Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T06:58:18.827Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is coffee a functional food?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

José G. Dórea*
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
Teresa Helena M. da Costa
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
*
Corresponding author: Professor José G. Dórea, fax +55 61 368 5853, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Definitions of functional food vary but are essentially based on foods' ability to enhance the quality of life, or physical and mental performance, of regular consumers. The worldwide use of coffee for social engagement, leisure, enhancement of work performance and well-being is widely recognised. Depending on the quantities consumed, it can affect the intake of some minerals (K, Mg, Mn, Cr), niacin and antioxidant substances. Epidemiological and experimental studies have shown positive effects of regular coffee-drinking on various aspects of health, such as psychoactive responses (alertness, mood change), neurological (infant hyperactivity, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and metabolic disorders (diabetes, gallstones, liver cirrhosis), and gonad and liver function. Despite this, most reviews do not mention coffee as fulfilling the criteria for a functional food. Unlike other functional foods that act on a defined population with a special effect, the wide use of coffee-drinking impacts a broad demographic (from children to the elderly), with a wide spectrum of health benefits. The present paper discusses coffee-drinking and health benefits that support the concept of coffee as a functional food.

Type
Review article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2005

References

Abbott, RDWebster, Ross G, White, LR, Sanderson, WT, Burchfiel, CM, Kashon, M, Sharp, DS, Masaki, KH, Curb, JD & Petrovitch, H (2003) Environmental, life-style, and physical precursors of clinical Parkinson's disease: recent findings from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. J Neurol 250, Suppl. 3III30III39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acheson, KJ, Zahorska-Markiewicz, B, Pittet, P, Anantharaman, K & Jequier, E (1980) Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 33, 989997.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adrian, J & Frangne, R (1991) Synthesis and availability of niacin in roasted coffee. Adv Exp Med Biol 289, 4959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agardh, EE, Carlsson, S, Ahlbom, A, Efendic, S, Grill, V, Hammar, N, Hilding, A & Ostenson, CG (2004) Coffee consumption, type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Swedish men and women. J Intern Med 255, 645652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andueza, SDe Pena, MP & Cid, C (2003) Chemical and sensorial characteristics of espresso coffee as affected by grinding and torrefacto roast. J Agric Food Chem 51, 70347039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anese, M & Nicoli, MC (2003) Antioxidant properties of ready-to-drink coffee brews. J Agric Food Chem 51, 942946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anonymous (2004) Coffee: for most it's safe. Harv Women's Health Watch 12, 24.Google Scholar
Arnesen, E, Huseby, NE, Brenn, T & Try, K (1986) The Tromso Heart Study: distribution of, and determinants for, gamma-glutamyltransferase in a free-living population. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 46, 6370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnlov, J, Vessby, B & Riserus, U (2004) Coffee consumption and insulin sensitivity. JAMA 291, 11991201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ascherio, A, Chen, H, Schwarzschild, MA, Zhang, SM, Colditz, GA & Speizer, FE (2003) Caffeine, postmenopausal estrogen, and risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 60, 790795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ascherio, A, Zhang, SM, Hernan, MA, Kawachi, I, Colditz, GA, Speizer, FE & Willett, WC (2001) Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women. Ann Neurol 50, 5663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Astier-Dumas, M & Gounelle de Pantanel, H (1974) Sur certains aspects nutritifs du café. Arch Sc Med 131, 1823.Google Scholar
Azam, S, Hadi, N, Khan, NU & Hadi, SM (2003) Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of caffeine, theobromine and xanthine. Med Sci Monit 9, BR325BR330.Google ScholarPubMed
Barone, JJ & Roberts, HR (1996) Caffeine consumption. Food Chem Toxicol 34, 119129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, LN, Wetzel, CR & Grand, AN (1996) Caffeine content in coffee as influenced by grinding and brewing techniques. Food Res Intern 29, 785789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borrelli, RC, Esposito, F, Napolitano, A, Ritieni, A & Fogliano, V (2004) Characterization of a new potential funcitonal ingredient: coffee silverskin. J Agric Food Chem 52, 13381343.Google Scholar
Borrelli, RC, Visconti, A, Mennella, C, Anese, M & Fogliano, V (2002) Chemical characterization and antioxidant properties of coffee melanoidins. J Agric Food Chem 50, 65276533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bracco, D, Ferrarra, JM, Arnaud, MJ, Jequier, E & Schutz, Y (1995) Effects of caffeine on energy metabolism, heart rate, and methylxanthine metabolism in lean and obese women. Am J Physiol 269, E671E678.Google ScholarPubMed
Carlsson, S, Hammar, N, Grill, V & Kaprio, J (2004) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish twins. Int J Epidemiol 33, 12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casal, S, Oliveira, MB, Alves, MR & Ferreira, MA (2000) Discriminate analysis of roasted coffee varieties for trigonelline, nicotinic acid, and caffeine content. J Agric Food Chem 48, 34203424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chodorowski, Z (2002) Cappuccino coffee treatment of xerostomia in patients taking tricyclic antidepressants: preliminary report. Przegl Lek 59, 392393.Google ScholarPubMed
Cirilo, MPG, Coelho, AFS, Araujo, CM, Goncalves, FRB, Nogueira, FD & Gloria, MBA (2003) Profile and levels of bioactive amines in green and roasted coffee. Food Chem 82, 397402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corrao, G, Zambon, A, Bagnardi, V, D'Amicis, A & Klatsky, A (2001) Coffee, caffeine, and the risk of liver cirrhosis. Ann Epidemiol 11, 458465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Czok, G (1977) Coffee and health. Z Ernahrungswiss 16, 248255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daglia, M, Papetti, A, Dacarro, C & Gazzani, G (1998) Isolation of an antibacterial component from roasted coffee. J Pharm Biomed Anal 18, 219225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daglia, M, Racchi, M, Papetti, A, Lani, C, Govoni, S & Gazzani, G (2004) In vitro and ex vivo antihydrosyl radical activity of green and roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 52, 17001704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daglia, M, Tarsi, R, Papetti, A, Grisoli, P, Dacarro, C, Pruzzo, C & Gazzani, G (2002) Antiadhesive effect of green and roasted coffee on Streptococcus mutans ‘ adhesive properties on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. J Agric Food Chem 50, 12251229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
del Castillo, MD, Ames, JM & Gordon, MH (2002) Effect of roasting on the antioxidant activity of coffee brews. J Agric Food Chem 50, 36983703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewey, KG, Romero-Abal, MEQuan de Serrano, J, Bulux, J, Peerson, JM, Eagle, P & Solomons, NW (1997) Effects of discontinuing coffee intake on iron status of iron- deficient Guatemalan toddlers: a randomized intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 66, 168176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diokno, AC, Brown, MB & Herzog, AR (1990) Sexual function in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 150, 197200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dogasaki, C, Shindo, T, Furuhata, K & Fukuyama, M (2002) Identification of chemical structure of antibacterial components against Legionella pneumophila in a coffee beverage. Yakugaku Zasshi 122, 487494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorea, JG & Furumoto, RAV (1992) Infant feeding practices among poor families of an urban squatter community. Ann Nutr Metabol 36, 257264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dye, L & Blundell, J (2002) Functional foods: psychological and behavioural functions. Br J Nutr 88, Suppl. 2S187S211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esposito, F, Morisco, F, Verde, V, Ritieni, A, Alezio, A, Caporaso, N & Fogliano, V (2003) Moderate coffee consumption increases plasma glutathione but not homocysteine in healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17, 595601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feijoo, M & Bilbao, J (1992) Seizures of sleep onset: clinical and therapeutical aspects. Clin Neuropharmacol 15, 5055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flores, GB, Andrade, F & Lima, DR (2000) Can coffee help fighting the drug problem? Preliminary results of a Brazilian youth drug study. Acta Pharmacol Sin 21, 10591070.Google ScholarPubMed
Fortes, C, Forastiere, F, Farchi, S, Rapiti, E, Pastori, G & Perucci, CA (2000) Diet and overall survival in a cohort of very elderly people. Epidemiology 11, 440445.Google Scholar
Gallus, S, Tavani, A, Negri, E & La Vecchia, C (2002) Does coffee protect against liver cirrhosis? Ann Epidemiol 12, 202205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geleijnse, JM, Kok, FJ & Grobbee, DE (2004) Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations. Eur J Pub Health 14, 235239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillies, ME & Birkbeck, JA (1983) Tea and coffee as sources of some minerals in the New Zealand diet. Am J Clin Nutr 38, 936942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffiths, RR, Bigelow, GE, Liebson, IA, O'Keeffe, MO'Leary, D & Russ, N (1986) Human coffee drinking: manipulation of concentration and caffeine dose. J Exp Anal Behav 45, 133148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halsted, CH (2003) Dietary supplements and functional foods: 2 sides of a coin? Am J Clin Nutr 77, Suppl. 41001S1007S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hameleers, PA, Van Boxtel, MP, Hogervorst, E, Riedel, WJ, Houx, PJ, Buntinx, F & Jolles, J (2000) Habitual caffeine consumption and its relation to memory, attention, planning capacity and psychomotor performance across multiple age groups. Hum Psychopharmacol 15, 573581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Happonen, P, Voutilainen, S & Salonen, JT (2004) Coffee drinking is dose-dependently related to the risk of acute coronary events in middle-aged men. J Nutr 134, 23812386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harland, BF (2000) Caffeine and nutrition. Nutrition 16, 522526.Google ScholarPubMed
Harvey, DH & Marsh, RW (1978) The effects of de-caffeinated coffee versus whole coffee on hyperactive children. Dev Med Child Neurol 20, 8186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasler, CM (2000) The changing face of functional foods. J Am Coll Nutr 19, Suppl.499S506S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasler, CM (2002) Functional foods: benefits, concerns and challenges–a position paper from the American Council on Science and Health. J Nutr 132, 37723781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernan, MA, Takkouche, BCaamano-Isorna, F & Gestal-Otero, JJ (2002) A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 52, 276284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heuser, I (2003) Prevention of dementias: state of the art. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 128, 421422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hildebrandt, R & Gundert-Remy, U (1983) Lack of pharmacological active saliva levels of caffeine in breast-fed infants. Pediatr Pharmacol 3, 237244.Google ScholarPubMed
Hodgson, JM, Chan, SY, Puddey, IB, et al. (2004) Phenolic acid metabolites as biomarkers for tea- and coffee-derived polyphenol exposure in human subjects. Br J Nutr 91, 301306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofer, I & Battig, K (1994) Cardiovascular, behavioral, and subjective effects of caffeine under field conditions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48, 899908.Google ScholarPubMed
Horne, JA & Reyner, LA (1995) Driver sleepiness. J Sleep Res 4, 2329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Impellitteri, CA, Allen, HE, Lagos, G & McLaughlin, MJ (2000) Removal of soluble Cu and Pb by the automatic drip coffee brewing process: application to risk assessment. Hum Ecolog Risk Assess 6, 313322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isogawa, A, Noda, M, Takahashi, Y, Kadowaki, T & Tsugane, S (2003) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 361, 703704.Google ScholarPubMed
James, JE (2004) Critical review of dietary caffeine and blood pressure: a relationship that should be taken more seriously. Psychosom Med 66, 6371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarvis, MJ (1993) Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of cognitive performance? Psychopharmacology 110, 4552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jodral-Segado, AM, Navarro-Alarcon, MLopez-Ga de la Serrana, H & Lopez-Martinez, MC (2003) Magnesium and calcium contents in foods from SE Spain: influencing factors and estimation of daily dietary intakes. Sci Total Environ 312, 4758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson-Kozlow, M, Kritz-Silverstein, DBarrett-Connor, E & Morton, D (2002) Coffee consumption and cognitive function among older adults. Am J Epidemiol 156, 842850.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, KL, Clifford, MN & Morgan, LM (2003) Coffee acutely modifies gastrointestinal hormone secretion and glucose tolerance in humans: glycemic effects of chlorogenic acid and caffeine. Am J Clin Nutr 78, 728733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karakaya, S, El, SN & Tas, AA (2001) Antioxidant activity of some foods containing phenolic compounds. Int J Food Sci Nutr 52, 501508.Google ScholarPubMed
Karkal, M (1975) Socio-cultural and economic aspects of infant-feeding. Indian Pediatr 12, 1319.Google ScholarPubMed
Kawachi, I, Willett, WC, Colditz, GA, Stampfer, MJ & Speizer, FE (1996) A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women. Arch Intern Med 156, 521525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klatsky, AL & Armstrong, MA (1992) Alcohol, smoking, coffee, and cirrhosis. Am J Epidemiol 136, 12481257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, VM, Delisle, H & Solomons, NW (1998) Fortified foods contribute one half of recommended vitamin A intake in poor urban Guatemalan toddlers. J Nutr 128, 860864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krauss, RM, Eckel, RH, Howard, B, et al. (2000) AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102, 22842299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubik, A, Zatloukal, P, Tomasek, L, Kriz, J, Petruzelka, L & Plesko, I (2001) Diet and the risk of lung cancer among women. A hospital-based case-control study. Neoplasma 48, 262266.Google ScholarPubMed
Kubo, Shlonsky A, Klatsky, AL & Armstrong, MA (2003) Traits of persons who drink decaffeinated coffee. Ann Epidemiol 13, 273279.Google Scholar
Lammert, F & Matern, S (2004) Evidence based prevention of cholecystolithiasis. Deutsc Medizin Wochens 129, 15481550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lane, JD (1997) Effects of brief caffeinated-beverage deprivation on mood, symptoms, and psychomotor performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58, 203208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lawson, CC, LeMasters, GK & Wilson, KA (2004) Changes in caffeine consumption as a signal of pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 18, 625633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leitzmann, MF, Stampfer, MJ, Willett, WC, Spiegelman, D, Colditz, GA & Giovannucci, EL (2002) Coffee intake is associated with lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in women. Gastroenterology 123, 18231830.Google ScholarPubMed
Leitzmann, MF, Willett, WC, Rimm, EB, Stampfer, MJ, Spiegelman, D, Colditz, GA & Giovannucci, E (1999) A prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men. JAMA 281, 21062112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, R (2004) Pursuing the perfect cup of coffee. Scientist 18, 56.Google Scholar
Lindahl, B, Johansson, I, Huhtasaari, F, Hallmans, G & Asplund, K (1991) Coffee drinking and blood cholesterol: effects of brewing method, food intake and life style. J Intern Med 230, 299305.Google ScholarPubMed
Lindahl, B, Stegmayr, B, Johansson, I, Weinehall, L & Hallmans, G (2003) Trends in lifestyle 1986–99 in a 25- to 64-year-old population of the Northern Sweden MONICA project. Scand J Public Health 61, Suppl.3137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsay, J, Laurin, D, Verreault, R, Hebert, R, Helliwell, B, Hill, GB & McDowell, I (2002) Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Am J Epidemiol 156, 445453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowik, MR, van Dokkum, W, Kistemaker, C, Schaafsma, G & Ockhuizen, T (1993) Body composition, health status and urinary magnesium excretion among elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Magnes Res 6, 223232.Google ScholarPubMed
McCusker, RRGoldberger, BA & Cone, EJ (2003) Caffeine content of specialty coffees. J Anal Toxicol 27, 520522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manach, C, Scalbert, A, Morand, C, Remesy, C & Jimenez, L (2004) Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 79, 727747.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martyn, C & Gale, C (2003) Tobacco, coffee, and Parkinson's disease. BMJ 326, 561562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendilaharsu, M, De Stefani, E, Deneo-Pellegrini, H, Carzoglio, JC & Ronco, A (1998) Consumption of tea and coffee and the risk of lung cancer in cigarette-smoking men: a case-control study in Uruguay. Lung Cancer 19, 101107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minamisawa, M, Yoshida, S & Takai, N (2004) Determination of biologically active substances in roasted coffees using a diode-array HPLC system. Anal Sci 20, 325328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morales, FJ, Jimenez-Perez, S (2004) Peroxyl radical scavenging activity of melanoidins in aqueous systems. Eur Food Res Technol 218, 515520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, C, Klatsky, AL & Udaltsova, N (2004) Smoking, coffee, and pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 99, 731738.Google ScholarPubMed
Mosdol, A, Christensen, B, Retterstol, L & Thelle, DS (2002) Induced changes in the consumption of coffee alter ad libitum dietary intake and physical activity level. Br J Nutr 87, 261266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mougios, V, Ring, S, Petridou, A & Nikolaidis, MG (2003) Duration of coffee- and exercise- induced changes in the fatty acid profile of human serum. J Appl Physiol 94, 476484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukamal, KJ, Maclure, M, Muller, JE, Sherwood, JB & Mittleman, MA (2004) Caffeinated coffee consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 147, 9991004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munoz, LM, Lonnerdal, B, Keen, CL & Dewey, KG (1988) Coffee consumption as a factor in iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women and their infants in Costa Rica. Am J Clin Nutr 48, 645651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naismith, DJ, Akinyanju, PA, Szanto, S & Yudkin, J (1970) The effect, in volunteers, of coffee and decaffeinated coffee on blood glucose, insulin, plasma lipids and some factors involved in blood clotting. Nutr Metab 12, 144151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakanishi, N, Nakamura, K, Nakajima, K, Suzuki, K & Tatara, K (2000) Coffee consumption and decreased serum gamma-glutamyltransferase: a study of middle-aged Japanese men. Eur J Epidemiol 16, 419423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Namba, T & Matsuse, T (2002) A historical study of coffee in Japanese and Asian countries: focusing the medicinal uses in Asian traditional medicines. Yakushigaku Zasshi 37, 6575.Google ScholarPubMed
Narod, SADe Sanjose, S & Victora, C (1991) Coffee during pregnancy: a reproductive hazard? Am J Obstet Gynecol 164, 11091114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Natella, F, Nardini, M, Giannetti, I, Dattilo, C & Scaccini, C (2002) Coffee drinking influences plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. J Agric Food Chem 50, 62116216.Google ScholarPubMed
Navarini, L, Ferrari, M, Liverani, FS, Liggieri, L & Ravera, F (2004) Dynamic tensiometric characterization of espresso coffee beverage. Food Hydrocol 18, 387393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nawrot, P, Jordan, S, Eastwood, J, Rotstein, J, Hugenholtz, A & Feeley, M (2003) Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam 20, 130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nehlig, A & Debry, G (1994a) Consequences on the newborn of chronic maternal consumption of coffee during gestation and lactation: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 13, 621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nehlig, A & Debry, G (1994b) Caffeine and sports activity: a review. Int J Sports Med 15, 215223.Google ScholarPubMed
Nestler, EJ & Malenka, RC (2004) The addicted brain. Sci Am 290, 7885.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neuhauser-Berthold, M, Beine, S, Verwied, SC & Luhrmann, PM (1997) Coffee consumption and total body water homeostasis as measured by fluid balance and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Ann Nutr Metab 41, 2936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicoli, MC, Anese, M, Manzocco, L & Lerici, CR (1997) Antioxidant properties of coffee brews in relation to the roasting degree. Lebens Wiss Technol 30, 292297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicoli, MC, Anese, M & Parpinel, M (1999) Influence of processing on the antioxidant properties of fruit and vegetables. Trends Food Sci Technol 10, 94100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilssen, O & Forde, OH (1994) Seven-year longitudinal population study of change in gamma-glutamyltransferase: the Tromso Study. Am J Epidemiol 139, 787792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogita, S, Uefuji, H, Yamaguchi, Y, Koizumi, N & Sano, H (2003) Producing decaffeinated coffee plants. Nature (Lond) 423, 823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohayon, MM (2004) Interactions between sleep normative data and sociocultural characteristics in the elderly. J Psychosom Res 56, 479486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olthof, MR, Hollman, PCH & Katan, MB (2001) Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. J Nutr 131, 6671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagano, R, Negri, E, Decarli, A & La Vecchia, C (1988) Coffee drinking and prevalence of bronchial asthma. Chest 94, 386389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panzella, L, Napolitano, A & d'ischia, M (2003) Oxidative conjugation of chlorogenic acid with glutathione. Structural characterization of addition products and a new nitrite- promoted pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 11, 47974805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papadelis, C, Kourtidou-Papadeli, C, Vlachogiannis, E, Skepastianos, P, Bamidis, P, Maglaveras, N & Pappas, K (2003) Effects of mental workload and caffeine on catecholamines and blood pressure compared to performance variations. Brain Cogn 51, 143154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parazzini, F, Chiaffarino, F, Chatenoud, L, Tozzi, L, Cipriani, S, Chiantera, V & Fedele, L (2004) Maternal coffee drinking in pregnancy and risk of small for gestational age birth. Eur J Clin Nutr online publication 29 September 2004; doi: 101038/sjejcn1602052.Google Scholar
Porta, M, Vioque, J, Ayude, D, Alguacil, J, Jariod, M, Ruiz, L & Murillol, (2003) Coffee drinking: the rationale for treating it as a potential effect modifier of carcinogenic exposures. Eur J Epidemiol 18, 289298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulido, R, Hernandez-Garcia, M & Saura-Calixto, F (2003) Contribution of beverages to the intake of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the Spanish diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 57, 12751282.Google Scholar
Quinlan, P, Lane, J & Aspinall, L (1997) Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water and beverage type. Psychopharmacology 134, 164173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raaska, K, Raitasuo, V, Laitila, J & Neuvonen, PJ (2004) Effect of caffeine-containing versus decaffeinated coffee on serum clozapine concentrations in hospitalised patients. Pharmacol Toxicol 94, 1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radtke, J, Linseisen, J & Wolfram, G (1998) Phenolic acid intake of adults in a Bavarian subgroup of the national food consumption survey. Z Ernahrungswiss 37, 190197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragonese, P, Salemi, G, Morgante, L, Aridon, P, Epifanio, A, Buffa, D, Scoppa, F & Savettieri, G (2003) A case-control study on cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption preceding Parkinson's disease. Neuroepidemiology 22, 297304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reunanen, A, Heliovaara, M & Aho, K (2003) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 361, 702703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rey de Castro, J, Gallo, J & Loureiro, H (2004) Tiredness and sleepiness in bus drivers and road accidents in Peru: a quantitative study. Rev Panam Salud Pub 16, 1118.Google ScholarPubMed
Reyner, LA & Horne, JA (2000) Early morning driver sleepiness: effectiveness of 200 mg caffeine. Psychophysiology 37, 251256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richardson, T, Rozkovec, A, Thomas, P, Ryder, J, Meckes, C & Kerr, D (2004) Influence of caffeine on heart rate variability in patients with long-standing type-1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27, 11271131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, D, Hollister, AS, Kincaid, D, Workman, R, Goldberg, MR, Tung, CS & Smith, B (1984) Caffeine and hypertension. Am J Med 77, 5460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, D, Wade, D, Workman, R, Woosley, RL & Oates, JA (1981) Tolerance to the humoral and hemodynamic effects of caffeine in man. J Clin Invest 67, 11111117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, PJ & Dernoncourt, C (1998) Regular caffeine consumption: a balance of adverse and beneficial effects for mood and psychomotor performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 59, 10391045.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosengren, A, Dotevall, A, Wilhelmsen, L, Thelle, D & Johansson, S (2004) Coffee and incidence of diabetes in Swedish women: a prospective 18-year follow-up study. J Intern Med 255, 8995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, GW, Abbott, RD, Petrovitch, H, et al. (2000) Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA 283, 26742679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruhl, CE & Everhart, JE (2000) Association of coffee consumption with gallbladder disease. Am J Epidemiol 152, 10341038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryu, JE (1985) Effect of maternal caffeine consumption on heart rate and sleep time of breast-fed infants. Dev Pharmacol Ther 8, 355363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salazar-Martinez, E, Willett, WC, Ascherio, A, Manson, JE, Leitzmann, MF, Stampfer, MJ & Hu, FB (2004) Coffee consumption and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 140, 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santos, RM & Lima, DR (1989) Coffee as a medicinal plant and vitamin source for smokers. It J Chest Dis 43, 5658.Google Scholar
Santos, EE, Lauria, DC & Porto da, Silveira CL (2004) Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Sci Total Env 327, 6979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, RM, Oliveira, D & Lima, DR (1990) Smoking, drug addiction, opioid peptides and coffee intake. Yonago Acta Med 33, 7982.Google Scholar
Santos, RM, Vieira, S & Lima, DR (1991) Effects of coffee in alcoholics. Ann Int Med 115, 499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saremi, A, Tulloch-Reid, M & Knowler, WC (2003) Coffee consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26, 22112212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saris, WHM, Verschuren, PM & Harris, S (eds.) (2002) Functional foods: scientific and global perspectives. Br J Nutr 88, Suppl. 2S123S235.Google Scholar
Schwartz, J & Weiss, ST (1992) Caffeine intake and asthma symptoms. Ann Epidemiol 2, 627635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shields, DH, Corrales, KM & Metallinos-Katsaras, E (2004) Gourmet coffee beverage consumption among college women. J Am Diet Assoc 104, 650653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silvarolla, MB, Mazzafera, P & Fazuoli, LC (2004) Plant biochemistry: a naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee. Nature 429, 826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A, Brice, C, Nash, J, Rich, N & Nutt, DJ (2003) Caffeine and central noradrenaline: effects on mood, cognitive performance, eye movements and cardiovascular function. J Psychopharmacol 17, 283292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, AP, Clark, R & Gallagher, J (1999) Breakfast cereal and caffeinated coffee: effects on working memory, attention, mood, and cardiovascular function. Physiol Behav 67, 917.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somoza, V, Lindenmeier, M, Wenzel, E, Frank, O, Erbersdobler, HF & Hofmann, T (2003) Activity-guided identification of a chemopreventive compound in coffee beverage using in vitro and in vivo techniques. J Agric Food Chem 51, 68616869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soroko, S, Chang, J & Barrett-Connor, E (1996) Reasons for changing caffeinated coffee consumption: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Am Coll Nutr 15, 97101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparaco, P (1996) Combating fatigue to enhance safety. Aviat Week Space Technol 145, 5355.Google ScholarPubMed
Stavric, B, Klassen, R, Watkinson, B, Karpinski, K, Stapley, R & Fried, P (1988) Variability in caffeine consumption from coffee and tea: possible significance for epidemiological studies. Food Chem Toxicol 26, 111118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steptoe, A & Wardle, J (1999) Mood and drinking: a naturalistic diary study of alcohol, coffee and tea. Psychopharmacology 141, 315321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svartberg, J, Midtby, M, Bonaa, KH, Sundsfjord, J, Joakimsen, RM & Jorde, R (2003) The associations of age, lifestyle factors and chronic disease with testosterone in men: the Tromso Study. Eur J Endocrinol 149, 145152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svilaas, A, Sakhi, AK, Andersen, LF, Svilaas, T, Strom, EC, Jacobs, DR JrOse, L & Blomhoff, R (2004) Intakes of antioxidants in coffee, wine, and vegetables are correlated with plasma carotenoids in humans. J Nutr 134, 562567.Google ScholarPubMed
Tagliabue, A, Terracina, D, Cena, H, Turconi, G, Lanzola, E & Montomoli, C (1994) Coffee induced thermogenesis and skin temperature. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 18, 537541.Google ScholarPubMed
Tan, EK, Tan, C, Fook-Chong, SM, et al. (2003) Dose-dependent protective effect of coffee, tea, and smoking in Parkinson's disease: a study in ethnic Chinese. J Neurol Sci 216, 163167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tavani, A, Bertuzzi, M, Gallus, S, Negri, E & La Vecchia, C (2004) Risk factors for non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Italian women. Prev Med 39, 128134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tieges, ZRichard, Ridderinkhof K, Snel, J & Kok, A (2004) Caffeine strengthens action monitoring: evidence from the error-related negativity. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 21, 8793.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuomilehto, J, Hu, G, Bidel, S, Lindstrom, J & Jousilahti, P (2004) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged Finnish men and women. JAMA 291, 12131219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tverdal, A & Skurtveit, S (2003) Coffee intake and mortality from liver cirrhosis. Ann Epidemiol 13, 419423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urgert, R & de Groot, CP (1996) Consumption of unfiltered coffee brews in elderly Europeans. Eur J Clin Nutr 50, Suppl. 2S101S104.Google ScholarPubMed
van Dam, RM & Feskens, EJ (2002) Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lancet 360, 14771478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Deventer, G, Kamemoto, E, Kuznicki, JT, Heckert, DC & Schulte, MC (1992) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure, acid secretion, and blood gastrin after coffee consumption. Dig Dis Sci 37, 558569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vatten, LJ, Solvoll, K & Loken, EB (1990) Coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. A prospective study of 14,593 Norwegian women. Br J Cancer 62, 267270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verschuren, PM (2002) Functional foods: scientific and global perspectives. Br J Nutr 88, Suppl. 2S125S130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wahllander, A, Renner, E & Preisig, R (1985) Fasting plasma caffeine concentration: a guide to the severity of chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 20, 11331141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne, KN, Familari, M, Boublik, JH, Drummer, OH, Rae, ID & Funder, JW (1987) Isolation of opiate receptor ligands in coffee. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 14, 785790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yanagimoto, K, Ochi, H, Lee, KG & Shibamoto, T (2004) Antioxidative activities of fractions obtained from brewed coffee. J Agric Food Chem 52, 592596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshioka, M, Doucet, E, Drapeau, V, Dionne, I & Tremblay, A (2001) Combined effects of red pepper and caffeine consumption on 24 h energy balance in subjects given free access to foods. Br J Nutr 85, 203211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yukawa, GS, Mune, M, Otani, H, Tone, Y, Liang, XM, Iwahashi, H & Sakamoto, W (2004) Effects of coffee consumption on oxidative susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins and serum lipid levels in humans. Biochemistry 69, 7074.Google ScholarPubMed
Zahorska-Markiewicz, B (1980) The thermic effect of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee ingested with breakfast. Acta Physiol Pol 31, 1720.Google ScholarPubMed
Zampelas, A, Panagiotakos, DB, Pitsavos, C, Chrysohoou, C & Stefanadis, C (2004) Associations between coffee consumption and inflammatory markers in healthy persons: the ATTICA study. Am J Clin Nutr 80, 862867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed