Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T01:08:19.508Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Gender Inequalities and Higher Music Education: Comparing the UK and Sweden

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2017

Sam de Boise*
Affiliation:
School of Music and Theatre, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, Örebro, Sweden702 [email protected]

Abstract

Whilst the impact of gender inequalities has been studied in relation to music education, especially in the UK, relatively little has been written about their impact on higher music education (HME). This article compares data on HME programs and courses, in the UK and Sweden, from 2010 to 2014. It looks at similarities and differences in the numbers of men and women who applied to HME subjects, compared to those who were offered a place on their chosen program or course, in both nations. Through this it demonstrates that whilst a Swedish HME appears to show less institutional discrimination against women, there are still similar transnational divisions in men's and women's HME subject choices. However the article uses these data to build on existing critiques around a need for intersectional understandings of gender inequalities, before arguing that a critique of neoliberalism is essential to tackling gender inequalities in HME.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABELES, H. (2009) Are musical instrument gender associations changing? Journal of Research in Music Education, 57 (2), 127139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ABRSM (2014) Making Music: Teaching, Learning and Playing in the UK, A Collaborative Research Project. London: Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music.Google Scholar
ALEX, L. & LEHTI, A. (2013) Experiences of well-being among Sami and Roma women in a Swedish context. Health Care for Women International, 34 (8), 707726.Google Scholar
ALLEN, K., QUINN, J., HOLLINGWORTH, S. & ROSE, A. (2013) Becoming employable students and ‘ideal’ creative workers: exclusion and inequality in higher education work placements. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 34 (3), 431452.Google Scholar
ALLSUP, R. E. (2015) The eclipse of a higher education or problems preparing artists in a mercantile world. Music Education Research, 17 (3), 251261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ARMSTRONG, V. (2011) Technology and the Gendering of Music Education. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
ARREMAN, I. E. & HOLM, A. S. (2011) Privatisation of public education? The emergence of independent upper secondary schools in Sweden. Journal of Education Policy, 26 (2), 225243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BEACH, D. (2013) Changing higher education: Converging policy-packages and experiences of changing academic work in Sweden. Journal of Education Policy, 28 (4), 517533.Google Scholar
BERGMAN, Å. (2014) Genuskonstruktioner när rockbandet utgör normen. In Ericsson, C. & Lindgren, M. (Eds.), Perspektiv på Populärmusik och Skola. Lund: Studentlitteratur.Google Scholar
BERGONZI, L. S. (2015) Gender and sexual diversity challenges (for socially just) music education. In Benedict, C., Schmidt, P., Spruce, G. & Woodford, P. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Justice in Music Education.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BJÖRCK, C. (2013) A music room of one's own: Discursive constructions of girls-only spaces for learning popular music. Girlhood Studies, 6 (2), 1129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BOGDANOVIC, D. (2015) Gender and Equality in Music Higher Education. National Association for Music in Higher Education.Google Scholar
BORGSTRÖM-KÄLLÉN, C. (2014) När Musik gör Skillnad: Genus och Genrepraktiker i Samspel. Dissertation. Göteborgs Universitet.Google Scholar
BORN, G. & DEVINE, K. (2015) Music technology, gender, and class: Digitization, educational and social change in Britain. Twentieth-Century Music, 12 (2), 135172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRADLEY, D. (2005) Music education, multiculturalism, and anti-racism – can we talk? Action, Criticism & Theory for Music Education, 5 (2), 230.Google Scholar
BRÄNDSTRÖM, S., SÖDERMAN, J. & THORGERSEN, K. (2012) The double feature of musical folkbildning: Three Swedish examples. British Journal of Music Education, 29 (1), 6574.Google Scholar
CITRON, M. (1993) Gender and the Musical Canon. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
COLLINI, S. (2012) What are Universities For? London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
CROMPTON, R. (2001) Gender restructuring, employment and caring. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 8 (3), 266291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CUKAS (2014) Conservatoires UK Annual Report: 2013 Entry Cycle. London: Conservatoires UK Admission Service.Google Scholar
DAVIES, H. (2001) All rock and roll is homosocial: The representation of women in the british rock music press. Popular Music, 20 (3), 301319.Google Scholar
DE LOS REYES, P. (2016) When feminsim became gender equality and anti-racism turned into diversity management. In Martinsson, L., Griffin, G. & Nygren, K. (Eds.), Challenging the Myth of Gender Equality in Sweden. (pp. 2347). Bristol: Policy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DONZE, P. L. (2010) Heterosexuality is totally metal: Ritualized community and separation at a local music club. Popular Music Studies, 22 (3), 259282.Google Scholar
DRUDY, S. (2008) Gender balance/gender bias: The teaching profession and the impact of feminisation. Gender and Education, 20 (4), 309323.Google Scholar
FARRUGIA, R. (2012) Beyond the Dance Floor: Female DJs, Technology, and Electronic Dance Music. Bristol: Intellect.Google Scholar
FRASER, N. (2013) The Fortunes of Feminism: From State Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis. London: Verso.Google Scholar
GAVANAS, A. & REITSAMMER, R. (2013) DJ Technologies, social networks, and gendered trajectories in European DJ cultures. DJ Culture in the Mix: Power, Technology, and Social Change in Electronic Dance Music. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
GEORGII-HEMMING, E. & WESTVALL, M. (2010) Music education – a personal matter? Examining the current discourses of music education in Sweden. British Journal of Music Education, 27 (1), 2133.Google Scholar
GOLDIN, C. & ROUSE, C. (2000) Orchestrating impartiality: The impact of ‘blind’ auditions on female musicians. The American Economic Review, 90 (4), 715741.Google Scholar
GOV.UK. (2016). Education and Training Statistics for the UK: 2016. Available at <https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/education-and-training-statistics-for-the-uk-2016>[Accessed 6th February 2017][Accessed+6th+February+2017]>Google Scholar
GREEN, L. (1997) Music, Gender and Education. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
GREEN, L. (2002) How Popular Musicians Learn: A Way Ahead for Music Education. London: Ashgate.Google Scholar
HALBERSTAM, J. (2012) Global female masculinities. Sexualities, 15 (3–4), 336354.Google Scholar
HALL, C. (2005) Gender and boys' singing in early childhood. British Journal of Music Education, 22 (01), 520.Google Scholar
HALLAM, S. & CREECH, A. (Eds.) (2010). Music Education in the 21st Century in the United Kingdom: Achievements, Analysis and Aspirations. London: UCL IOE Press.Google Scholar
HEARN, J. (2015) Men of the World: Genders, Globalizations, Transnational Times. London: Sage.Google Scholar
HEARN, J., NORDBERG, M., ANDERSSON, K., BALKMAR, D., GOTTZÉN, L., KLINTH, R., PRINGLE, K. & SANDBERG, L. (2012) Hegemonic masculinity and beyond: 40 years of research in Sweden. Men and Masculinities, 15 (1), 3155.Google Scholar
HECLO, H. (2010) Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden: From Relief to Income Maintenance. Colchester: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
HINES, S. (2013) Gender Diversity, Recognition and Citizenship. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KILKEY, M. (2006) New Labour and reconciling work and family life: Making it fathers' business? Social Policy and Society, 5 (02), 167175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KOSKOFF, E. (2014) A Feminist Ethnomusicology: Writings on Music and Gender Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
KVARNHALL, V. (2015) Pojkars Musik, Reproduktionens Tystnad. En Explanatorisk Studie av Pojkars Förhållningssätt till Populärmusicerande. Diss. Örebro University.Google Scholar
LEONARD, M. (2007) Gender in the Music Industry: Rock Discourse and Girl Power. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
MACARTHUR, S. (2010) Towards a Twenty-first-century Feminist Politics of Music. Farnham: Ashgate.Google Scholar
MACARTHUR, S. (2014) The woman composer, new music and neoliberalism. Musicology Australia, 36 (1), 3652.Google Scholar
MARTINSSON, L., GRIFFIN, G. & NYGREN, K. G. (2016) Challenging the Myth of Gender Equality in Sweden. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar
MCCLARY, S. (1991) Feminine Endings: Music, Gender and Sexuality Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
MIRZA, H. S. & JOSPEH, C. (2010) Black and Postcolonial Feminisms in New Times: Researching Educational Inequalities. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
NAIDOO, R. & WILLIAMS, J. (2015) The neoliberal regime in English higher education: Charters, consumers and the erosion of the public good. Critical Studies in Education, 56 (2), 208223.Google Scholar
NAYAK, A. & KEHILY, M. (2013) Gender, Youth and Culture: Global Masculinities and Femininities. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
NYBERG, A. (2012) Gender equality policy in Sweden: 1970s–2010s. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 2 (4), 6784.Google Scholar
O'MEARA, C. (2003) The Raincoats: breaking down punk rock's masculinities. Popular Music, 22 (3), 299313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'TOOLE, P. (1998) A missing chapter from choral methods books: How choirs neglect girls. The Choral Journal, 39 (5), 932.Google Scholar
PELLIGRINELLI, L. (2008) Separated at ‘birth’: Singing and the history of jazz. In Rustin, N. & Tucker, S. (Eds.), Big Ears: Listening for Gender in Jazz Studies. (pp.3147). Durham NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
PIKETTY, T. (2014) Capital in the Twenty-First Century. (trans) Goldhammer, A.. Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press.Google Scholar
RADICE, H. (2013) How we got here: UK higher education under neoliberalism. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 12 (3), 407418.Google Scholar
RAILTON, D. (2001) The gendered carnival of pop. Popular Music, 20 (3), 321331.Google Scholar
ROINE, J. & WALDENSTRÖM, D. (2012) On the role of capital gains in Swedish income inequality. Review of Income and Wealth, 58 (3), 569587.Google Scholar
SCB. (2015) Yearbook of Educational Statistics 2015. Available at <http://www.scb.se/Statistik/_Publikationer/UF0524_2014A01_BR_UF01BR1401.pdf>[Accessed 5th February 2017][Accessed+5th+February+2017]>Google Scholar
SCB. (2016) Applicants and Admitted to Higher Education at First and Second Cycle Studiesz. Available at <http://www.scb.se/en_/Finding-statistics/Statistics-by-subject-area/Education-and-research/Higher-education/Applicants-and-admitted-to-higher-education-at-first-and-second-cycle-studies/>[Accessed 4th January 2016][Accessed+4th+January+2016]>Google Scholar
SHORE, C. (2010) Beyond the multiversity: Neoliberalism and the rise of the schizophrenic university. Social Anthropology, 18 (1), 1529.Google Scholar
SKELTON, C. (2012) Men teachers and the ‘feminised’ primary school: A review of the literature. Educational Review, 64 (1), 119.Google Scholar
TOWNS, A., KARLSSON, E. & EYRE, J. (2014) The equality conundrum: Gender and nation in the ideology of the Sweden Democrats. Party Politics, 20 (2), 237247.Google Scholar
U.N. (2014) United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports: Gender Inequality Index. Available at <http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-4-gender-inequality-index>[Accessed 1st March 2015][Accessed+1st+March+2015]>Google Scholar
UCAS. (2014) UCAS End of Cycle Report 2014: UCAS Analysis and Research. Available at <https://www.ucas.com/sites/default/files/2014-ucas-end-of-cycle-report-v2.pdf>[Accessed 5th September 2015][Accessed+5th+September+2015]>Google Scholar
UCAS. (2015a) End of Cycle 2015 Data Resources: Acceptances by Detailed Subject Group and Sex. Available at <https://www.ucas.com/sites/default/files/eoc_data_resource_2015-dr3_019_01.pdf> [Accessed 2nd February 2016]+[Accessed+2nd+February+2016]>Google Scholar
UCAS. (2015b) End of Cycle 2015 Data Resources: Applications by Detailed Subject Group and Sex. Available at <https://www.ucas.com/sites/default/files/eoc_data_resource_2015-dr3_019_03.pdf> [Accessed 2nd February 2016]+[Accessed+2nd+February+2016]>Google Scholar
UCAS CONSERVATOIRES. (2015) End of Cycle Report 2014: UCAS Analysis and Research. Available at <https://www.ucas.com/sites/default/files/ucasconservatoires_eoc2014.pdf>[Accessed 5th September 2015][Accessed+5th+September+2015]>Google Scholar
UKÄ. (2015) Higher Education: Students and graduates at first and second cycle studies 2014/15. Available at <http://www.uka.se/download/18.1a00c25e15409a6215693/1460539514557/rapport-studenter-och-examinerade-p%C3%A5-grundniva-och-avancerad-niva-2014-15.pdf>[Accessed 5th September 2015][Accessed+5th+September+2015]>Google Scholar
UNGDOMSTYRELSEN (2014) När, Var, Hur, om Ungas Kultur: En Analys av Ungas Kulturutövande på Fritiden. Stockholm: Ungdomstyrelsen.Google Scholar
WEST, A. (2014) Academies in England and independent schools (fristående skolor) in Sweden: Policy, privatisation, access and segregation. Research Papers in Education, 29 (3), 330350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WIKSTRÖM, P. (2009) The Music Industry. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
WOMEN'S BUDGET GROUP (2016) A Cumulative Gender Impact Assessment of Ten Years of Austerity Policies: A Briefing from the UK Women's Budget Group on the Cumulative Distributional Effects of Cuts in Public Spending and Tax Changes on Household Income by Gendered Types over the Period 2010–20. United Kindom: Women's Budget Group.Google Scholar
WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM. (2014) The Global Gender Gap Report 2014. Available at <http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2014/>[Accessed 18 August 2015][Accessed+18+August+2015]>Google Scholar
WYCH, G. (2012) Gender and instrument associations, stereotypes and stratification, a literature review. National Association for Music Education, 30 (2), 2231.Google Scholar
YUVAL-DAVIS, N. (2006) Intersectionality and feminist politics. European Journal of Women's Studies, 13 (3), 193209.Google Scholar