Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:40:20.355Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

W. L. Hall ,
D. J. Millward ,
S. J. Long  and
L. M. Morgan
W. L. Hall*
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
D. J. Millward
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
S. J. Long
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
L. M. Morgan
Affiliation:
Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Dr W. L. Hall, fax +44 1483 576978, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Protein, generally agreed to be the most satiating macronutrient, may differ in its effects on appetite depending on the protein source and variation in digestion and absorption. We investigated the effects of two milk protein types, casein and whey, on food intake and subjective ratings of hunger and fullness, and on postprandial metabolite and gastrointestinal hormone responses. Two studies were undertaken. The first study showed that energy intake from a buffet meal ad libitum was significantly less 90 min after a 1700 kJ liquid preload containing 48 g whey, compared with an equivalent casein preload (P<0·05). In the second study, the same whey preload led to a 28 % increase in postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations over 3 h compared with casein (incremental area under the curve (iAUC), P<0·05). Plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) was increased by 60 % (iAUC, P<0·005), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 by 65 % (iAUC, P<0·05) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide by 36 % (iAUC, P<0·01) following the whey preload compared with the casein. Gastric emptying was influenced by protein type as evidenced by differing plasma paracetamol profiles with the two preloads. Greater subjective satiety followed the whey test meal (P<0·05). These results implicate post-absorptive increases in plasma amino acids together with both CCK and GLP-1 as potential mediators of the increased satiety response to whey and emphasise the importance of considering the impact of protein type on the appetite response to a mixed meal.

Keywords

Dietary proteinSatietyCholecystokininGlucagon-like peptide-1Postprandial amino acids
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 89 , Issue 2 , February 2003 , pp. 239 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

References

Ballinger, AB & Clark, ML (1994) L-Phenylalanine releases chole-cystokinin (CCK) and is associated with reduced food intake in humans: evidence for a physiological role of CCK in control of eating. Metabolism 43, 735–738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkeling, B, Rossner, S & Bjorvell, H (1990) Effects of a high-protein meal (meat) and a high-carbohydrate meal (vegetarian) on satiety measured by automated computerised monitoring of subsequent food intake, motivation to eat and food preferences. International Journal of Obesity 14, 743–751.Google Scholar
Beardshall, K, Deprez, P, Playford, RJ, Alexander, M & Calam, J (1992) Effect of chymotrypsin on human cholecystokinin release – use of clostripan in the validation of a new radio-immunoassay. Regulatory Peptides 40, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billeaud, C, Guillet, J & Sandler, B (1990) Gastric emptying in infants with or without gastro-oesophageal reflux according to the type of milk. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 577–583.Google ScholarPubMed
Boirie, Y, Dangin, M, Gachon, P, Vasson, M, Maubois, J & Beaufrere, B (1997) Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94, 14930–14935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, DA, Chase, A & Campbell, AT (1970) Relative effectiveness of protein in the late stages of appetite suppression in man. Physiology and Behavior 5, 1299–1302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campfield, LA & Smith, FJ (1990) Transient declines in blood glucose signal meal initiation. International Journal of Obesity 14, 15–33.Google ScholarPubMed
De Castro, JM (1987) Macronutrient relationships with meal patterns and mood in the spontaneous feeding behaviour of humans. Physiology and Behavior 39, 561–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, RM, Morgan, LM, Tredger, JA, Deacon, S, Wright, J & Marks, V (1993) GLP-1 (7–36) amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man: acute post-prandial and 24 h secretion patterns. Journal of Endocrinology 138, 159–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flint, A, Raben, A, Blundell, JE & Astrup, A (2000) Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite. International Journal of Obesity 24, 38–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gannon, MC, Nuttal, FQ, Neil, BJ & Westphal, SA (1988) The insulin and glucose responses to meals of glucose plus various proteins in type II diabetic subjects. Metabolism 37, 1081–1088.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbs, J & Smith, GP (1977) Cholecystokinin and satiety in rats and rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 30, 758–761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Go, VLW, Hofman, AF & Summerskill, WHJ (1970) Pancreozymin bioassay in man based on pancreatic enzyme secretion: potency of specific amino acids and other digestive products. Journal of Clinical Investigation 49, 1558–1564.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, SM & Blundell, JE (1996) Subjective and objective indices of the satiating effect of foods. Can people predict how filling a food will be? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 798–806.Google ScholarPubMed
Gutzwiller, JP, Goke, B, Drewe, J, Hildebrand, P, Ketterer, S, Handschin, D, Winterhalder, R, Conen, D & Beglinger, C (1999) Glucagon-like peptide-1: a potent regulator of food intake in humans. Gut 44, 81–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hampton, SM & Whithey, L (1993) Monitoring B cell responses in obese and normal weight subjects; a pilot study. Diabete and Metabolisme 19, 582–585.Google Scholar
Heading, RC, Nimmo, J, Prescott, LF & Tothill, P (1973) The dependence of paracetamol absorption on the rate of gastric emptying. British Journal of Pharmacology 47, 415–421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, AJ & Blundell, JE (1988) Role of amino acids in appetite control in man. In Amino Acid Availability and Brain Function in Health and Disease. Proceedings of the Advanced Research Workshop NATO ASI Series H, pp. 239–248 [Huether, G, editor]. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Hill, AJ & Blundell, JE (1990) Comparison of the action of macronutrients on the expression of appetite in lean and obese human subjects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 597, 529–531.Google Scholar
Hill, AJ, Rogers, PJ & Blundell, JE (1995) Techniques for the experimental measurement of human eating behaviour and food intake: a practical guide. International Journal of Obesity 19, 361–375.Google ScholarPubMed
Hopman, WPM, Jansen, JBMJ & Lamers, CBHW (1985) Comparative study of the effects of equal amounts of fat, protein and starch on plasma cholecystokinin in man. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 20, 843–847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hrboticky, N, Leiter, LA & Anderson, GH (1985) Effects of L-tryptophan on short-term food-intake in lean men. Nutrition Research 5, 595–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, R, Kosch, CL, Sanchez, A, Sabate, J, Berk, L & Shavlik, G (1989) Effect of dietary protein on serum insulin and glucagon levels in hyper-and normocholesterolemic men. Atherosclerosis 76, 55–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, AM, Stubbs, RJ & Harbron, CG (1996) Effect of over-feeding macronutrients on day-to-day food intake in man. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 418–430.Google Scholar
Lang, V, Bellisle, F, Alamowitch, C, Craplet, C, Bornet, FRJ, Slama, G & Guy-Grand, B (1999) Varying the protein source in mixed meal modifies glucose, insulin and glucagon kinetics in healthy men, has weak effects on subjective satiety and fails to affect food intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 959–965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, V, Bellisle, F, Oppert, J-M, Craplet, C, Bornet, FRJ, Slama, G & Guy-Grand, B (1998) Satiating effect of proteins in healthy subjects: a comparison of egg albumin, casein, gelatin, soy protein, pea protein, and wheat gluten. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 1197–1204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latner, JD & Schwartz, M (1999) The effects of a high-carbohydrate, high-protein or balanced lunch upon later food intake and hunger ratings. Appetite 33, 119–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieverse, RJ, Jansen, JBMJ, Masclee, AAM & Lamers, CBHW (1994) Satiety effects of cholecystokinin in humans. Gastro-enterology 106, 1451–1454.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, SJ, Jeffcoat, AR & Millward, DJ (2000) Effect of habitual dietary-protein intake on appetite and satiety. Appetite 35, 79–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellinkoff, SM, Frankland, M, Boyle, D & Greipel, M (1956) Relationship between serum amino acid concentration and fluctuations in appetite. Journal of Applied Physiology 8, 535–538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, MJS, Witherly, SA & Clark, DA (1990) Casein: a milk protein with diverse biologic consequences. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 195, 143–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, LM, Hampton, SM, Tredger, JA, Cramb, R & Marks, V (1988) Modifications of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) secretion in man by a high-fat diet. British Journal of Nutrition 59, 373–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, LM, Morris, BA & Marks, V (1978) Radioimmunoassay of gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 15, 172–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muurahainen, NE, Kissileff, HR & Pi-Sunyer, FX (1988) L-Phenylalanine and L-tryptophan reduce food intake when given with a food preload. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 774.Google Scholar
Penman, E, Wass, JAH, Medback, S, Morgan, LM, Lewis, J, Besser, GM & Rees, LH (1981) Response of circulating somatostatin to nutritional stimuli in normal subjects. Gastroenterology 81, 692–699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porrini, M, Santangelo, A, Crovetti, R, Riso, P, Testolin, G & Blundell, JE (1997) Weight, protein, fat and timing of preloads affect food intake. Physiology and Behavior 62, 563–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, PJ (1993) The experimental investigation of human eating behaviour. In Human Psychopharmacology, vol. 4, pp. 123–142 [Hindmarch, I and Stonier, PD, editors]. London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Rogers, PJ, Burley, VJ, Alikhanizadeh, LA & Blundell, JE (1995) Postingestive inhibition of food intake by aspartame: importance of interval between aspartame administration and subsequent eating. Physiology and Behavior 57, 489–493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schirra, J, Katschinski, M, Weldmann, C, Schafer, T, Wank, U, Arnold, R & Goke, B (1996) Gastric emptying and release of incretin hormones after glucose ingestion in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97, 92–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Hughes, DA, Johnstone, AM, Rowley, E, Reid, C, Elia, M, Stratton, R, Delargy, H, King, N & Blundell, JE (2000) The use of visual analogue scales to assess motivation to eat in human subjects: a review of their reliability and validity with an evaluation of new hand-held computerized systems for temporal tracking of appetite ratings. British Journal of Nutrition 84, 405–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stubbs, RJ, Van Wyk, MCW, Johnstone, AM & Harbron, CG (1996) Breakfast high in protein, fat or carbohydrate: effect on within-day appetite and energy balance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 409–417.Google ScholarPubMed
Uhe, AM, Collier, GR & O'Dea, K (1992) A comparison of the effects of beef, chicken and fish protein on satiety and amino acid profiles in lean male subjects. Journal of Nutrition 122, 467–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandewater, K & Vickers, Z (1996) Higher protein foods produce greater sensory specific satiety. Physiology and Behavior 59, 579–583.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Strien, T, Frijters, JER, Bergers, GPA & Defares, PB (1986) The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behaviour. International Journal of Eating Disorders 5, 295–315.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verdich, C, Flint, A, Gutzwiller, JP, Näslund, E, Beglinger, C, Hellström, PM, Long, SJ, Morgan, LM, Holst, JJ & Astrup, A (2001) A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86, 4382–4389.Google ScholarPubMed
Woods, SC & Porte, D Jr (1983) The role of insulin as a satiety factor in the central nervous system. Advances in Metabolic Disorders 10, 457–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wurtman, RJ, Hefti, F & Melamed, E (1981) Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis. Pharmacological Reviews 32, 315–335.Google Scholar