Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-08T08:33:23.558Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effects of sucrose and maize oil on subsequent food intake and mood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Marie Reid  and
Richard Hammersley
Marie Reid*
Affiliation:
Medical Education Unit, Clinical Sciences Building, St James's Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
Richard Hammersley
Affiliation:
Department of Sociological Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2FL, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Marie Reid, fax +44 (0)113 206 4064, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The effects of sucrose and oil preloads were explicitly compared in a single-blind controlled trial using a between-subjects design. Eighty adult subjects (forty-three male, thirty-seven female) aged 18–50 years received at 11.00 hours one of four yoghurt preloads. All were 80 g low-fat, unsweetened yoghurt (188 kJ), containing additionally (1) saccharin (control, 23 kJ), or (2) 40 g sucrose (859 kJ), (3) 40 g maize oil (1569 kJ), (4) 20 g sucrose, 20 g maize oil (1213 kJ). Subjects were normal eaters and of normal weight (male mean weight: 68·8 (sd 3·2) kg, BMI 21·8 (sd 1·6) kg/m2; female mean weight: 53·7 (sd 5·1) kg, BMI 20·4 (sd 1·2) kg/m2). Food intake was measured with a food diary and mood with ten single Likert scales. ANOVA was conducted using preload type (saccharin, sucrose, oil, sucrose + oil), sex (male, female) and early v. late breakfast times as factors. Mood was analysed using the same design, with time of rating (immediate, 60 min, 120 min) as an additional factor. Men ate more after the saccharin preload than after the other preloads, but did not vary the time of their next solid food. Women increased the intermeal interval only after the oil preload, which also had the highest energy content value, but did not vary the energy content of their next solid food. The saccharin preload decreased rated tiredness at 2 h compared with the sucrose preload, possibly due to its lower energy content. The preloads containing sucrose or sucrose + oil increased calmness between 1 and 2 h afterwards, compared with the saccharin preload. It is concluded that both sucrose and oil increase the intermeal interval in men, but that women are less sensitive to preloading. The mood effects suggest that tiredness after carbohydrate at 2 h may in part be a decrease in rated energy compared with the increased rated energy found after a preload with low energy content. Carbohydrate may genuinely increase calmness. These effects apply to non-restrained eaters of normal weight.

Keywords

Food intakeMoodIntermeal intervalPreloads
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 82 , Issue 6 , December 1999 , pp. 447 - 455
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

References

Bellisle, F, Dalix, AM & de Castro, JM (1999) Eating patterns in French subjects studied by the "weekly food diary" method. Appetite 32, 46–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benton, D & Owens, D (1993) Is raised blood glucose associated with the relief of tension?. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 37, 723–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bond, A & Lader, M (1974) The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings. British Journal of Medical Psychology 47, 211–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bone, A (1992) Methods for studying food consumption (specified time methods). In Promotion of Healthier Eating, pp. 169–188 [Kemm, JR and Booth, D, editors]. London: H.M. Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Booth, DA, Chase, A & Campbell, AT (1970) Relative effectiveness of protein in the late stages of appetite suppression in man. Physiology and Behavior 5, 1299–1302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, A (1986) Acute effects of meals on perceptual and cognitive efficiency. Nutrition Reviews 44, Suppl., 163–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, A & Richardson, E (1989) Effects of experimental and habitual lunch size on performance, arousal, hunger, and mood. Internal Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 61, 313–319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, J & Dickerson, J (1991) Nutrient Content of Food Portions. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
de Castro, JM (1987) Macronutrient relationships with meal patterns and mood in the spontaneous feeding behavior of humans. Physiology and Behavior 39, 561–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Castro, JM (1994) Methodology, correlation analysis, and interpretation of diet diary records of the food and fluid intake of free-living humans. Appetite 23, 179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drewnowski, A (1987) Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
French, JA, Wainwright, CJ, Booth, DA & Hamilton, J (1992) Effects of meat species and particle size on postprandial satiety. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 51, 57A.Google Scholar
Frijda, NH (1986) The Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garner, DM (1990) Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI2). Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Geekie, MA & Raats, MM (1995) The development of a 7-day food and drink diary. Appetite 24, 282–283.Google Scholar
Geliebter, A (1979) Effects of equicaloric loads of protein, fat and carbohydrate on food intake in the rat and man. Physiology and Behavior 22, 267–273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammersley, RH, Finnigan, F & Millar, K (1993) The structure of the expected and actual subjective effects of alcohol. Addiction Research 1, 207–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, M, Johns, MW & Dore, C (1976) Factor analysis of analogue scales measuring subjective feelings before and after sleep. British Journal of Medical Psychology 49, 373–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, AJ & Blundell, JE (1986) Macronutrients and satiety: the effects of a high protein or high carbohydrate meal on subjective motivation to eat and food p. Nutrition and Behaviour 3, 133–144.Google Scholar
Hulshof, T, De Graaf, C & Weststrate, JA (1995) Short-term effects of high-fat and low-fat high-SPE croissants on appetite and energy-intake at 3 deprivation periods. Physiology and Behavior 57, 377–383.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karvetti, RL & Knuts, LR (1992) Validity of the estimated food diary — comparison of 2-day recorded and observed food and nutrient intakes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 92, 580–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, HR, Spring, BJ & Garfield, GS (1986) The behavioural effects of food constituents: strategies used in studies of amino acids, protein, carbohydrate and caffeine. Nutrition Reviews 44, Suppl., 61–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, HR, Wurtman, J & Chew, B (1986) Changes in mood after carbohydrate consumption among obese individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 772–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, HM, Green, MW & Rogers, P (1994) Mood and cognitive performance effects of isocaloric lunches differing in fat and carbohydrate content. Physiology and Behavior 56, 51–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, HM, Rogers, P, Hedderley, DI & Walker, AF (1996) Acute effects on mood and cognitive performance of breakfasts differing in fat and carbohydrate content. Appetite 27, 151–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNair, DM, Lorr, M & Droppleman, LF (1971) Manual: Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
Millar, K, Hammersley, RH & Finnigan, F (1992) Reduction of alcohol-induced performance impairment by prior ingestion of food. British Journal of Psychology 83, 261–278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pivonka, EEA & Grunewald, KK (1990) Aspartame or sugar sweetened beverages' effects on mood in young women. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 90, 250–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Poulton, EC (1989) Bias in Quantifying Judgements. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Reid, M (1995) The effects of carbohydrates on mood and eating behaviour in the obese and non obese. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Reid, M & Hammersley, RH (1994) The effects of sucrose on everyday eating in normal weight men and women. Appetite 22, 221–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, M & Hammersley, RH (1995) Effects of carbohydrate intake on subsequent food intake and mood state. Physiology and Behavior 58, 421–427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reid, M & Hammersley, RH (1998) The effects of carbohydrates on hunger and mood in obese and non-obese women. Psychology, Health and Medicine 3, 299–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, M & Hetherington, M (1997) Relative effects of carbohydrates and protein on satiety — A review of methodology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 21, 295–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ (1995) Food, mood and appetite. Nutrition Research Reviews 8, 243–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ (1995) Carbohydrates, fats and satiety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, S960–S967.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ & Hammer, VA (1995) Fat, carbohydrate, and the regulation of energy-intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, S1086–S1095.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ, Hetherington, M & Burley, VJ (1988) The specificity of satiety: the influence of foods of different macronutrient content on the development of satiety. Physiology and Behavior 43, 145–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, BJ, Kimharris, S, Fischman, MW, Foltin, RW, Moran, TH & Stoner, SA (1994) Satiety after preloads with different amounts of fat and carbohydrate — implications for obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 476–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seely, S, Freed, DLJ, Silverstone, GA & Rippere, V (1985) Diet-related Diseases. The Modern Epidemic. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Smith, AP & Leekam, S (1988) The influence of meal composition on post-lunch changes in performance efficiency and mood. Appetite 10, 195–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spring, B, Chiodo, J, Harden, M, Bourgeois, M, Lutherer, L, Harner, D, Crowell, S & Swope, G (1986) Effects of noon meals varying in nutrient composition on plasma amino acids, glucose, insulin and behaviour. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 22, 1026–1035.Google Scholar
Steptoe, A, Lipsey, Z & Wardle, J (1998) Stress, hassles and variations in alcohol consumption, food choice and physical exercise: a diary study. British Journal of Health Psychology 3, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockley, L, Jones, FA & Broadhurst, AJ (1984) The effects of moderate protein or energy supplements on subsequent nutrient intake in man. Appetite 5, 209–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teff, KL, Young, SN & Blundell, JE (1989) The effect of protein or carbohydrate breakfasts on subsequent plasma amino acid levels, satiety and nutrient selection in normal males. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 34, 829–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, RE (1967) Measurement of activation through self-report. Psychological Reports 20, 663–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, RE (1978) Factor analytic and reliability studies on the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List. Psychological Reports 42, 747–756.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, RE (1986) Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List: current overview and structural analysis. Psychological Reports 58, 607–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thayer, RE (1987) Energy, tiredness, and tension effects of a sugar snack versus moderate exercise. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thayer, RE, Newman, R & McClain, TM (1994) Self regulation of mood: strategies for changing a bad mood, raising energy and reducing tension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67, 910–925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Toornvliet, AC, Pijl, H, Tuinenburg, J, Wever, BMED & Pieters, MSM (1997) Psychological and metabolic responses of carbohydrate craving obese patients to carbohydrate, fat and protein-rich meals. International Journal of Obesity 21, 860–864.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandewater, K & Vickers, Z (1996) Higher-protein foods produce greater sensory-specific satiety. Physiology and Behavior 59, 579–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, AS & Read, NW (1996) Influences of fat, energy, and time of day on mood and performance. Physiology and Behavior 59, 1069–1076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, AS & Read, NW (1997) Influences of fat and carbohydrate on postprandial sleepiness, mood, and hormones. Physiology and Behavior 61, 679–686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, AS, Read, NW & Craig, A (1995) Influences of dietary and intraduodenal lipid on alertness, mood, and sustained concentration. British Journal of Nutrition 74, 115–123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, R (1991) Computing for Psychologists: Statistical Analysis Using SPSS and MINITAB. London: Harwood.Google Scholar
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duijsens, NEG, Verboeket-Vande-Venne, WPHG, De Graaf, K, Weststrate, JA & Hof, KHV (1997) Diet-induced thermogenesis and satiety in humans after full-fat and reduced-fat meals. Physiology and Behavior 61, 343–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wurtman, JJ (1990) Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood. Drugs 39, Suppl. 3, 49–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wurtman, JJ, Wurtman, RJ, Growdon, JH, Henry, P, Lipscomb, A & Zeisel, SH (1981) Carbohydrate craving in obese people: suppression by treatments affecting serotoninergic transmission. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1, 2–15.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wurtman, RJ & Wurtman, JJ (1984) Impaired control of appetite for carbohydrate in some patients with eating disorders: its treatment with pharmacologic agents. In Anorexia Nervosa [Ploog, D and Pirke, K, editors]. New York, NY: Springer Verlag.Google Scholar