Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-mzp66 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-27T13:50:30.723Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A critical assessment of some biomarker approaches linked with dietary intake

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

H. Crews ,
G. Alink ,
R. Andersen ,
V. Braesco ,
B. Holst ,
G. Maiani ,
L. Ovesen ,
M. Scotter ,
M. Solfrizzo  and
R. van den Berg
...Show all authors
H. Crews*
Affiliation:
Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
G. Alink
Affiliation:
Department of Toxicology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
R. Andersen
Affiliation:
Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
V. Braesco
Affiliation:
INRA, Unitë des Maladies Mëtaboliques et des Micronutriments, Centre de Recherches en Nutrition Humaine, 58 rue Montaiembert, BP321, 63009 Clemont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
B. Holst
Affiliation:
Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
G. Maiani
Affiliation:
Unità di Nutrizione Umana, Instituto Nazionale della Nutrizione, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Roma, Italy
L. Ovesen
Affiliation:
Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
M. Scotter
Affiliation:
Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
M. Solfrizzo
Affiliation:
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Instituto Tossine e Micotossine da Parassiti Vegetali, Viale Einaudi 51, 70125 Bari, Italy
R. van den Berg
Affiliation:
TNO Nutritional Food Research Institute, Utrechtseweg 48, PO BOX 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
H. Verhagen
Affiliation:
TNO Nutritional Food Research Institute, Utrechtseweg 48, PO BOX 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
G. Williamson
Affiliation:
Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr H. Crews, fax +44(0) 1904 462256, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 86 , Issue S1 , August 2001 , pp. S5 - S35
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

References

Aarts, JMMJG, Cenijn, PH, Blankvoort, BMG, Murk, AJ, Brouwer, A, Bovee, TFH, Traag, WA, Hoogenboom, LAP, Patandin, S, Weisglas-Kuperus, N, Sauer, PJJ & Denison, MS (1996) Application of the chemical-activated luciferase expression (CALUX) bioassay for quantification of dioxin-like compounds in small samples of human milk and blood plasma. Organohalogen Compounds 27, 285–296.Google Scholar
Albro, PW, Corbett, JT, Schroeder, JL, Jordan, S & Matthews, HB (1982) Pharmacokinetics, Interactions with macromolecules and species-differences in metabolism of DEHP. Environmental Health Perspective 45, 19–25.Google Scholar
Alfthan, G, Aro, A, Arvilommi, H & Huttunen, JK (1991) Selenium metabolism and platelet glutathione-peroxidase activity in healthy Finnish men – effects of selenium yeast, selenite, and selenate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 120–125.Google Scholar
Alfthan, G & Neve, J (1996) Reference values for serum selenium in various areas – evaluated according to the Tracy protocol. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 10, 77–87.Google Scholar
Allameh, A (1997) Comparison of the effect of low- and high-dose dietary butylated hydroxytoluene on microsome-mediated aflatoxin B1-DNA binding. Cancer Letters 114, 217–220.Google Scholar
Alt, F & Messerschmidt, J (1988) Selenium. In Quantitative Trace Analysis of Biological Materials, pp. 487–501. [McKenzie, HA and Smythe, LE, editors]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Amadee-Manesme, O, Anderson, D & Olson, JA (1984) Relation of the relative dose response to liver concentrations of vitamin A in generally well-nourished surgical patients. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39, 898–902.Google Scholar
Anderson, D, Yu, TW, Philips, BJ & Schmezer, P (1994) Antioxidants and other modifying agents on oxygen radical generated DNA damage in human lymphocytes in the COMET assay. Mutation Research 307, 261–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arthur, JR (1999) Functional indicators of iodine and selenium status. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, 507–512.Google ScholarPubMed
Arthur, JR, Beckett, GJ (1994) Roles of selenium in type I iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase and in thyroid hormone and iodine metabolism. In Selenium in Biology and Human Health, pp. 93-116. [Burk, RF, editor]. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Arthur, JR, Brown, KM, Fairweather-Tait, SJ & Crews, HM (1997) Dietary selenium: why do we need it and how much is enough?. Nutrition and Food Science 6, 225–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ascherio, A, Stampfer, MJ, Colditz, GA, Rimm, EB, Litin, L & Willet, W (1992) Correlations of vitamin A and E intakes with the plasma concentrations of carotenoids among American men and women. Journal of Nutrition 122, 1792–1801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azais-Braesco, V, Moriniere, C, Guesne, B, Forget, A, Bellenand, P, Leuzeau, R, Baguelin, D, Grolier, P & Alix, E (1995) Vitamin A status in the institutionalised elderly. Critical analysis of four evaluation criteria: dietary vitamin A, serum retinol, relative dose-response test (RDR) and impression cytology with transfer (ICT). International Journal of Vitamin and Nutritional Research 65, 151–161.Google ScholarPubMed
Baker, JK (1996) Characterisation of phthalate plasticizers by HPLC/thermospray mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 15, 145–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldwin, MK, Berry, PH, Esdaile, DJ, Linnett, SL, Martin, JG, Peristanis, GC, Priston, RAJ, Simpson, BJ & Smith, JD (1992) Feeding studies in rats with mineral hydrocarbon food grade white oils. Toxicologic Pathology 20, 426–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basu, S (1998) Radioimmunoassay of 8-iso-prostaglandin F-2 alpha: an index for oxidative injury via free radical catalysed lipid peroxidation. Prostaglandins, Leucotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 58, 319–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benzie, IFF and Strain, JJ (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘antioxidant power’: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry 239, 70–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betti, C, Barale, R & Pool-Zobel, BL (1993) Comparative studies on cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of two mercury compounds. Environmental Molecular Mutagenicity 22, 172–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieri, JG, Brown, ED & Smith, JC (1985) Determination of individual carotenoids in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Liquid Chromatography 8, 473–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blot, WJ, Li, JY, Taylor, PR, Guo, W, Dawsey, S & Li, B (1995) The Linxian trials: mortality rates by vitamin-mineral intervention group. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 1424S–1426S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blot, WJ, Li, JY, Taylor, PR, Guo, W, Dawsey, S, Wang, CQ, Yang, CS, Zheng, SF, Gail, M, Li, GY, Yu, Y, Lie, BQ, Tangrea, J, Sun, YH, Liu, F, Fraumenti, JF, Zhang, YH & Li, B (1993) Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease specific mortality in the general population. Journal of the Nutritional Cancer Institute 85, 1483–1492.Google Scholar
Bogaards, JJP, Verhagen, H, Willems, M, van Poppel, G & van Bladeren, PJ (1994) Consumption of Brussels sprouts results in elevated alpha-class glutathione S-transferase levels in human blood plasma. Carcinogenesis 15, s1073–s1075.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Böhrer, H, Qui, F, Zimmermann, T, Zhang, Y, Jllmer, T, Männel, D, Böttiger, BW, Stern, DM, Waldherr, R, Saeger, HD, Ziegler, R, Bierhaus, A, Martin, E & Nawroth, PP (1997) Role of Nf B in the mortality of sepsis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 100, 972–985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bondet, V, Brand-Williams, W & Berset, C (1997) Kinetics and mechanisms of antioxidant activity using the DPPH. Free radical method. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technologie 30, 609–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bors, W, Heller, W, Michel, C, Stettmaier, R (1996) Flavonoids and polyphenols. In Handbook of Antioxidants, pp. 411–466 [Cadenas, E and Parker, L, editors]. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Bovee, TFH, Hoogenboom, LAP, Hamers, ARM, Traag, WA, Zuidema, T, Aarts, JMMJG, Brouwer, A & Kuiper, HA (1998) Validation and use of the CALUX-bioassay for the determination of dioxins and PCBs in bovine milk. Food Additives and Contaminants 15, 863–875.Google Scholar
Bover, C & Wald, NJ (1995) Vitamin B12 deficiency and the fortification of food with folic acid. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 787–793.Google Scholar
Brouwer, A plus 25 others (1995) Functional aspects of developmental toxicity of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in experimental animals and human infants. European Journal of Pharmacology Environmental Toxicology Section 293, 1–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brusewitz, G, Cameron, BD, Chasseaud, LF, Gorler, K, Hawkins, DR & Mennicke, WH (1977) The metabolism of benzyl isothiocyanate and its cysteine conjugate. Biochemical Journal 162, 99–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brussard, JH, Lowik, MRH, Van Den Berg, H, Brants, HAM & Goldbohm, RA (1997) Folate intake and status among adults in the Netherlands. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, S46–S50.Google Scholar
Bulux, J, Carranza, E, Castaneda, C, Solomons, N, Sokoll, LJ, Morrow, FD & Russell, RM (1992) Studies on the application of the relative dose-response test for assessing vitamin A status in older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 543–547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, GW & Ingold, KU (1984) Beta-carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 224, 569–573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, G & Prior, RL (1998) Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clinical Chemistry 44(6), 1309–1315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cao, G, Alessio, HM & Cutler, RG (1993) Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity for antioxidants. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 14, 303–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castegnaro, M, Garren, L, Gaucher, I & Wild, CP (1996) Development of a new method for the analysis of sphinganine and sphingosine in urine and tissues. Natural Toxins 4, 284–290.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chanarin, I, O’hea, A, Malkowska, V, Rinsler, MG & Price, AB (1985) Megaloblastic anaemia in a vegetarian Hindu community. Lancet ii, 1168–1172.Google Scholar
Chang, WW, Hsia, SMT, Chan, PC & Hsieh, LL (1994) Macromolecular adducts biomarkers for toxicity and carcinogenesis. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 34, 41–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, BH, Chen, TM & Chien, JT (1994) Kinetic model for studying the isomerization of a- and β-carotene during heating and illumination. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 42, 2391–2397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chopra, M, McLoonen, U, O’Neill, M, Williams, N & Thurham, DI (1996) Fruit and vegetable supplementation – effect on ex vivo LDL oxidation in humans. In Natural Antioxidant and Food Quality in Atherosclerosis and Cancer Prevention, pp. 150–155 [Kumplainen, JT and Salonen, J, editors] Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
Chung, F-L, Morse, MA, Eklind, KI & Lewis, J 1992a Quantitation of human uptake of the anticarcinogen phenethyl isothiocyanate after a watercress meal. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 1, 383–388.Google ScholarPubMed
Chung, KT, Stevens, SEJR & Cerniglia, CE (1992b) The reduction of azo dyes by the intestinal microflora. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 18, 175–190.Google Scholar
Clark, LC, Combs, GF Jr, Turnbull, BW, Slate, EH, Chalker, DK, Chow, J, Davis, LS, Glover, RA, Graham, GF, Gross, EG, Krongrad, A, Lesher, JL Jr, Park, HK, Sanders, BB Jr, Smith, CL & Taylor, R (1996) Effect of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. Journal of the American Medical Association 276, 1957–1963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collins, AR, Duthie, SJ & Dobson, VL (1995) Direct enzymatic detection of endogenous oxidative base damage in human lymphocyte DNA. Carcinogenesis 14, 1733–1735.Google Scholar
Cooney, RV, Bertram, JS, Hankin, JH, Kolonel, LN, Miyake, A, Billings, K & Bourne, W (1991) Relationships between dietary, serum and tissue levels of carotenoids. Cancer Letters 61, 81–87.Google Scholar
Crews, HM (1998) Speciation of trace elements in foods, with special reference to cadmium and selenium: is it necessary?. Spectrochimica Acta Part B 53, 213–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crews, HM (2001) Use of stable isotopes of selenium to investigate selenium status. In Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man, pp. 130–150 [Lowe, N & Jackson, M, editors]. CRC series in Modern Nutrition, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Crews, HM, Lewis, DJ, Fairweather-Tait, SJ, Fox, T, Arthur, JR & Brown, KM (1997) The analyst’s viewpoint with special reference to selenium. Nutrition and Food Science 6, 221–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuskelly, GJ, Mcnulty, H & Scott, JM (1996) Effect of increasing dietary folate on red-cell folate: implications for prevention of neural tube defects. Lancet 347, 657–659.Google Scholar
Dagnelie, PC, Van Staveren, WA, Vergote, F, Dingjan, PG, Van Den Berg, H & Hautvast, J (1989) Increased risk of vitamin B12 and iron deficiency in infants on macrobiotic diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 818–824.Google Scholar
Das, KC, Manusselis, C & Herbert, V (1991) Determination of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in serum and erythrocytes by radioassay, and holotranscobalamin II (HoloTCII) and holo-haptocorrin (holoTCI and II) in serum by adsorbing holoTcII on microfine silica. Journal of Nutrition Biochemistry 2, 455–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasgupta, A, Malhotra, D, Levy, H, Marcadis, D, Blackwell, W & Johnston, D (1997) Decreased total antioxidant capacity but normal lipid hydroperoxide concentrations in sera of critically ill patients. Life Sciences 60, 335–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, AJ, Canada, J, Diaz, JC, Kroon, PA, McLauchlan, WR, Faulds, CB, Plumb, GW, Morgan, MRA & Williamson, G (2000) Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. FEBS Letters 468, 166–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, AJ, Dupont, MS, Ridley, S, Rhodes, M, Rhodes, MJC, Morgan, MRA & Williamson, G (1998) Deglycosylation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid glycosides by human small intestine and liver β-glucosidase activity. FEBS Leters 436, 71–75.Google Scholar
Day, AJ & Williamson, G (2001) Biomarkers for exposure to dietary flavonoids: a review of the current evidence for identification of quercetin glycosides in plasma. British Journal of Nutrition 86, S105–S110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Vos, RH, van Dokkum, W, Schouten, A & de Jong-Berkhout, P (1990) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dutch total diet samples (1984–1986). Food and Chemical Toxicology 28, 263–268.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1991) Selenium. In Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom, Report on Health and Social Subjects No 41 pp. 174–177.Google Scholar
Dhanakoti, SN & Draper, HH (1987) Response of urinary malonaldehyde to factors that stimulate lipid peroxidation. in vivo Lipids 22, 643–646.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimitrov, NV, Meyer, C, Ullrey, DE, Chenoweth, W, Michelakis, A, Malone, W, Boone, C & Fink, G (1988) Bioavailability of β-carotene in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48, 298–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diplock, AT (1993) Indexes of selenium status in human populations. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Supplement 57, 256S-258S.Google Scholar
Diplock, AT, Charleux, J-L, Crozier-Willi, G, Kok, FJ, Rice-Evans, C, Roberfroid, M, Stahl, W & Vina-Ribes, J (1998) Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species. British Journal of Nutrition 80(Suppl 1), S77–S112.Google Scholar
Dirven, HAAM, Van Den Broek, PHH & Jongeneelen, FJ (1993) Determination of four metabolites of the plasticiser di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in human urine samples. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 64, 555–560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doering von, EW, Sotiriou-Leventis, C & Roth, WR (1995) Thermal interconversion among 15-cis, 13-cis, and all-trans-β-carotene: kinetics, arrhenius parameters, thermochemistry and potential relevance to anticarcinigenicity of all-trans-βcarotene. Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, 2747–2757.Google Scholar
Douki, T & Ames, BN (1994) An HPLC-EC assay for 1,N2-propano adducts of 2′-deoxyguanosine with 4-hydroxynonenal and other a-b-unsaturated aldehydes. Chemical Research and Toxicology 7, 511–518.Google Scholar
Duncan, AJ (1997) Urinary mercapturic acids as markers for the determination of isothiocyanate release from glucosinolates in rats fed a cauliflower diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 73, 214–220.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duthie, S, Ma, A, Ross, MA & Collins, AR (1996) Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cancer Research 56, 1291–1295.Google Scholar
Eaton, DL, Ramsdell, HS & Neal, GE (1994) Biotrasformation of aflatoxins. In The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary and Agricultural Significance, pp. 45–72 [Eaton, DL and Groopman, JD, editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
EC (1994a) European parliament and council directive 94/35/ec, of 30 June 1994 on sweeteners for use in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, No l237, 10 September 1994, 3–12.Google Scholar
EC (1994b) European parliament and council directive 94/36/ec, of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities, No l237, 10 September 1994, 13–29.Google Scholar
EC (1995) European parliament and council directive 95/2/ec, of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colours and sweeteners. Official Journal of the European Communities, No l61, 18 March 1995, 1–40.Google Scholar
Egestad, B & Sjoberg, P (1992) Glucosidisation as a new conjugation pathway for metabolites of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 20, 470–472.Google ScholarPubMed
Ek, J (1983) Plasma, red cell, and breast milk folacin concentrations in lactating women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 929–935.Google Scholar
Eklind, KI, Morse, MA & Chung, F-L (1990) Distribution and metabolism of the natural anticarcinogen phenthyl isothiocyanate in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 11, 2033–2036.Google Scholar
Esterbauer, H, Gebricki, J, Puhl, H & Jurgens, G (1992) The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modifications of LDL. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 13, 341–390.Google Scholar
Falter, B, Kutzer, CR & Richter, E (1994) Biomonitoring of haemoglobin adducts: aromatic amines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Clinical Investigation 72, 364–371.Google ScholarPubMed
Faraji, B, Kang, HK & Valentine, JL (1987) Methods compared for determining glutathione-peroxidase activity in blood. Clinical Chemistry 33, 539–543.Google Scholar
Fedtke, N & Bolt, HM (1987a) 4,5-dihydroxy-2-hexanone: a new metabolite of n-hexane and of 2,5-hexanedione in rat urine. Biomedical and Environmental Mass Spectrometry 14, 563–572.Google Scholar
Fedtke, N & Bolt, HM (1987) The relevance of 4,5-dihydroxy-2-hexanone in the excretion kinetics of n-hexane metabolites in rat and man. Archives of Toxicology 61, 131–137.Google Scholar
Fenwick, GR, Heaney, RK & Mawson, R (1989) Glucosinolates. In Toxicants of Plant Origin, vol II, Glycosides, 1–41 [Cheeke, PR, editor]. Boca Raton: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Fenwick, GR, Heaney, RK & Mullin, WJ (1983) Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods and food plants. CRC Critical Review. Food Science and Nutrition 18, 123–201.Google Scholar
Finley, JW, Duffield, A, Ha, P, Vanderpool, RA & Thomson, CD (1999) Selenium supplementation affects the retention of stable isotopes of selenium in human subjects consuming diets low in selenium. British Journal of Nutrition 82, 357–360.Google Scholar
Firriolo, JM, Morris, CF, Trimmer, GW, Twitty, LD, Smith, JH & Freeman, JJ (1995) Comparative 90-day feeding study with low-viscosity white mineral oil in Fischer-344 and Sprague–Dawley-derived CRL: CD rats. Toxicologic Pathology 23, 26–33.Google Scholar
Ford, C, Rendle, M, Tracy, M, Richardson, VD & Ford, H (1996) Vitamin B-12 levels in human milk during the first nine months of lactation. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 66, 29–331.Google Scholar
Formelli, F, Clerici, M, Campa, T, Dimauro, MG, Magni, A, Mascotti, G, Moglia, D, Depalo, G, Costa, A & Veronesi, U (1993) Five-year administration of Fenretinide: pharmacokinetics and effects on plasma retinol concentrations. Journal of Clinical Oncology 11, 2036–2042.Google Scholar
Fox, T, Fairweather-Tait, S, Dainty, J, Lewis, J, Baxter, M, & Crews, H (2000) Changes in indices of selenium status in men on low, medium and high intakes. In Trace Elements in Man and Animals-10 Proceedings TEMA-10, [Roussel, AM, Favier, A and Anderson, RA, editors]. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Goel, S, Lenz, SD, Lumlertdacha, S, Lovell, RT, Shelby, RA, Li, M, Riley, RT & Kemppainen, BW (1994) Sphingolipid levels in catfish consuming Fusarium moniliforme corn culture material containing fumonisins. Aquatic Toxicology 30, 285–294.Google Scholar
Goodman, DS (1984) Plasma retinol-binding protein. In The Retinoids vol 2, 41–88 [Sporn, MB, Roberts, AB and Goodman, DS, editors]. Academic Press: Orlando FL.Google ScholarPubMed
Goodman, GE, Omenn, GS, Thornquist, MD, Lund, B, Metch, B & Gylys-Colwell, I (1993) The carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET) to prevent lung cancer in high-risk populations: pilot study with cigarette smokers. Cancer, Epidemiolgy and Biomedical Prevention 2(4), 389–396.Google Scholar
Gregory, JF (1997) Bioavailability of folate. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Suppl 1 51, s54-s59.Google Scholar
Groopman, JD (1994) Molecular dosimetry methods for assessing human aflatoxin exposures. In The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary and Agricultural Significance, pp. 259–276 [Eaton, DL and Groopman, JD]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Groopman, JD, Hasler, JA, Trudel, LJ, Pikul, A, Donahue, PR & Wogan, GN (1992a Molecular dosimetry in rat urine of aflatoxin-N7-guanine and other aflatoxin metabolites by multiple monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and immunoaffinity/high performance liquid chromatography. Cancer Research 52, 267–274.Google Scholar
Groopman, JD, Wang, JS & Scholl, P (1996) Molecular biomarkers for aflatoxins: from adducts to gene mutations to human liver cancer. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 74, 203–209.Google ScholarPubMed
Groopman, JD, Wild, CP, Hasler, J, Junshi, C, Wogan, GN & Kensler, TW (1993) Molecular epidemiology of aflatoxin exposure: validation of aflatoxin-n7-guanine levels in urine as a biomarker in experimental rat models and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 99, 107–113.Google Scholar
Groopman, JD, Zhu, JQ, Donahue, PR, Pikul, A, Zhang, LS, Chen, JS & Wogan, GN (1992b) Molecular dosimetry of urinary aflatoxin-DNA adducts in people living in Guangxi autonomous region, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Research 52, 45–52.Google Scholar
Gross, M, Pfeiffer, M, Martini, M, Campbell, D, Stavin, J & Potter, J (1996) The quantitation of metabolites of quercetin flavonols in human urine. Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 5, 711–720.Google ScholarPubMed
Gumprecht, LA, Marcucci, A, Weigel, RM, Vesonder, RF, Riley, RT, Showker, JL, Beasley, VR & Haschek, WM (1995) Effect of intravenous fumonisin B1 in rabbits: nephrotoxicity and sphingolipid alterations. Natural Toxins 3, 395–403.Google Scholar
Gutteridge, JMC & Thickner, TR (1978) The characterization of thiobarbituric acid reactivity in human plasma and urine. Analytical Biochemistry 91, 250–257.Google Scholar
Hackett, AM, Griffiths, LA & Wermeille, M (1985) The quantitative disposition of 3-o-methyl-(+)-[u-14c]catechin in man following oral administration. Xenobiotica 15, 907–914.Google Scholar
Hall, AJ & Wild, C (1994) Epidemiology of aflatoxin-related disease. In The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary and Agricultural Significance, pp. 233–258 [Eaton, DL and Groopman, JD, editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Halliwell, B (1985) The use of desferrioxamine as a probe for iron dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals. Evidence for a direct reaction between desferal and the superoxide radical. Biochemical Pharmacology 34, 229–233.Google Scholar
Halliwell, B (1987) Oxidants and human disease: some new concepts. FASEB Journal 1, 358–364.Google Scholar
Halliwell, B (1996) Oxidative stress, nutrition and health. Experimental strategies for optimization of nutritional antioxidant intake in humans. Free Radical Research 25, 57–74.Google Scholar
Halliwell, B, Gutteridge, BM & Aruoma, AI (1987) The deoxyribose method: a simple ‘test tube’ assay for the determination of rate constants for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals. Analytical Biochemistry 165, 215–219.Google Scholar
Hart, DJ & Scott, KJ (1995) Development and evaluation of an HPLC method for the analysis of carotenoids in foods, and the measurement of the carotenoid content of vegetables and fruits most commonly consumed in the UK. Food Chemistry 54, 101–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hecht, SS (1996a) Recent studies on mechanisms of bioactivation and detoxification of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 26, 163–181.Google Scholar
Hecht, SS (1996b) Carcinogen-derived biomarkers and lung cancer. Prevention Medicine 25, 7–9.Google Scholar
Heinonen, OP plus 122 others (1994) The effect of vitamin E and β-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. New England Journal of Medicine 330, 1029–1035.Google Scholar
Herbert, V (1994) Staging vitamin B-12 status in vegetarians. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56s, 1213s–1222s.Google Scholar
Herbert, V (1997) Vitamin B12. In Present Knowledge in Nutrition, pp. 191–205, 7th Edn. [Zeigler, EE and Filer, LJ, editors]. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.Google Scholar
Hertog, MGL & Kromhout, D (1995) Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary hearth disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Archives of International Medicine 155, 381–386.Google Scholar
Hertog, MGL, Feskens, EJM, Hollman, PCH, Katan, MB & Kromhou, D (1993) Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen elderly study. Lancet 342, 1007–1011.Google Scholar
Hertog, MGL, Sweetnam, PM, Fethily, AM, Elwood, PC & Kromhout, D (1997) Antioxidant flavonols and ischemic heart disease in a Welsh population of men: the Caerphilly study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 1489–1494.Google Scholar
Hofmann, MA, Scheikofer, S, Kanitz, M, Klevesath, MS, Joswig, M, Lee, V, Morcos, M, Tritschler, H, Ziegler, R, Wahl, P, Bierhaus, A & Nawroth, PP (1998) Insufficient glycemic control increases nuclear factor-kB binding activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with type-1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21, 1310–1316.Google Scholar
Hollman, PCH, DeVries, JHM, Van Leeuven, SD, Mengelers, MJB & Katan, MB (1995) Absorption of dietary quercetin glycosides and quercetin in healthy ileostomy volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 1276–1982.Google Scholar
Hoogenboom, LAP, Hamers, ARM & Bovee, TFH (1999) Bioassays for the detection of growth-promoting agents, veterinary drugs and environmental contaminants in food. Analyst 124, 79–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornstra, G, Barth, CA, Galli, C, Mensink, RP, Mutanen, M, Riemersa, RA, Roberfroid, M, Salminen, K, Vansant, G & Verschuren, PM (1998) Functional food and the cardiovascular system. British Journal of Nutrition 80 Suppl 1, S113–S146.Google Scholar
Howard, L, Chu, R, Feman, S, Mintz, BA, Ovesen, L & Wolf, B (1980) Vitamin A deficiency from long-term parenteral nutrition. Annals of Internal Medicine 93, 576.Google Scholar
Hsieh, DPH & Wong, JJ (1994) Pharmacokinetics and excretion of aflatoxins. In The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary and Agricultural Significance, pp. 73–88 [Eaton, DL and Groopman, JD, editors]. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Huang, W & Åkesson, B (1993) Radioimmunoassay of glutathione peroxidase in human serum. Clinica Chimica Acta 219, 139–148.Google Scholar
Huang, W, Åkesson, B, Svensson, BG, Schutz, A, Burk, RF & Skerfving, S (1995) Selenoprotein P and glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9) in plasma as indices of selenium status in relation to the intake of fish. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 455–461.Google Scholar
IARC-WHO (1993) Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol 56, pp. 245–396. Lyon, France: IARC.Google Scholar
Ioannou, YM, Burka, LT & Matthews, HB (1984) Allyl isothiocyanate: comparative disposition in rats and mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 75, 173–181.Google Scholar
Ip, C & Lisk, DJ (1994) Characterization of tissue selenium profiles and anticarcinogenic responses in rats fed natural sources of selenium-rich products. Carcinogenesis 15, 573–576.Google Scholar
Jacobson, EA, Newmark, HL, Brightsee, E, McKeowneyssen, G & Bruce, WR (1984) Biochemical changes as a result of increased fiber consumption. Nutrition Reports International 30, 1049–1059.Google Scholar
Jagerstad, M & Pietrzik, K (1993) Folate. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 63(4), 285–289.Google Scholar
Janghorbani, M, Xia, Y, Ha, P, Whanger, PD, Butler, JA, Olesik, JW & Daniels, L (1999) Quantitative significance of measuring trimethylselenium in urine for assessing chronically high intakes of selenium in human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 82, 291–297.Google Scholar
Ji, H, Yu, MC, Stillwell, WG, Skipper, PL, Ross, RK, Henderson, BE & Tannenbaum, SR (1994) Urinary excretion of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo-[4,5,F]quinoxaline in white, black and Asian men in Los Angeles county. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 3, 407–411.Google Scholar
Jiang, ZY, Woodland, ACS & Wolff, SP (1992) Lipid hydroperoxide measurements by oxidation of FE2+ in the presents of xylenol orange. Comparison with the TBA assay and iodometric method. Lipids 26, 853–857.Google Scholar
Jiao, D, Ho, C-T, Foiles, P & Chung, FL (1994) Identification and quantification on the n-acetylcysteine conjugate of allyl isothiocyanate in human urine after ingestion of mustard. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 3, 487–492.Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, R, Ryan, AJ & Wright, SE (1964) The metabolism and excretion of tartrazine in the rat, rabbit and man. Food and Cosmetic Toxicology 2, 447–452.Google Scholar
Jongeneelen, FJ (1997) Methods for routine biological monitoring of carcinogenic PAH-mixtures. Science Total Environment 199, 144–149.Google Scholar
Kayden, HJ & Traber, MG (1993) Absorption, lipoprotein transport, and regulation of plasma concentrations of vitamin E in humans. Journal of Lipid Research 34, 343–358.Google Scholar
Keli, SO, Hertog, MGL, Feskens, EJM & Kromhout, D (1996) Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke. The Zutphen study. Archives of International Medicine 156, 637–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, P, McPartlin, J & Scott, J (1996) A combined high performance liquid chromatographic-microbiological assay for serum folic acid. Analytical Biochemistry 238, 179–183.Google Scholar
Khachik, F, Beecher, GR & Smith, JC (1995) Lutein, lycopene, and their oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer. Journal of Cell Biochemistry, Suppl 22, 236–246.Google Scholar
Khachik, F, Spangler, CJ & Smith, JC (1997) Identification, quantification and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum. Analytical Chemistry 69, 1873–1881.Google Scholar
Knekt, P, Jarvinen, R, Reunanen, A & Maatela, J (1996) Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. British Medical Journal 312, 478–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koletzko, B, Aggett, PJ, Bindels, JG, Bung, P, Ferre, A, Gil, A, Lentze, MJ, Roberfroid, M & Strobel, S (1998) Growth, development and differentiation: a functional food science approach. British Journal of Nutrition 80(Suppl. 1), S5–S45.Google Scholar
Kore, AM, Jeffery, EH & Wallig, MA (1993) Effects of 1-isothiocyanato-3-(methyl-sulfinyl)-propane on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in rats. Journal of Chemical Toxiology 31, 23–729.Google Scholar
Kostic, D, White, W & Olson, JA (1995) Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and β-carotene when administered to adults in separate or combined doses. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 604–610.Google Scholar
Kresty, LA, Carmella, SG, Boruhova, A, Akerkar, SA, Gopalakrishanan, R, Harris, ES, Stoner, GD & Hecht, SS (1996) Metabolites of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine in the urine of smokeless tobacco users: relationship between urinary biomarkers and oral leukoplakia. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 5, 521–525.Google Scholar
Krinsky, NJ (1993) Actions of carotenoids in biological systems. Annual Review of Nutrition 13, 561–587.Google Scholar
Langman, JM (1994) Xylene: its toxicity, measurement of exposure levels, absorption, metabolism and clearance. Pathology 26(3), 301–309.Google Scholar
Lee, Mao-Jung, Wang, ZY & Chen, L (1995) Analysis of plasma and urinary tea polyphenols in human subjects. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 4, 393–399.Google Scholar
Legler, J, Bouwman, L, Murk, AJ, Stronkhorst, J, Vethaak, AD & Brouwer, A (1996) Determination of dioxin- and estrogen-like activity in sediment extracts using in vitro calux assays. Organohalogen Compounds 29, 347–352.Google Scholar
Lessin, WJ, Catignani, GL & Schwartz, SJ (1997) Quantification of cis-isomers of provitamin a carotenoids in fresh and processed fruits and vegetables. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 45, 3728–3732.Google Scholar
Levin, RL, Garland, D, Oliver, CN, Amici, A, Climent, I, Lenz, AG, Ahn, BW, Shaltiel, S & Stadtman, ER (1995) Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified protein. Methods in Enzymology 186, 464–487.Google Scholar
Lockwood, JF, Rutherford, MS, Myers, MJ & Schook, LB (1994) Induction of hepatic acute-phase protein transcripts: differential effects of acute and subchronic dimethylnitrosamine exposure in vivo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 125, 288–295.Google Scholar
Loft, S, Fischer-Nielsen, A & Jeding, IB (1994) 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine as a urinary marker of oxidative DNA damage. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 40, 391–404.Google Scholar
Lucock, MD, Green, M, Priestnall, M, Daskalakis, I, Levene, MI & Hartley, R (1995) Optimisation of chromatographic conditions for the determination of folates in foods and biological tissues for nutritional and clinical work. Food Chemistry 3, 329–338.Google Scholar
Lynch, BS, Bryant, DW, Hook, GJ, Nestmann, ER & Munro, IC (1998) Carcinogenicity of monochloro-1,2-propanediol (alpha-chlorohydrin, 3-MCPD). International Journal of Toxicology 17, 47–76.Google Scholar
Maiani, G, Serafini, M, Salucci, M, Azzini, E and Ferro-Luzzi, A (1997) Application of a new HPLC method for measuring selected polyphenols in human plasma. Journal of Chromatography B 692, 311–317.Google Scholar
Marchaluk, E, Perssson-Moschos, M, Thorling, EB & Åkesson, B (1995) Variation in selenoprotein P concentration in serum from different European regions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 42–48.Google Scholar
Massey, R (1995) Approaches for biomarker studies. In Biomarkers in Food Chemical Risk Assessment, pp. 39–47 [Crews, HM and Hanley, AB, editors]. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
Mauri, PL, Iemoli, L, Gardana, C, Riso, P, Simonetti, P, Porrini, M & Pietta, PG (1999) Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometric characterization of flavonol glycosides in tomato extracts and human plasma. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 13, 924–931.Google Scholar
Maxwell, S, Cruickshank, A & Thorpe, G (1994) Red wine and antioxidant activity in serum. Lancet 344, 193–194.Google Scholar
McKeown, GG (1963) Composition of oil-soluble annatto food colours. ii. Thermal degradation of bixin. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 46(5), 790–796.Google Scholar
McKeown, GG (1965) Composition of oil-soluble annatto food colours. iii. Structure of the yellow pigment formed by the thermal degradation of bixin. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 48(4), 835–837.Google Scholar
Medical Research Council (1995) Environmental Oestrogens: Consequences to Human Health and Wildlife. London: Institute for Environment and Health.Google Scholar
Mennicke, WH, Görler, K & Krumbiegel, G (1983) Metabolism of some naturally occuring isothiocyanates in the rat. Xenobiotica 13, 203–207.Google Scholar
Mennicke, WH, Görler, K, Krumbiegel, G, Lorenz, D & Rittmann, N (1988) Studies on the metabolism and excretion of benzyl isothiocyanate in man. Xenobiotica 18, 441–447.Google Scholar
Merrill, AH, Wang, E, Vales, TR, Smith, ER, Schroeder, JJ, Menaldino, DS, Crane, AC, Xia, J, Liotta, DC, Meredith, FI & Riley, RT (1996) Fumonisin toxicity and sphingolipid biosynthesis. Advances in Experimenal Medicine and Biology 392, 297–306.Google Scholar
Michaud, DS, Giovannucci, EL, Ascherio, A, Rimm, EB, Forman, MR, Sampson, L & Willett, WC (1998) Association of plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary intake of specific carotenoids in samples of two prospective cohort studies using a new carotenoid database. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 7, 283–290.Google Scholar
Micozzi, MS, Brown, ED, Edwards, BK, Bieri, JG, Taylor, PR, Khachik, F, Beecher, GR & Smith, JC (1992) Plasma carotenoid response to chronic intake of selected foods and β-carotene supplements in men? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 1120–1125.Google Scholar
Miller, DR, Specker, BL, Ho, ML & Norman, EJ (1991) Vitamin B-12 status in a macrobiotic community. American Journal Clinical Nurition 53, 524–529.Google Scholar
Miller, M, Lonardo, J, Lonardo, EC, Greer, RD, Bevan, C, Edwards, DA, Smith, JH & Freeman, JJ (1996) Variable responses of species and strains to white mineral oils and paraffin waxes. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 23(1 part 1), 55–68.Google Scholar
Mobarhan, S, Shiau, A, Grande, A, Kolli, S, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M, Oldham, YL, Bowen, P, Dyavanapalli, M, Kazi, N, Maneal, K & Frommel, T (1994) β-carotene supplementation results in an increased serum and colonic mucosal concentration of β-carotene and a decrease in a-tocopherol concentration in patients with colononic neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 3, 501–505.Google Scholar
Monarca, S, Scassellati-Sforzolini, G, Donato, F, Angelli, G, Spiegelhalder, B, Taigoni, C & Pasquini, R (1996) Biological monitoring of workers exposed to n-nitrosodiethanolamine in the metal industry. Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 78–82.Google Scholar
Moon, DH, Paik, NW & Shim, YB (1997) Analysis of some metabolites of organic solvents in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with beta-cyclodextrin. Journal of Chromatography B 694(2), 367–735.Google Scholar
Morrow, JD & Roberts, LJ (1994) Mass spectrometry of prostanoids: F2-isoprostane produced by non-cyclooxygenase free radical-catalysed mechanism. Methods in Enzymology 233, 163–174.Google Scholar
Mullin, RJ & Duch, DS (1992) Folic acid. In Modern Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamins, pp. 261–283 [Leenheer, AP De, Lambert, WE and Nelis, NJ, editors]. Basle: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Mumtaz, MM, George, JD, Gold, KW, Cibulas, W & Derosa, CT (1996) ATSDR evaluation of chemicals. iv. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS): understanding a complex problem. Toxicology and Industrial Health 12, 742–995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murk, AJ, Legler, J, Denison, MS, Giesy, JP, Van de Guchte, K & Brouwer, A (1996) Chemical-activated luciferase expression (CALUX): a novel in vitro bioassay for Ah receptor active compounds in sediments and pore water. Fundamental and Applied Toxiclogy 33, 149–160.Google Scholar
Murk, AJ, Leonards, PEG, Bulder, AS, Jonas, AS, Rozemeijer, MJC, Denison, MS, Koeman, JH & Brouwer, A (1997) The calux (chemical-activated luciferase expression) assay adapted and validated for measuring TCDD equivalents in blood plasma. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, 1582–1589.Google Scholar
Muszkat, L, Bir, L & Raucher, D (1997) Identification of mixed o-phenyl alkyl phthalate esters in an agricultural land. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58, 348–355.Google Scholar
Nagao, A, During, C, Hoshino, C, Terao, J & Terao, J (1996) Stoichiometric conversion of all-trans β-carotene to retinal by pig intestinal extract. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 328, 57.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, K & Miyazawa, T (1997) Chemiluminescence high performance liquid chromatographic determination of tea catechin, (–)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, at picomole levels in rat and human plasma. Analytical Biochemistry 248, 41–49.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, K, Okuda, S & Miyazawa, T (1997) Dose-dependent incorporation of tea catechins, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (–)-epigallocatechin, into human plasma. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 61, 1981–1985.Google Scholar
Nanjo, F, Honda, M, Okushio, K, Matsumoto, N, Ishigaki Ishigami, T & Hara, Y (1993) Effects of dietary tea catechins on a-tocopherol levels, lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte deformability in rats fed on high palm oil and perilla oil diets biol. Pharmacology Bulletin 16, 1156–1159.Google Scholar
Nash, JF, Gettings, SD, Diembeck, W, Chudowski, M & Kraus, AL (1996) A toxicological review of topical exposure to white mineral oils. Food and Chemical Toxicology 34(2), 213–225.Google Scholar
Natadisastra, G, Wittpenn, JR, West, KP & Muhilal Sommer, A (1987) Impression cytology for detection of vitamin A deficiency. Archives in Ophthalmology 105, 1224–1228.Google Scholar
National Food Agency of Denmark 1997 Folat og neuralrørsdefekter. Publication from the Danish Ministry of Health no. 238.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1989) RDA. In Recommended dietary allowances, Washington, DC: NRC National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Negre-Salvayre, A, Mabile, L, Delchambre, J & Salvayre, R (1995) Alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid,and rutin inhibit synergistically the copper-promoted LDL oxidation and the cytotoxicity of oxidised LDL to cultured endothelial cells. Biological Trace Element Research 47(1–3), 81–91.Google Scholar
Nelis, HJCF & Deleenher, AP (1983) Isocratic nonaqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography of carotenoids. Analytical Chemistry 55, 270–275.Google Scholar
Nève, J (1991) Methods in determination of selenium states. Journal of Trace Eelements and Electrolytes in Health and Disease 5, 1–17.Google Scholar
Nève, J & Carpentier, YA (1989) Laboratory methods for assessment of selenium status. In Nutrition in Clinical Practice Proceedings 10th Congress ESPEN Leipzig, pp. 273–286 [Hartzig, W, Dietze, G and Weiner, R, editors]. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.Google Scholar
Nijhoff, WA, Mulder, TPJ, Verhagen, H, Vanpoppel, G & Peters, WHM (1995) Effects of consumption of brussels-sprouts on plasma and urinary glutathione-S-tranferese class-alpha and class-pi in humans. Carcinogenesis 16, 955–957.Google Scholar
Niki, E (1996) Alpha-tocopherol. In Handbook of Antioxidants, pp. 3–25 [Cadenas, E and Parker, L, editors]. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Noda, Y, Anzai, K, Mori Kohno, M, Shinmei, M & Packer, L (1997) Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the computerised JES-FR30 ESR spectrophotometer system. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 42, 35–44.Google Scholar
Noruma, T, Kikuchi, M & Kawakami, Y (1997) Proton-donative antioxidant activity of fucoxanthin with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 42, 361–370.Google Scholar
O’Broin, S & Kellecher, B (1992) Microbiological assay on microtitre plates of folate in serum and red cells. Journal of Clinical Pathology 45, 344–347.Google Scholar
Ohshima, H, Vriezen, M, Brouwet, I & Bartsch, H (1990) Nitro-tyrosine as a new marker for endogenous nitrosation and nitration of proteins. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 28, 647–652.Google Scholar
O’Keefe, CA, Bailay, LB, Thomas, EA, Hofler, SA, Davis, BA, Cerda, JJ & Gregory, JF (1995) Controlled dietary folate affects folate status in nonpregnant women. Journal of Nutrition 125, 2717–2725.Google Scholar
Olivieri, O, Girelli, D, Azzinin, M, Stanzial, AM, Russo, C, Ferroni, M & Corrocher, R (1995) Low selenium status in the elderly influences thyroid hormones. Clinical Science 89, 637–642.Google Scholar
Ortega, RM, Manas, LR, Andres, P, Gaspar, J, Agudo, FR, Jimenez, A & Pascual, T (1996) Functional and psychic deterioration in elderly people may be aggravated by folate deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 126, 1992–1999.Google Scholar
Ozierenski, B (1994) Effects of glucosinolates and breakdown products on biotransformation of the intestinal tract under consideration of the gut flora. In Final Report of the BMFT-project ‘Native Toxicants’ at the DIFE-Potsdam-Rebrücke, Germany, part I. Bonn: Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie.Google Scholar
Ozierenski, B (1995) Effects of glucosinolates and breakdown products on biotransformation of the intestinal tract. In Final Report of the BMFT-project ‘Native Toxicants’ at the DIFE-Potsdam-Rebrücke, Germany, part II. Bonn: Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie.Google Scholar
Paganga, G & Rice-Evans, CA (1997) The identification of flavonoids as glycosides in human plasma. FEBS 401, 78–82.Google Scholar
Paglia, DE & Valentine, WN (1967) Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 70, 158–169.Google Scholar
Palozza, P & Krinsky, NI (1991) The inhibition of radical-initiated peroxidation of microsomal lipids by both alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 11, 407–414.Google Scholar
Palozza, P & Krinsky, NI (1992) Beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 297, 184–187.Google Scholar
Pappalardo, G, Maiani, G, Mobarhan, S, Guadalaxara, A, Azzini, E, Raguzzini, A, Salucci, M, Serafini, M, Trifero, M, Illomei, G & Ferro-Luzzi, A (1997) Plasma (carotenoids, retinol, a-tocopherol) and tissue (carotenoids) levels after sigmoid colon. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 661–666.Google Scholar
Parker, RS (1996) Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids. FASEB Journal 10, 542–551.Google Scholar
Peng, YS, Peng, YM, McGee, DL & Alberts, DS (1994) Carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoids in human buccal mucosal cells: intra- and interindividual variability and storage stability. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 636–643.Google Scholar
Phillips, JC, Bex, CS, Mendis, D, Walters, DG & Gaunt, IF (1987) Metabolic disposition of 14C-labelled amaranth in the rat, mouse and guinea pig. Food and Chemical Toxicology 25(12), 947–954.Google Scholar
Phillips, JC, Bex, CS, Walters, DG & Gaunt, IF (1987) Metabolic disposition of 14C-labelled carmoisine in the rat, mouse and guinea pig. Food and Chemical Toxicology 25(12), 927–935.Google Scholar
Phillips, JC, Mendis, D & Gaunt, IF (1987) Metabolic disposition of 14C-labelled brown ht in the rat, mouse and guinea pig. Food and Chemical Toxicology 25(12), 1013–1019.Google Scholar
Pinkus, R, Weiner, LM & Daniel, V (1996) Role of oxidants and antioxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF- B, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271, 13422–13429.Google Scholar
Pirier, MC & Weston, A (1996) Human DNA adduct measurements: state of the art. Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 883–893.Google Scholar
Plumb, GW, Lambert, N, Chambers, SJ, Wanigatunga, S, Heaney, RK, Plumb, JA, Aruoma, O, Halliwell, B & Williamson, G (1996) Are extracts and purified glucosinolates from cruciferous vegetables antioxidants?. Free Radical Research 25, 75–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potter, JD (1996) Nutrition and colorectal cancer. Cancer Causes and Control 7, 127–146.Google Scholar
Qian, GS, Yu, MC, Ross, R, Yuan, JM, Gao, YT, Wogan, GN & Groopman, JD (1994) A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China. Cancer, Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 3, 3–11.Google Scholar
Quinn, K & Basu, TK (1996) Folate and vitamin B-12 status of the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 340–342.Google Scholar
Ratty, AK & Das, NP (1988) Effects of flavonoids on nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation: structure–activity relationship. Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology 39, 69–79.Google Scholar
Reilly, C (1996) Selenium in diets. In Selenium in Food and Health, pp. 257 [Reilly, C, editor]. London: Blackie Academic & Professional.Google Scholar
Reilly, C (1996) Selenium in Health and Nutrition, London: Blackie Academic & Professional.Google Scholar
Rheeder, JP, Marasas, WFO, Thiel, PG, Sydenham, EW, Shephard, GS and van Schalkwyk, DJ (1992) Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisins in maize in relation to human oesophageal cancer in Transkei. Phytopathology 82, 353–357.Google Scholar
Rijnkels, JM (1998) Interactive effects between dietary fat and a vegetables-fruit mixture on colorectal carcinogenesis PhD thesis University of Wageningen, Wageningen: Ponsen & Looijea BV.Google Scholar
Rijnkels, JM, Hollanders, VM, Woutersen, R, Koeman, JH & Alink, GM (1997) Interactive effects of fat and of a vegetables–fruit mixture on 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine induced colorectal cancer in rats. Nutrition and Cancer International 27, 261–266.Google Scholar
Riley, RT, Wang, E & Merrill, AH (1994) Liquid chromatographic determination of sphinganine and sphingosine: use of the free sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio as a biomarker for consumption of fumonisins. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry International 77(2), 533–540.Google Scholar
Rimm, EB, Katan, MB, Ascherio, A, Stampfer, MJ & Willet, WC (1996) Relation between intakes of flavonoids and risks for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Annals of Internal Medicine 125, 384–389.Google Scholar
Rimm, EB, Stampfer, MJ, Ascherio, A, Giovannucci, E, Colditz, GA & Willet, WC (1993) Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. New England Journal of Medicine 328, 1450–1456.Google Scholar
Ross, RK, Yuan, JM, Yu, MC, Wogan, GN, Qian, GS, Tu, JT, Groopman, JD, Gao, YT & Henderson, BE (1992) Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 339, 943–946.Google Scholar
Rowland, I (1991) Nutrition and gut flora metabolism. In Nutrition, Toxicity and Cancer, pp. 113–135 [Rowland, IR, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Russell, RM, Iber, FI, Krasinski, SD & Miller, P (1983) Protein-energy malnutrition and liver dysfunction limit the usefulness of the relative-dose response (RDR) test for predicting vitamin A deficiency. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition 37c, 361–373.Google Scholar
Ryan, M, Grayson, L & Clarck, DJ (1997) The total antioxidant capacity of human serum measured using enhanced chemiluminescence is almost completely accounted for by urate. Annals Clinical Biochemistry 34, 688–689.Google Scholar
Sabbioni, G (1990) Chemical and physical properties of the major serum albumin adduct of aflatoxin B1 and their implications for the quantitation in biological samples. Chemistry and Biology Interactions 75(1), 1–15.Google Scholar
Salminen, S, Bouley, C, Boutron-Ruaült, M-C, Cummings, JH, Franck, A, Gibson, GR, Isolauri, E, Moreau, M-C, Roberfroid, M & Rowland, I (1998) Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function. British Journal of Nutrition 80(Suppl 1), S147–S171.Google Scholar
Sanders, TAB & Reddy, S (1994) Vegetarian diets and children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59(S), 1176S–1181S.Google Scholar
Sauberlich, HE, Dowdy, RP & Skala, JH (1974) Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Sauberlich, HE, Kretsch, MJ, Skala, JH, Johnson, HL & Taylor, PC (1987) Folate requirement and metabolism in nonpregnant women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 1016–1028.Google Scholar
Schilderman, PAEL, Rhijnsburger, E, Zwingmann, I & Kleinjans, JCS (1995) Induction of oxidative DNA damage and enhancement of cell proliferation in human lymphocytes in vitro by butylated hydroxyanisole. Carcinogenisis (Oxford) 16(3), 507–512.Google Scholar
Schilderman, PAEL, Ten Vaarwerk, FJ, Lutgerink, JT, Van Der Wurff, A, Ten Hoor, F & Kleinjans, JCS (1995) Induction of oxidative DNA damage and early lesions in rat gastrointestinal epithelium in relation to prostaglandin h synthase-mediated metabolism of butylated hydroxyanisole. Food and Chemical Toxicology 33(2), 99–109.Google Scholar
Schmid, P & Schlatter, C (1985) Excretion and metabolism of di (2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in man. Xenobiotica 15(3), 251–256.Google Scholar
Schmitz, HH, Poor, CL, Wellman, RB & Erdman, JW (1991) Concentrations of selected carotenoids and vitamin-A in human liver, kidney and lung-tissue. Journal of Nutrition 121, 1613–1621.Google Scholar
Schmitz, HH, Schwartz, SJ & Catignani, GL (1994) Resolution and quantitation of the predominant geometric β-carotene isomers present in human serum using normal-phase HPLC. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 42, 2746–2750.Google Scholar
Schroeder, JJ, Crane, HM, Xia, J, Liotta, DC & Merrill, AH (1994) Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and stimulation of DNA synthesis by fumonisin B1Fusarium moniliforme. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269(5), 3475–3481.Google Scholar
Schut, TCB, Puppels, GJ, Kraan, YM, Greve, J, VanderMaas, LLJ & Figdor, CG (1997) Intracellular carotenoid levels measured by Raman microspectroscopy: comparison of lymphocytes from lung cancer patients and healthy individuals. International Journal of Cancer 74, 20–25.Google Scholar
Scott, JM (1997) Bioavailability of vitamin B-12. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51(Suppl. 1), s49–s53.Google Scholar
Scotter, MJ (1995) Characterisation of the coloured thermal degradation products of bixin from annatto and a revised mechanism for their formation. Food Chemistry 53(2), 177–185.Google Scholar
Scotter, MJ, Wilson, LA, Appleton, GP & Castle, L (2000) Analysis of annatto (Bixa orellana) food coloring formulations. 2. Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon thermal degradation products by gas chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 484–488.Google Scholar
Selhub, J (1991) Determination of tissue folate composition by affinity chromatography followed by high pressure ion pair liquid chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry 184, 84–93.Google Scholar
Selhub, J & Rosenberg, IH (1997) Folic acid. In Present Knowledge in Nutrition, pp. 206–219, 7th edn [Zeigler, EE & Filer, LJ, editors]. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.Google Scholar
Sen, CK & Packer, L (1996) Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FASEB Journal 10, 709–720.Google Scholar
Sharma, S, Stutzman, JD, Kelloff, GJ & Steele, VE (1994) Screening of potential chemopreventive agents using biochemical markers of carcinogenesis. Cancer Research 54, 5848–5855.Google Scholar
Shephard, GS, Thiel, PG, Stockenstrom, S & Sydenham, EW (1996) Worldwide survey of fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products. Journal of the Association of Analytical Chemists International 79, 671–687.Google Scholar
Shephard, GS, Van Der Westhuizen, L, Thiel, PG, Gelderblom, WC, Marasas, WF & Van Schalkwyk, DJ (1996) Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism in non-human primates consuming diets of fumonisin-containing Fusarium moniliforme culture material. Toxicon 34(5), 527–534.Google Scholar
Shigenaga, MK, Aboujaoude, EN, Chen, Q & Ames, BN (1994) Assay of oxidative DNA damage biomarkers. Methods in Enzymology 234, 16–33.Google Scholar
Singh, R & Rothman, N (1997) Exposure assessment of heterocyclic amines in epidemiologic studies. Mutation Research Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 376, 195–202.Google Scholar
Singh, S, Das, M & Khanna, SK (1993) Bio-metabolism of Green S and Indigo Carmine through caecal microflora of rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 195(1), 490–496.Google Scholar
Smith, JH, Mallett, AR, Priston, RAJ, Brantom, PG, Worrell, NR, Sexsmith, C & Simpson, BJ (1996) Ninety-day feeding study in Fischer 344 rats of highly refined petroleum-derived food-grade white oils and waxes. Toxicologic Pathology 24(2), 214–230.Google Scholar
Snyderwine, EG, Turesky, RJ, Turteltaub, KW, Davis, CD, Sadrieh, N, Schut, HAJ, Nagao, M, Sugimura, T, Thorgeirsson, UP, Adamson, RH & Thorgeirsson, SS (1997) Metabolism of food-derived heterocyclic amines in nonhuman primates. Mutation Research Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 376, 203–210.Google Scholar
Solfrizzo, M, Avantaggiato, G, Visconti, A (1997a) In vivo validation of the sphinganine/sphingosine ratio as a biomarker to display fumonisin ingestion. Cereal Research Communication 25, 437–442.Google Scholar
Solfrizzo, M, Avantaggiato, G & Visconti, A (1997b) Rapid method to determine sphinganine/sphingosine in human and animal urine as a biomarker for fumonisin exposure. Journal of Chromatography B, Biomedical Applications 692, 87–93.Google Scholar
Specker, BL (1994) Nutritional concerns of lactating women consuming vegetarian diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59(S), 1182S–1186S.Google Scholar
Specker, BL, Black, A, Allen, L & Morrow, F (1990) Vitamin B12: low milk concentrations are related to low serum concentrations in vegetarian women and to methylmalonic aciduria in their infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 1073–1076.Google Scholar
Springfield, JR & Levitt, JD (1994) Pitfalls in the use of breath pentane measurements to assess lipid peroxidation. Journal of Lipid Research 35, 1497–1504.Google Scholar
Stabler, SP, Allen, RH, Savage, DG & Lindenbaum, J (1990) Clinical spectrum and diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. Blood 76, 871–881.Google Scholar
Stites, TE, Baily, LB, Scott, KC, Toth, JP, Fisher, WP & Gregorey, JF (1997) Kinetic modelling of folate metabolism through use of chronic administration of deuterium-labelled folic acid in men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 53–60.Google Scholar
Sugimura, T (1997) Overview of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. Mutation Research 376, 211–219.Google Scholar
Sumpter, JP & Jobling, S (1995) Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment. Environmental Health Perspectives 103(7), 173–178.Google Scholar
Tamburini, M, Moja, F, Pellegata, U & Rosso, R (1995) Application of liquid chromatography to industrial toxicology: determination of hippuric acid, and of isomers of methyl-hippuric acid, metabolites of toluene and xylene. Giornale Italiano di Chimica Clinica 20(6), 349–356.Google Scholar
Tawfiq, N, Heaney, RK, Plumb, JA, Fenwick, GR, Musk, SRR & Williamson, G (1995) Dietary glucosinolate as blocking agents against carcinogenesis: correlation between glucosinolate structure and induction of quinone reductase in murine hepa1c1c7 cells. Carcinogenesis 16, 1191–1194.Google Scholar
Tennant, DR (1995) The use of biomarkers in food chemical risk assessment. In Biomarkers in Food Chemical Risk Assessment, pp. 123–128 [Crews, HM and Hanley, AB, editors]. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
Terao, J, Piskula, M & Yao, Q (1994) Protective effect of epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and quercetin on lipid peroxidation in phospholipid bilayers. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 308, 278–284.Google Scholar
Thomas, JA & Northup, SJ (1982) Toxicity and metabolism of monoethylhexylphthalate and diethylhexylphthalate: a survey of recent literature. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 9, 141–152.Google Scholar
Thomas, SM, Jessup, W, Gebichi, JM & Dean, RT (1989) A continuous-flow automated assay of iodometric estimation of hydroperoxides. Analytical Biochemistry 176, 353–359.Google Scholar
Thomassen, Y & Aaseth, J (1989) Human tissues. In Occurrence and Distribution of Selenium, pp. 170–202 [Ihnat, M, editor]. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.Google Scholar
Tisman, G, Vut, AJ, Amin, J, Luszko, G, Brenner, M, Ramos, M, Flener, V, Cordts, V, Bateman, R, Malkin, S & Browder, T (1993) Measurement of red blood cell vitamin B-12: a study of the correlation between intracellular B-12 content and concentrations of plasma holotranscobalamin II. American Journal Hematology 43, 226–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Truswell, AS & Kounnavong, S (1997) Quantitative responses of serum folate to increasing intakes of folic acid in healthy women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 839–845.Google Scholar
Turesky, RJ & Markovic, J (1995) DNA adduct formation of the food carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-F]Quinoline (IQ) in liver, kidney and colo-rectum of rats. Carcinogenesis 16, 2275–2279.Google Scholar
Turner, PC, Nikiema, P & Wild, CP (1999) Fumonisin contamination of food: progress in development of biomarkers to better assess human health risks. Mutation Research 443, 81–93.Google Scholar
Ueland, PM, Refsum, H, Stabler, SP, Malinow, MR, Andersson, A & Allen, RH (1993) Total homocysteine in plasma or serum: methods and clinical applications. Clinical Chemistry 39, 1764–1769.Google Scholar
Underwood, BA (1994) Vitamin A in human nutrition. Public health considerations. In The Retinoids. Biology, Chemistry and Medicine, pp. 211–227 [Sporn, MB, Roberts, AB and Goodman, DWS, editors]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Unno, T, Kondo, K, Itakura, H & Tadakazu, T (1996) Analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 60, 2066–2068.Google Scholar
van den Berg, M (1993) Vitamin B-12. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 63(4), 282–284.Google Scholar
Van der Vliet, A, Eiserich, JP, Kaur, H, Cross, CE & Halliwell, B (1996) Nitrotyrosine as a biomarker for reactive nitrogen species. Methods in Enzymology 269, 175–184.Google Scholar
van der Westhuizen, L, Brown, NL, Marasas, WF, Swanevelder, S & Shephard, GS (1999) Spinganine/sphingosine ratio in plasma and urine as a possible biomarker for fumonisin exposure in humans in rural areas of Africa. Food and Chemical Toxicology 37(12), 1153–1158.Google Scholar
Van Poppel, G, Verhagen, H & Heinzow, B (1997) Biomarkers in epidemiological and toxicology nutrition research. In Food Chemical Risk Analysis, pp. 87–108 [Tennant, DR, editor]. London, UK: Blackie Academic & Professional (Chapman & Hall).Google Scholar
Varo, P, Alfthan, G, Huttunen, JK & Aro, A (1994) Nationwide selenium supplementation in Finland Effects on diet, blood, and tissue levels, and health. In Selenium in Biology and Human Health, pp. 199–218 [Burk, RF, editor]. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H (1998) Conference Report. Ingredients, Health and Nutrition 3, 2–3.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H, Deerenberg, I, Marx, A, Ten Hoof, F, Henderson, PTh & Kleinjans, JCS (1990) Estimate of the maximal dietary intake of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in the Netherlands. Food and Chemical Toxicology 28, 215–220.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H, de Vries, A, Nijhoff, WA, Schouten, A, van Poppel, G, Peters, WHM & van den Berg, H (1997a) Effects of Brussels sprouts on oxidative DNA-damage in man. Cancer Letters 114, 127–130.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H & Kleinjans, JCS (1991b) Some comments on the dietary intake of butylated hydroxytoluene – rejoinder. Food and Chemical Toxicology 29, 74–75.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H, Poulsen, HE, Loft, S, van Poppel, G, Willems, MI & van Bladeren, PJ (1995) Reduction of oxidative DNA-damage in humans by brussels-sprouts. Carcinogenesis 16, 969–970.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H, Rompelberg, CJM, Strube, M, van Poppel, G & van Bladeren, PJ (1997b) Cancer prevention by dietary constituents in toxicological perspective. Journal of Environmental Pathology Toxicolology and Oncology 16, 343–360.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H, Schilderman, PAEL & Kleinjans, JCS (1991) Butylated hydroxyanisole in perspective. Chemico-Biological Interactions 80, 109–134.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H, Thijssen, HHW, Schilderman, PAEL & Kleinjans, JCS (1990b) Assessment of the daily dietary intake of phenolic antioxidants: [2] biological monitoring of BHA in 24-hours urine samples. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scientific Edition 12, b10.Google Scholar
Verhagen, H, Thijssen, HHW, Ten Hoor, F & Kleinjans, JCS (1989) Disposition of single oral doses of butylated hydroxyanisole in man and rat. Food and Chemical Toxicology 27, 151–158.Google Scholar
Verhoeven, DTH, Goldbohm, RA, van Poppel, G, Verhagen, H & van den Brandt, PA (1996) Review: epidemiological studies on brassica vegetables and cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 5, 733–748.Google Scholar
Verhoeven, DTH, Assen, N, Goldbohm, RA, Dorant, E, vanVeer, P, Hermus, RJJ & van den Brandt, PA (1997a) Vitamin C and E, retinol, beta carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: A prospective cohort study. British Journal of Cancer 75, 149–155.Google Scholar
Verhoeven, DTH, Verhagen, H, Goldbohm, RA, van den Brandt, PA & van Poppel, G (1997b) A review of mechanisms underlying anticarcinogenicity by brassica vegetables. Chemico-Biological Interactions 103, 79–129.Google Scholar
Waller, CL, Oprea, TI, Chase, K, Park, HR, Korach, KS, Laws, SC, Wiese, TE, Kelce, WR & Gray, LE (1996) Ligand-based identification of environmental estrogens. Chemical Research in Toxicology 9, 1240–1248.Google Scholar
Walquist, MJ, Wattapenpenpaiboon, N, Macrae, FA, Lambert, JR, Maclenan, R & Hsu-Hage, HH (1994) Australian polypous prevention project investigators: changes in serum carotenoids in subjects with colorecta adenomas after 24 mo of β-carotene supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 936–943.Google Scholar
Wang, E, Norred, WP, Bacon, CW, Riley, RT & Merrill, AH (1991) Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266(22), 14486–14490.Google Scholar
Wang, JS, Qian, GS, Zarba, A, He, X, Zhu, YR, Zhang, BC, Jacobson, L, Gange, SJ, Munoz, A & Kensler, TW (1996) Temporal pattern of aflatoxin-albumin adducts in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive and antigen-negative resident of Daxin, Qidong County, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 5(4), 253–261.Google Scholar
Wang, XD & Krinsky, NI (1997) Identification and quantification of retinoic acid and other metabolites from β-carotene excentric cleavage in human intestine. in vitroin vivo Methods in Enzymology 282, 117–130.Google Scholar
Ward, BJ, Humphrey, JH, Clement, L & Chaisson, RE (1993) Vitamin A status in HIV infection. Nutrition Research 13, 157–166.Google Scholar
Wayner, DDM, Burton, GW, Ingold, KU, Barclay, LRC & Locke, SJ (1987) The relative contributions of vitamin E, urate, ascorbate and proteins to the total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant activity of human blood plasma. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 924, 408–419.Google Scholar
Wendel, A (1981) Glutathione peroxidase. Methods in Enzymology 77, 325–333.Google Scholar
Whanger, PD, Beilstein, MA, Thomson, CD, Robinson, MF & Howe, M (1988) Blood selenium and glutathione-peroxidase activity of populations in New-Zealand, Oregon, and South-Dakota. FASEB Journal 2, 2996–3002.Google Scholar
Whitney, EN & Rolfes, SR (1996) Understanding Nutrition, 7th Edn. USA: West Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Wigertz, K & Jagerstad, M (1995) Comparison of a HPLC and radioprotein-binding assay for the determination of folates in milk and blood samples. Food Chemistry 54(4), 429–436.Google Scholar
Wild, CP, Garner, RC, Montesano, R & Tursi, F (1986) Aflatoxin B1 binding to plasma albumin and liver DNA upon chronic administration to rats. Carcinogenesis (London) 7, 853–858.Google Scholar
Wild, CP, Hasegawa, R, Barraud, L, Chutimataewin, S, Chapot, B, Ito, N & Montesano, R (1996) Aflatoxin-albumin adducts: a basis for comparative carcinogenesis between animals and humans. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 5(3), 179–189.Google Scholar
Wild, CP, Hudson, GJ, Sabbioni, G, Chapot, B, Hall, AJ, Wogan, GN, Whittle, H, Montesano, R & Groopman, JD (1992) Dietary intake of aflatoxins and the level of albumin-bound aflatoxin in peripheral blood in The Gambia, West Africa. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 1(3), 229–234.Google Scholar
Wild, CP, Jiang, YZ, Allen, SJ, Jansen, LA, Hall, AJ & Montesano, R (1990) Aflatoxin-albumin adducts in human sera from different regions of the world. Carcinogenesis 11(12), 2271–2274.Google Scholar
Wild, CP, Jiang, YZ, Sabbioni, G, Chapot, B & Montesano, R (1990) Evaluation of methods for quantitation of aflatoxin-albumin adducts and their application to human assessment. Cancer Research 50, 245–251.Google Scholar
Willet, CH, Stampfer, MJ, Underwood, BA, Taylor, JO & Hennekens, CH (1983) Vitamins A, E, and carotene effects of supplementation on their plasma levels. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38, 559–566.Google Scholar
Wilson, LA & Crews, HM (1995) Urinary monitoring of saccharin and acesulfame-K as biomarkers of intake. In Biomarkers in Food Chemical Risk Assessment, pp. 39–47 [Crews, HM and Hanley, AB, editors]. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.Google Scholar
Wilson, LA, Wilkinson, K, Crews, HM, Davies, AM, Dick, CS & Dumsday, VL (1999) Urinary monitoring of saccharin and acesulfame-K as biomarkers of exposure to these additives. Food Additives and Contaminants 6(6), 227–238.Google Scholar
Wishnok, JS, Tannenbaum, SR, Stillwell, WG, Glogowski, JA & Leaf, CD (1993) Urinary markers for exposures to alkylating or nitrosating agents. Environmental Health Perspectives 99, 155–159.Google Scholar
Witzmann, F, Coughtrie, M, Fultz, C & Lipscomb, J (1996) Effect of structurally diverse peroxisome proliferators on rat hepatic sulfotransferase. Chemico-Biological Interactions 99(1–3), 73–84.Google Scholar
Xia, X, Wang, H, Murphy, PA, Cook, L & Hendrich, S (1994) Daidzein is a more bioavailable soy milk isoflavone than is genistein in adult women. Journal of Nutrition 124, 825–832.Google Scholar
Xu, MJ, Plezia, M, Alberts, DS, Hemerson, SS, Peng, YM, Sayers, SM, Liu, Y, Rittenbaugh, C & Gensler, HL (1992) Reduction in plasma or skin alpha-tocopherol concentration with long term oral administration of beta-carotene in humans and mice. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 84, 1559–1565.Google Scholar
Zea, AH, Ochoa, MT, Ghosh, P, Longo, DL, Alvord, WG, Valderrama, L, Falabella, R, Harvey, LK, Sarvaria, N, Moreno, LH & Ochoa, AC (1998) Changes in expression of signal transduction proteins in T-lymphocytes of patients with leprosy. Infection and Immunity 66, 499–504.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y & Talalay, P (1994) Anticarcinogenic activities of organic isothiocyanates: chemistry and mechanism. Cancer Research 54, 1976–1981.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Talalay, P, Cho, C & Posner, GH (1992) A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: isolation and elucidation of structure. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences USA 89, 2399–2403.Google Scholar
Zhu, JQ, Zhang, LS, Hu, X, Xiao, Y, Chen, JS, Xu, YC, Fremy, J & Chu, FS (1987) Correlation of dietary aflatoxin-B11 in human-urine. Cancer Research 47, 1848–1852.Google Scholar