Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T17:53:07.189Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Modulatory factors in the effect of energy density on energy intake

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga
M. S. Westerterp-Plantenga*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga, fax +31 43 3670976, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The effect of energy density (ED) on energy intake (EI) has been assessed in short-term and long-term experiments. In the short term, it was found that ED affects EI directly in situations when the subjects cannot estimate the ED of the food; then subjects mainly monitor the weight of the food ingested. In the long term, the effects of ED on EI are modulated. Average daily EI appears to be related to ED of the food and drinks when ED is determined by specific macronutrients, but not when ED is only determined by the weight of water. Thus, the short-term effect ED has on EI cannot be extrapolated to the long term, because a possible dominating effect of the weight of water determining ED undoes the relationship of ED with EI. Moreover, in the long-term portion sizes are used to compensate for correctly estimated ED, resulting in less variation in EI than ED alone would imply. Finally, dietary restraint compensates for the effect of a relatively high ED on daily EI, whereas dietary unrestraint compensates for the effect of relatively low ED on daily EI. We conclude that the short-term effect of ED on EI is modulated by the effect of water on ED, and compensated for by the effect of dietary restraint and adapted portion sizes.

Keywords

Macronutrient compositionDietary restraintObesityEnergy densityPortion sizeUniversal eating monitor
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 92 , Issue S1 , August 2004 , pp. S35 - S39
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2004

References

Goris, AHC & Westerterp, KR (2000) Under-reporting of habitual food intake: can it be improved? Br J Nutr 83, 363–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, SM, Burley, VJ & Blundell, J (1994) Effect of fat- and sucrose-containing foods on the size of eating episodes and energy intake in lean males: potential for causing overconsumption. Eur J Clin Nutr 48, 547–555.Google ScholarPubMed
Himaya, A & Louis-Sylvestre, J (1998) The effect of soup on satiation. Appetite 30, 199–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poppit & Prentice (1996) Energy density and its role in the control of food intake: evidence from metabolic and community studies. Appetite 26, 153–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolls, BJ & Bell, EA (1999) Intake of fat and carbohydrate: role of energy density. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, S166–S173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spiegel, TA (1973) Caloric regulation of food intake in man. J Comp Physiol Psychol 84, 24–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Johnstone, AM, O'Reilly, LM, Barton, K & Reid, C (1998) The effect of covertly manipulating the energy density of mixed diets on ad libitum food intake in ‘pseudo free-living’ humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22, 980–987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Ritz, P, Coward, WA & Prentice, AM (1995) Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energy balance in free living men eating ad libitum. Am J Clin Nutr 62, 330–337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS (2000) Eating behaviour in humans, characterized by cumulative food intake curves – a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24, 239–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS (2001) Analysis of energy density of food in relation to energy intake regulation in human subjects. Br J Nutr 85, 351–361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Pasman, WJ, Yedema, MJW & Wijckmans-Duijsens, NEG (1996a) Energy intake adaptation of food to extreme energy densities of food by obese and non-obese women. Eur J Clin Nutr 50, 401–407.Google ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, van de Ven, M, Wouters, L & Saris, WHM (1996b) Satiation and satiety related to eating rate and meal characteristics in obese and non-obese restrained and unrestrained eating women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20, 105.Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS & Verwegen, CRT (1999) The appetizing effect of an aperitif in overweight and normal weight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 69, 205–212.Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Westerterp, KR, Nicolson, NA, Mordant, A, Schoffelen, PFM, ten Hoor, F (1990) The shape of the cumulative food intake curve in humans, during basic and manipulated meals. Physiol Behav 47, 569–576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duijsens, NEG, Verboeket-van de Venne, WPG, de Graaf, K, van het Hof, KH & Westrate, JA (1998) Energy intake and body weight effects of six months reduced or full fat diets, as a function of dietary restraint. Int J Obes Metab Disord 22, 14–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed