Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T16:20:16.643Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of increasing increments of fat- and sugar-rich snacks in the diet on energy and macronutrient intake in lean and overweight men

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 April 2007

Nik Mazlan ,
Graham Horgan ,
Stephen Whybrow  and
James Stubbs
Nik Mazlan
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Malaysia
Graham Horgan
Affiliation:
Biomathematics and Statistics, Scotland, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
Stephen Whybrow
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
James Stubbs*
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr R. J. Stubbs, fax +44 1224 715349, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Two studies have examined the effect on energy intake and macronutrient selection of increasing increments of mandatory high-fat or high-sugar snacks into the diet in men. The present study used a within-subject, repeated-measures design. In each experiment, six lean and six overweight, unrestrained men were each studied over three 7d treatment periods, during which they were given mandatory snacks of the same energy density (550k/00g) comprising the following (in terms of percentage energy as fat–carbohydrate–protein): high-fat, 80:10:10; high-sugar, 10:80:10, of which 65% was sugar, and 15% starch. Subjects were given 0, 1·5 or 3·0M/ snacks, in a randomised counterbalanced design, to be consumed mid-morning and mid-afternoon. Throughout each day, subjects had access ad libitum to fifteen high-protein, fifteen high-fat and fifteen high-carbohydrate foods, rotated on a 3d menu. Mandatory high-fat snacks significantly elevated energy intake and fat intake, whereas high-sugar snacks elevated energy intake and carbohydrate intake (all P<0·02). Mandatory increases in sugar intake did not displace fat from the diet or vice versa. It was concluded that the ingestion of up to 3M/ high-fat and high-sugar foods promoted weak compensation (18% and 30%, respectively) and therefore elevated daily energy intake by approximately 2·0–2·5MJ.

Keywords

SnackSugarFatEnergy intake
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 96 , Issue 3 , September 2006 , pp. 596 - 606
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Astrup, A (1998) The American paradox: the role of energy-dense fat-reduced food in the increasing prevalence of obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1, 573–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, AE, Coward, WA, Cole, TJ & Prentice, AM (1996) Human energy expenditure in affluent societies: an analysis of 574 doubly-labelled water measurements. Eur J Clin Nutr 50, 72–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE & Macdiarmid, JI (1997) Fat as a risk factor for overconsumption: satiation, satiety, and patterns of eating. J Am Diet Assoc 97, Suppl., S63–S69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolton-Smith, C & Woodward, M (1994) Dietary composition and fat to sugar ratios in relation to obesity. Int J Obes 18, 820–828.Google ScholarPubMed
Danforth, EJ (1985) Diet and obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 41, 1132–1145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiMeglio, DP & Mattes, RD (2000) Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes 24, 794–800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dreon, DM, Frey-Hewitt, B, Ellsworth, N, Williams, PT, Terry, RB & Wood, PD (1988) Dietary fat:carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr 47, 995–1000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibney, MJ, Sigman-Grant, M, Stanton, JL Jr & Keast, DR (1995) Consumption of sugars. Am J Clin Nutr 62, Suppl. 1, 178S–194S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, AJ & Blundell, JE (1982) Nutrients and behaviour: research strategies for the investigation of taste characteristics, food preferences, hunger sensations and eating patterns in man. J Psychiatr Res 17, 203–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, JO & Prentice, AM (1995) Sugar and body weight regulation. Am J Clin Nutr 62, Suppl., S264–S274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, B, Welch, AA, Unwin, ID, Buss, DH, Paul, AA & Southgate, DAT (1991) The Composition of Foods, Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.Google Scholar
Johnstone, AM, Faber, P, Gibney, ER, Elia, M, Horgan, GW, Golden, BE & Stubbs, RJ (2002) Effect of an acute fast on energy compensation and feeding behaviour in lean men and women. Int J Obes 26, 1623–1628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendall, A, Levitsky, DA, Strupp, BJ & Lissner, L (1991) Weight loss on a low-fat diet: consequence of the imprecision of the control of food intake in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 53, 1124–1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, S & Gibney, M (1999) Dietary advice to reduce fat intake is more successful when it does not restrict habitual eating patterns. J Am Diet Assoc 99, 685–689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lissner, L & Heitmann, BL (1995) Dietary-fat and obesity – evidence from epidemiology. Eur J Clin Nutr 49, 79–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Macdiarmid, JI, Vail, A, Cade, JE & Blundell, JE (1998) The sugar-fat relationship revisited: differences in consumption between men and women of varying BMI. Int J Obes 22, 1053–1061.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazlan, N (2001) Effects of fat and carbohydrate on energy intake and macronutrient selection on humans. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Miller, WC, Niederpruem, MG, Wallace, JP & Lindeman, AK (1994) Dietary fat, sugar, and fiber predict body fat content. J Am Diet Assoc 94, 612–615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1991) National Food Survey 1990. Annual Report on Household Food Consumption and Expenditure. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Nelson, LH & Tucker, LA (1996) Diet composition related to body fat in a multivariate study of 203 men. J Am Diet Assoc 96, 771–777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poppitt, SD & Prentice, AM (1996) Energy density and its role in the control of food intake: evidence from metabolic and community studies. Appetite 26, 153–174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prentice, AM (1995) Are all calories equal? In Weight Control: The Current Perspective, pp. 8–33 [Cottorell, R, editor]. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raben, A, Macdonald, I & Astrup, A (1997) Replacement of dietary fat by sucrose or starch: effects on 14 d ad libitum energy intake, energy expenditure and body weight in formerly obese and never-obese subjects. Int J Obes 21, 846–859.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raben, A, Vasilaras, TH, Moller, AC & Astrup, A (2002) Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in over-weight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 76, 721–729.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stratton, RJ, Stubbs, RJ, Hughes, D, King, N, Blundell, JE & Elia, M (1998) Comparison of the traditional paper visual analogue scale questionnaire with an Apple Newton electronic appetite rating system (EARS) in free living subjects feeding ad libitum. Eur J Clin Nutr 52, 737–741.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, J, Ferres, S & Horgan, G (2000) Energy density of foods: effects on energy intake. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 40, 481–515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Hughes, DA, Johnstone, AM, Whybrow, S, Horgan, GW, King, N & Blundell, JE (2004) Rate and extent of compensatory changes in energy intake and expenditure in response to altered exercise and diet composition in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286, R350–R358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Johnstone, AM, Harbron, CG & Reid, C (1998) Covert manipulation of energy density of high carbohydrate diets in "pseudo free-living" humans. Int J Obes 22, 885–892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Mazlan, N & Whybrow, S (2001) Carbohydrates, appetite and feeding behavior in humans. J Nutr 131, 2775S–2781S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, O'Reilly, LM, Johnstone, AM, Harrison, CLS, Clark, H, Franklin, MF & Reid, CA (1999) Description and evaluation of an experimental model to examine changes in selection between high-protein, high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 53, 13–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tucker, LA & Kano, MJ (1992) Dietary fat and body fat: a multivariate study of 205 adult females 56, 616–622.Google ScholarPubMed
van Strien, T, Frijters, J, Bergers, G & Defares, P (1986) The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behaviour. Int J Eat Disorder 5, 295–315.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warwick, ZS & Schiffman, SS (1992) Role of dietary fat in calorie intake and weight gain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16, 585–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westerterp-Plantenga, MS, Wijckmans-Duysens, NA, ten Hoor, F (1994) Food intake in the daily environment after energy-reduced lunch, related to habitual meal frequency. Appetite 22, 173–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willett, WC (1998) Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? Am J Clin Nutr 67, 556S–562S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yates, H, Crombie, NE & Kirk, TR (1997) Evidence of energy intake compensation at meals after snacking intervention – a pilot study. Int J Obes 21, Suppl. 2, S113.Google Scholar