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Control of energy balance in relation to energy intake and energy expenditure in animals and man: an ecological perspective

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

R. J. Stubbs  and
B. J. Tolkamp
R. J. Stubbs*
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
B. J. Tolkamp
Affiliation:
Animal Biology Division SAC, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh. UK
*
*Corresponding author: R. J. Stubbs, fax +44 1224 716686, email [email protected]
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Abstract

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In this paper, we consider the control of energy balance in animals and man. We argue that patterns of mammalian feeding have evolved to control energy balance in uncertain environments. It is, therefore, expected that, under sedentary conditions in which the diet is rich in nutrients and abundantly available, animals and man will overeat. This suggests that no physiological defects are needed to induce overweight and ultimately obesity in man. Several considerations arise from these observations. The time period over which energy balance is controlled is far longer than allowed by most experiments. Physiological models of energy balance control often treat excess energy intake as a defect of regulation; ecological models view the same behaviour as part of normal energy balance control in environments where resources are uncertain. We apply these considerations to common patterns of human and animal feeding. We believe that the ecological perspective gives a more accurate explanation for the functionality of excess fat and the need to defend nutrient balance and avoid gross imbalances, as well as explaining hyperphagia in the face of plenty. By emphasising the common features of energy balance control in different mammalian species, the importance of changes in behaviour to accommodate changes in the environment becomes apparent. This also opens up possibilities for the control of body weight and the treatment of obesity in man.

Keywords

Energy balanceFeeding behaviourManAnimal modelsBody weightEcology
Type
Review Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 95 , Issue 4 , April 2006 , pp. 657 - 676
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

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