proceedings 30, 970–976.Google Scholar
Noto, Y & Okamoto, H (1978) Inhibition by kynurenine metabolites of proinsulin synthesis in isolated pancreatic islets. Acta Diabetologica Latina 15, 273–282.Google Scholar
Palm, DKlein, HWSchinzel, RBeuhner, M & Helmreich, EJ (1990) The role of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in glycogen phosphorylase catalysis. Biochemistry 29, 1099–1107.Google Scholar
Paulose, CSDakshinamurti, KPacker, S & Stephens, NL (1988) Sympathetic stimulation and hypertension in the pyridoxine deficient adult rat. Hypertension 11, 387–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, TLYong, VWKish, SJIto, MFoulks, JGGodolphin, WJ & Sweeney, VP (1985) Neurochemical abnormalities in brains of renal failure patients treated by repeated hemodialysis. Journal of Neurochemistry 45, 1043–1048.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, SINorton, JNelson, L & Shott, S (1995) Efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism: a methodology review and summary of outcomes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 25, 481–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phillips, WEMills, JHCharbonneau, SMTryphonas, LHatina, GVZawidzka, ZBryce, FE & Munro, IC (1978) Subacute toxicity of pyridoxine hydrochloride in the beagle dog. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 44, 323–333.Google Scholar
Pueschel, SMReed, RBCronk, CE & Goldstein, BI (1980) 5-Hydroxytryptophan and pyridoxine. Their effects in young children with Down's syndrome. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood 134, 838–844.Google Scholar
Rao, KS & Mohan, PS (1982) Plasma somatomedin activity, growth hormone and insulin levels in vitamin B6 deficient rats. Hormone and Metabolic Research 14, 580–582.Google Scholar
Rao, RH (1983) Glucose tolerance in subclinical pyridoxine deficiency in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 440–444.Google Scholar
Rao, RHVigg, BL & Rao, KS (1980) Failure of pyridoxine to improve glucose tolerance in diabetics. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 50, 198–200.Google Scholar
Rimland, B (1988) Controversies in the treatment of autistic children: vitamin and drug therapy. Journal of Childhood Neurology 3 Suppl., S68–S72.Google Scholar
Rimland, BCallaway, E & Dreyfus, P (1978) The effect of high doses of vitamin B6 on autistic children: a double blind crossover study. American Journal of Psychiatry 135, 472–475.Google Scholar
Rimm, EBWillett, WCHu, FBSampson, LColditz, GAManson, JEHennekens, C & Stampfer, MJ (1998) Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. Journal of the American Medical Association 279, 359–365.Google Scholar
Ritchie, CD & Singkamani, R (1986) Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in women with the premenstrual syndrome. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 40, 75–80.Google Scholar
Rogers, KS & Evangelista, SJ (1985) 3-Hydroxykynurenine, 3 hydroxyanthranilic, acid, and o-aminophenol inhibit leucine stimulated insulin release from rat pancreatic islets. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 178, 275–278.Google Scholar
Rose, CSGyorgy, PButler, MAndres, RNorris, AHShock, NWTobin, JBrin, M & Spiegel, H (1976) Age difference in vitamin B6 status of 617 men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29, 847–853.Google Scholar
Rose, DP (1966a) Excretion of xanthurenic acid in urine of women taking progesterone–oestrogen preparations. Nature 210, 196–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, DP (1966b) The influence of oestrogens on tryptophan metabolism in man. Clinical Science 31, 265–272.Google Scholar
Rose, DPLeklem, JEBrown, RR & Linskwiler, HM (1975) Effect of oral contraceptives and vitamin B6 deficiency on carbohydrate metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28, 872–878.Google Scholar
Sahakian, VRouse, DSipes, SRose, N & Niebyl, J (1991) Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled study Obstetrics and Gynecology 78, 33–36.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, MCGretz, DMahuren, JD & Coburn, SP (1995) Tissue B-6 vitamer concentrations in rats fed excess vitamin B-6. Journal of Nutrition 125, 2370–2378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaeppi, U & Krinke, G (1982) Pyridoxine neuropathy: correlation of functional tests and neuropathology in beagle dogs treated with large doses of vitamin B6. Agents and Actions 12, 575–582.Google Scholar
Schaumburg, HKaplan, JWindebank, AVick, NRasmus, SPleasure, D & Brown, MJ (1983) Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome New England Journal of Medicine 309, 445–448.Google Scholar
Schrijver, JTolonen, MWestmark, THalme, MTuominen, SFrilander, A & Sarna, A (1987) Vitamin B6 status of Finnish and Dutch elderly. In Biochemistry of Vitamin B6, pp. 411–416 [orpela, T K and Christen, P, editors]. Basel and Boston, MA: Birkhauser Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuster, KBailey, LBDimperio, D & Mahan, CS (1985) Morning sickness and vitamin B6 status of pregnant women. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 39, 75–79.Google Scholar
Schuster, KBailey, LB & Mahan, CS (1981) Vitamin B6 status of low income adolescent and adult pregnant women and the condition of their infants at birth. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 1731–1735.Google Scholar
Selhub, JJacques, PFWilson, PWRush, D & Rosenberg, IH (1993) Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. Journal of the American Medical Asscoaition 270, 2693–2698.Google Scholar
Shah, BRSantucci, KSinert, R & Steiner, P (1995) Acute isoniazid neurotoxicity in an urban hospital. Pediatrics 95, 700–704.Google Scholar
Siow, YL & Dakshinamurti, K (1985) Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase in adult rat brain. Experimental Brain Research 59, 575–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smallwood, JAh-Kye, D & Taylor, I (1986) Vitamin B6 in the treatment of pre-menstrual mastalgia. British Journal of Clinical Practice 40, 532–533.Google Scholar
Smith, GPRudge, PJPeters, TJ (1984) Biochemical studies of pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate status and therapeutic trial of pyridoxine in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Annals of Neurology 15, 104–107.Google Scholar
Snider, DE (1980) Pyridoxine supplementation during isoniazid therapy. Tubercle 61, 191–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, LR & Cohen, K (1989) Erythrocyte O2 transport and metabolism and effects of vitamin B6 therapy in type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 38, 881–886.Google Scholar
Spellacy, WNBuhi, WC & Birk, SA (1977) Vitamin B6 treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: studies of blood glucose and plasma insulin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 127, 599–602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spooner, GRDesai, HBAngel, JFReeder, BA & Donat, JR (1993) Using pyridoxine to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. Randomized control trial. Canadian Family Physician 39, 2122–2127.Google Scholar
Standal, BR Kao Chen, SMYang, GY & Char, DF (1974) Early changes in pyridoxine status of patients receiving isoniazid therapy. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27, 479–484.Google Scholar
Stokes, J & Mendels, J (1972) Pyridoxine and premenstrual tension. Lancet i, 1177–1178.Google Scholar
Stransky, MRubin, ALava, NS & Lazaro, RP (1989) Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6: a double blind study. Southern Medical Journal 82, 841–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sur, SCamara, MBuchmeier, AMorgan, S & Nelson, HS (1993) Double blind trial of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in the treatment of steroid dependent asthma. Annals of Allergy 70, 147–152.Google ScholarPubMed
Symes, EKBender, DABowden, JF & Coulson, WF (1984) Increased target tissue uptake of, and sensitivity to, testosterone in the vitamin B6 deficient rat. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 20, 1089–1093.Google Scholar
Toyota, TKai, YKakizaki, MOhtsuka, HShibata, Y & Goto, Y (1981) The endocrine pancreas in pyridoxine deficient rats. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 134, 331–336.Google Scholar
Tsutsumi, STanaka, TGotoh, K & Akaike, M (1995) Effects of pyridoxine on male fertility. Journal of Toxicological Science 20, 351–365.Google Scholar
Tully, DBAllgood, VE & Cidlowski, JA (1994) Modulation of steroid receptor-mediated gene expression by vitamin B6. FASEB Journal 8, 343–349.Google Scholar
Ubbinck, JB (1997) The role of vitamins in the pathogenesis and treatment of hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseases 20, 316–325.Google Scholar
Ubbinck, JBVermaak, WJH van der Merwe, ABecker, PJDelport, R & Potgieter, HC (1994) Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocystinaemia in humans. Journal of Nutrition 124, 1927–1933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Kamp, JL & Smolen, A (1995) Response of kynurenine pathway enzymes to pregnancy and dietary level of vitamin B-6. Pharmacological and Biochemical Behaviour 51, 753–758.Google Scholar
van den Berg, HLouwerse, ESBruinse, HWThissen, JT & Schrijver, J (1986) Vitamin B6 status of women suffering from premenstrual syndrome. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 40, 441–450.Google Scholar
Verhoef, P & Stampfer, MJ (1995) Prospective studies of homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Nutrition Reviews 53, 283–288.Google Scholar
Villegas-Salas, E Ponce de Leon, RJuarez-Perez, MA & Grubb, GS (1997) Effect of vitamin B6 on the side effects of a low-dose combined oral contraceptive. Contraception 55, 245–248.Google Scholar
Vilter, RW (1964) The vitamin B6-hydrazide relationship. Vitamins and Hormones 22, 797–805.Google Scholar
Vir, S & Love, AHG (1978) Vitamin B6 status of the hospitalized aged. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, 1383–1391.Google Scholar
Viswanathan, MBose, R & Dakshinamurti, K (1991) Increased calcium influx in caudal artery of rats made hypertensive with pyridoxine deficiency. American Journal of Hypertension 4, 252–255.Google Scholar
Vutyavanich, T Wongtra-ngan S & Ruangsri, R (1995) Pyridoxine for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 173, 881–884.Google Scholar
Whyte, MPMahuren, JDVrabel, LA & Coburn, SP (1985) Markedly increased circulating pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels in hypophosphatasia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 76, 752–756.Google Scholar
Williams, MJHarris, RI & Dean, BC (1985) Controlled trial of pyridoxine in the premenstrual syndrome. Journal of International Medical Research 13, 174–179.Google Scholar
Wilson, RG & Davis, RE (1984) Vitamin B6 intake and plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations in the first two weeks of life. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 73, 218–224.Google Scholar
Wynn, V & Doar, JW (1966) Some effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism. Lancet ii, 715–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar