Alexander, JW (1998) Immunonutrition: The role of ω-3 fatty acids. Nutrition 14, 627–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldie, G, Kaimakamis, D & Rotondo, D (1993) Fatty acid modulation of cytokine release from human monocytic cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1179, 125–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barone, J, Hebert, JR & Reddy, MM (1989) Dietary fat and natural killer cell activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 861–867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Belluzzi, A & Miglio, F (1998) n-3 Fatty acids in the treatment of Crohn’s Disease. In Medicinal Fatty Acids in Inflammation, pp. 91–101 [Kremer, J editor]. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag.Google Scholar

Black, PN & Sharp, S (1997) Dietary fat and asthma: is there a connection?. European Respiratory Journal 10, 6–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blok, WL, Deslypere, J-P, Demacker, PNM, van der Ven-Jongekrijg, J, Hectors, MPC, van der Meer, JMW & Katan, MB (1997) Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy volunteers fed various doses of fish oil for 1 year. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 27, 1003–1008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blok, WL, Katan, MB, van der Meer, JWM (1996) Modulation of inflammation and cytokine production by dietary (n-3) fatty acids. Journal of Nutrition 126, 1515–1533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Broughton, KS, Johnson, CS, Pace, BK, Liebman, M & Kleppinger, KM (1997) Reduced asthma symptoms with n-3 fatty acid ingestion are related to 5-series leukotriene production. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 1011–1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Byleveld, PM, Pang, GT, Clancy, RL & Roberts, DCK (1999) Fish oil feeding delays influenza virus clearance and impairs production of interferon-γ, and virus-specific immunoglobulin A in lungs of mice. Journal of Nutrition 129, 328–335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calder, PC (1995) Fatty acids, dietary lipids and lymphocyte functions. Biochemical Society Transcations 23, 302–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calder, PC (1996a) Effects of fatty acids and dietary lipids on cells of the immune system. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 127–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calder, PC (1996b) Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 737–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calder, PC (1997) N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 41, 203–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calder, PC (1998a) Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Nutrition Reviews 56, S70–S83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calder, PC (1998b) N-3 fatty acids and mononuclear phagocyte function. In Medicinal Fatty Acids In Inflammation, pp. 1–27 [Kremer, JM, editor]. Basle: Birkhauser Verlag.Google Scholar

Calder, PC (1998c) Dietary fatty acids and lymphocyte functions. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 487–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Calder, PC (2001) N-3 Fatty acids and rheumatoid arthritis. In Food and Nutritional Supplements in Health and Disease, pp. 175–197 [Ransley, JK, Donnelly, JK and Read, NW, editor]. London: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar

Calder, PC & Miles, EA (2000) Fatty acids and atopic disease. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 11 Suppl., 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cannon, JG, Fiatarone, MA, Meydani, M, Gong, J, Scott, L, Blumberg, JB & Evans, WJ (1995) Aging and dietary modulation of elastase and interleukin-1 beta secretion. American Journal of Physiology 268:R208–R213.Google ScholarPubMed

Caughey, GE, Mantzioris, E, Gibson, RA, Cleland, LG & James, MJ (1996) The effect on human tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 1β, production of diets enriched in n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oil or fish oil. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 116–122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cook, ME, Miller, CC, Park, Y & Pariza, M (1993) Immune modulation by altered nutrient metabolism control of immune-induced growth depression. Poultry Science 72, 1301–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooper, AL, Gibbons, L, Horan, MA, Little, RA & Rothwell, NJ (1993) Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on fever and cytokine production in human volunteers. Clinical Nutrition 12, 321–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Crevel, RWR, Friend, JV, Goodwin, BFJ & Parish, WE (1992) High fat diets and the immune response of C57 Bl mice. British Journal of Nutrition 67, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeLuca, P, Rossetti, RG, Alavian, C, Karim, P & Zurier, RB (1999) Effects of gamma-linolenic acid on interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion by stimulated human peripheral blood monocytes: studies in vitroin vivo. Journal of Investigative Medicine 47, 246–250.Google Scholar

DeMarco, DM, Santoli, D & Zurier, RB (1994) Effects of fatty acids on proliferation and activation of human synovial compartment lymphocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 56, 612–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Endres, S, Ghorbani, R, Kelley, VE, Georgilis, K, Lonnemann, G, Mvan der eer, JMW, Cannon, JG, Rogers, TS, Klempner, MS, Weber, PC, Schaeffer, EJ, Wolff, SM & Dinarello, CA (1989) The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. New England Journal of Medicine 320, 265–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Endres, S, Meydani, SN, Ghorbani, R, Schindler, R & Dinarello, CA (1993) Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids suppresses interleukin-2 production and mononuclear cell proliferation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 54, 599–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Feng, C, Keisler, DH & Fritsche, KL (1999) Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce IFN-gamma receptor expression in mice. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 19, 41–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Friend, JV, Lock, SO, Gurr, MI & Parish, WE (1980) Effect of different dietary lipids on the immune responses of Hartley strain guinea pigs. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 62, 292–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gallai, V, Sarchielli, P, Trequattrini, A, Franceschini, M, Floridi, A, Firenze, C, Alberti, A, Di Benedetto, D & Stragliotto, E (1993) Cytokine secretion and eicosanoid production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients undergoing dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Neuroimmunology 56, 143–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geusens, PP (1998) n-3 Fatty acids in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In Medicinal Fatty Acids in Inflammation, pp. 111–123 [Kremer, J, editor]. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag.Google Scholar

Gibney, MJ & Hunter, B (1993) The effects of short- and long-term supplementation with fish oil on the incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into cells of the immune system in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 255–259.Google Scholar

Gold, KN, Weyand, CM & Goronzy, JJ (1994) Modulation of helper T cell function by prostaglandins. Arthritis and Rheumatism 37, 925–933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goldyne, ME (1988) Lymphocytes and arachidonic acid metabolism. Progress in Allergy 44, 140–152.Google ScholarPubMed

Grimble, RF (1998) Dietary lipids and the inflammatory response. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 535–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harbige, LS (1998) Dietaty n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in immunity and autoimmune disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 555–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayek, MG, Han, SN, Wu, D, Watkins, BA, Meydani, M, Dorsey, JL, Smith, DE & Meydani, SN (1999) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid influences the immune response of young and old C57BL/6NCrlBR mice. Journal of Nutrition 129, 32–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haynes, DR, Whitehouse, MW & Vernon-Roberts, B (1992) The prostaglandin E₁in vitro ₁₂₃. Immunology 76, 251–257.Google Scholar

Healy, D, Wallace, FA, Miles, EA, Calder, PC & Newsholme, P (2000) The effect of low to moderate amounts of dietary fish oil on neutrophil lipid composition and function. Lipids 35, 763–768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hebert, JR, Barone, J, Reddy, MM & Backlund, JY (1990) Natural killer cell activity in a longitudinal dietary fat intervention trial. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 54, 103–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hodge, L, Peat, JK & Salome, C (1994) Increased consumption of polyunsaturated oils may be a cause of increased prevalence of childhood asthma. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 24, 727.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hughes, DA (1998) In vitroin vivo effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human monocyte function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 521–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, DA & Pinder, AC (1997) N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the expression of functionally associated molecules on human monocytes and inhibit antigen presentation in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 110, 516–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hughes, DA, Pinder, AC, Piper, Z, Johnson, IT & Lund, EK (1996b) Fish oil supplementation inhibits the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and adhesion molecules on human monocytes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 267–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hughes, DA, Southon, S & Pinder, AC (1996a) (n-3) Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the expression of functionally associated molecules on human monocytes in vitro. Journal of Nutrition 126, 603–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Iverson, L, Fogh, K & Bojesen, G (1991) Linoleic acid and dihomogammalinolenic acid inhibit leukotriene formation and stimulate the formation of their 15 lipoxygenase products by human neutrophils in vitro. Evidence for the formation of antiinflammatory compounds. Agents and Actions 33, 286–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iverson, L, Fogh, K & Kragbelle, K (1992) Effect of dihomogammalinolenic acid and its 15 lipoxygenase metabolite on eicosanoid metabolism by human mononuclear leukocytes in vitro: Selective inhibition of the 5 lipoxygenase pathway. Archives of Dermatological Research 284, 222–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

James, MJ & Cleland, LG (1997) Dietary n-3 fatty acids and therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 27, 85–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jeffery, NM, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1997) The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in the rat diet both affect serum lipid levels and lymphocyte functions. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 57, 149–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Johnson, MM, Swan, DD, Surette, ME, Stegner, J, Chilton, T, Fonteh, AN & Chilton, FH (1997) Dietary supplementation with γ-linolenic acid alters fatty acid content and eicosanoid production in healthy humans. Journal of Nutrition 127, 1435–1444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jolly, CA, Jiang, Y-H, Chapkin, RS & McMurray, DN (1997) Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress murine lymphoproliferation, interleukin-2 secretion and the formation of diacylglycerol and ceramide. Journal of Nutrition 127, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelley, DS, Branch, LB & Iacono, JM (1989) Nutritional modulation of human immune status. Nutrition Research 9, 965–975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kelley, DS, Branch, LB, Love, JE, Taylor, PC, Rivera, YM & Iacono, JM (1991) Dietary alpha-linolenic acid and immunocompetence in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 40–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelley, DS, Dougherty, RM, Branch, LB, Taylor, PC & Iacono, JM (1992) Concentration of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human immune status. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 62, 240–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelley, DS, Taylor, PC, Nelson, GJ & Mackey, BE (1998b) Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and immunocompetence in young healthy men. Lipids 33, 559–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelley, DS, Taylor, PC, Nelson, GJ, Schmidt, PC, Ferretti, A, Erickson, KL, Yu, R, Chandra, RK & Mackey, BE (1999) Docosahexaenoic acid ingestion inhibits natural killer cell activity and production of inflammatory mediators in young healthy men. Lipids 34, 317–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelley, DS, Taylor, PC, Nelson, GJ, Schmidt, PC, Mackey, BE & Kyle, D (1997) Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on human immune response. Lipids 32, 449–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelley, DS, Taylor, PC, Nelson, GJ & Mackey, BE (1998a) Arachidonic acid supplementation enhances synthesis of eicosanoids without suppressing immune functions in young healthy men. Lipids 33, 125–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kelly, JP & Parker, CW (1979) Effect of arachidonic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids on mitogenesis in human lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 122, 1556–1562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Khair-El-Din, TA, Sicher, SC, Vazquez, MA, Wright, WJ & Lu, CY (1995) Docosahexaenoic acid, a major constituent of fetal serum and fish oil diets, inhibits IFNγ-induced Ia-expression by murine macrophages in vitro. Journal of Immunology 154, 1296–1306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kinsella, JE, Lokesh, B, Broughton, S & Whelan, J (1990) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids: potential effects on the modulation of inflammatory and immune cells: An overview. Nutrition 6, 24–44.Google ScholarPubMed

Lee, TH, Hoover, RL, Williams, JD, Sperling, RI, Ravalese, J, Spur, BW, Robinson, DR, Corey, EJ, Lewis, RA & Austen, KF (1985) Effects of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. New England Journal of Medicine 312, 1217–1224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leslie, CA, Gonnerman, WA, Ullman, MD, Hayes, KC, Franzblau, C & Cathcart, ES (1985) Dietary fish oil modulates macrophage fatty acids and decreases arthritis susceptibility in mice. Journal of Experimental Medicine 162, 1336–1349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewis, RA, Austen, KF & Soberman, RJ (1990) Leukotrienes and other products of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway: Biochemistry and relation to pathobiology in human diseases. New England Journal of Medicine 323, 645–655.Google ScholarPubMed

Linos, A, Kaklamanis, E, Kontomerkos, A, Koumantaki, Y, Gazi, S, Vaiopoulos, G, Tsokos, GC & Kaklamanis, PH (1991) The effect of olive oil and fish consumption on rheumatoid arthritis – a case control study. Scandanavian Journal of Rheumatology 20, 419–426.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Matsuo, N, Osada, K, Kodama, T, Lim, BO, Nakao, A, Yamada, K & Sugano, M (1996) Effects of γ-linolenic acid and its positional isomer pinolenic acid on immune parameters of Brown Norway rats. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 55, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Meydani, SN, Endres, S, Woods, MM, Goldin, BR, Soo, C, Morrill-Labrode, A, Dinarello, C & Gorbach, SL (1991) Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. Journal of Nutrition 121, 547–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meydani, SN, Lichtenstein, AH, Cornwall, S, Meydani, M, Goldin, BR, Rasmussen, H, Dinarello, CA & Schaefer, EJ (1993) Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived n-3 fatty acid enrichement. Journal of Clinical Investigation 92, 105–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miles, EA & Calder, PC (1998) Modulation of immune function by dietary fatty acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 277–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Molvig, J, Pociot, F, Worsaae, H, Wogensen, LD, Baek, L, Christensen, P, Mandrup-Poulsen, T, Andersen, K, Madsen, P, Dyerberg, J & Nerup, J (1991) Dietary supplementation with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decreases mononuclear cell proliferation and interleukin-1β, content but not monokine secretion in healthy and insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Scandanavian Journal of Immunology 34, 399–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mossmann, TR & Sad, S (1996) The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunology Today 17, 138–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peterson, LD, Jeffery, NM, Thies, F, Sanderson, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1998a) Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids alter rat spleen leukocyte fatty acid composition and prostaglandin E₂ production but have different effects on lymphocyte functions and cell-mediated immunity. Lipids 33, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Peterson, LD, Thies, F, Sanderson, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1998b) Low levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids mimic the effects of fish oil upon rat lymphocytes. Life Sciences 62, 2209–2217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Peterson, LD, Thies, F & Calder, PC (1999) Dose-dependent effects of dietary γ-linolenic acid on rat spleen lymphocyte functions. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 61, 19–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Prickett, JD, Robinson, DR & Bloch, KJ (1982) Enhanced production of IgE and IgG antibodies associated with a diet enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid. Immunology 46, 819–826.Google ScholarPubMed

Pullman-Moar, S, Laposata, M, Lern, D, Holman, RT, Leventhal, LJ, De Marco, D & Zurier, RB (1990) Alteration of the cellular fatty acid profile and the production of eicosanoids in human monocytes by gamma-linolenic acid. Arthritis and Rheumatism 33, 1526–1533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Purasiri, P, McKechnie, A, Heys, SD & Eremin, O (1997) Modulation in vitro of human natural cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens and cytokine production by essential fatty acids. Immunology 92, 166–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rasmussen, LB, Kiens, B, Pedersen, BK & Richter, EA (1994) Effect of diet and plasma fatty acid composition on immune status in elderly males. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 572–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rodgers, JB (1998) n-3 Fatty acids in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.In Medicinal Fatty Acids in Inflammation, pp. 103–109 [Kremer, J, editor]. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag.Google Scholar

Roper, RL & Phipps, RP (1994) Prostaglandin E₂ regulation of the immune response. Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane and Leukotriene Research 22, 101–111.Google ScholarPubMed

Rossetti, RG, Seiler, CM, DeLuca, P, Laposata, M & Zurier, RB (1997) Oral administration of unsaturated fatty acids: effects on human peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 62, 438–443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sanderson, P & Calder, PC (1998) Dietary fish oil diminishes lymphocyte adhesion to macrophage and endothelial cell monolayers. Immunology 94, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sanderson, P, Yaqoob, P & Calder, PC (1995a) Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon rat spleen lymphocyte functions and the expression of lymphocyte surface molecules. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 5, 119–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sanderson, P, Yaqoob, P & Calder, PC (1995b) Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon graft vs. host and host vs. graft responses in the rat. Cellular Immunology 164, 240–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Santoli, D, Phillips, PD, Colt, TL & Zurier, RB (1990) Suppression of interleukin-2-dependent human T cell growth in vitro by prostaglandin E (PGE) and their precursor fatty acids. Journal of Clinical Investigation 85, 424–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schmidt, EB, Varming, K, Moller, JM, Bulow Pederson, I, Madsen, P & Dyerberg, J (1996) No effect of a very low dose of n-3 fatty acids on monocyte function in healthy humans. Scandanavian Journal of Clinical Investigation 56, 87–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sperling, RI (1998) The effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on neutrophils. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 527–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sperling, RI, Benincaso, AI, Knoell, CT, Larkin, JK, Austen, KF & Robinson, DR (1993) Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit phosphoinositide formation and chemotaxis in neutrophils. Journal of Clinical Investigation 91, 651–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thies, F, Nebe-von-Caron, G, Powell, JR, Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (2001a) Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, but not with other long chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, decreases natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects aged >55 y. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 539–548.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thies, F, Nebe-von-Caron, G, Powell, JR, Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (2001b) Dietary supplementation with γ-linolenic acid or with fish oil decreases T lymphocyte proliferation in healthy older humans. Journal of Nutrition 131, 1918–1927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thies, F, Miles, EA, Nebe-von-Caron, G, Powell, JR, Hurst, TL, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (2001c) Influence of dietary supplementation with long chain n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on blood inflammatory cell populations and functions and on plasma soluble adhesion molecules in healthy adults. Lipids in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turek, JJ, Li, Y, Schoenlein, IA, Allen, KGD & Watkins, BA (1998) Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 9, 258–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vilaseca, J, Salas, A, Guarner, F, Rodriguez, R, Martinez, M, Malagelada, J-R (1990) Dietary fish oil reduces progresssion of chronic inflammatory lesions in a rat model of granulomatous colitis. Gut 31, 539–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Volker, DH, FitzGerald, PEB & Garg, ML (2000) The eicosapentaenoic to docosahexaenoic acid ratio of diets affects the pathogenesis of arthritis in Lew/SSN rats. Journal of Nutrition 130, 559–565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wallace, FA, Miles, EA, Evans, C, Stock, TE, Yaqoob, P & Calder, PC (2001) Dietary fatty acids influence the production of Th1- but not Th2-type cytokines. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 69, 449–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wallace, JL, Keenan, CM & Finn, NJ (1989) Anti-inflammatory effects of a fish oil diet in a rat model of chronic colitis. Gastroenterology 96, A535.Google Scholar

Watson, J, Byars, ML, McGill, P & Kelman, AW (1993) Cytokine and prostaglandin production by monocytes of volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with dietary supplements of blackcurrant seed oil. British Journal of Rheumatology 32, 1055–1058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wu, D & Meydani, SN (1998) n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and immune function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 503–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wu, D, Meydani, M, Leka, LS, Nightingale, Z, Handelman, GJ, Blumberg, JB & Meydani, SN (1999) Effect of dietary supplementation with black currant seed oil on the immune response of healthy elderly subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, 536–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yaqoob, P (1998a) Monounsaturated fats and immune function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 511–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yaqoob, P (1998b) Lipids and the immune response. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 1, 153–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yaqoob, P, Knapper, J, Webb, D, Williams, C, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1998) Effect of olive oil on immune function in middle-aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1994a) The effect of dietary lipid manipulation on rat lymphocyte subsets and proliferation. Immunology 82, 603–610.Google ScholarPubMed

Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1994b) Inhibition of natural killer cell activity by dietary lipids. Immunology Letters 41, 241–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1995) The effect of dietary lipid manipulation on leucocyte proliferation in whole blood. Nutrition Research 15, 279–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1999) Comparison of cytokine production in cultures of whole human blood and purified mononuclear cells. Cytokine 11, 600–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yaqoob, P, Pala, HS, Cortina-Borja, M, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (2000) Encapsulated fish oil enriched in α-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 30, 260–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ziboh, VA (1998) The role of n-3 fatty acids in psoriasis.In Medicinal Fatty Acids in Inflammation, pp. 45–53 [Kremer, J, editor]. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag.Google Scholar

Zurier, RB, Rossetti, RG, Seiler, CM & Laposata, M (1999) Human peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferation after activation of the T cell receptor: effects of unsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 60, 371–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar