I would like to thank Jim Secord for the invitation to speak at the Big Picture conference and for subsequent encouragement. I should mention that this paper was initially entitled ‘Models of medicine; medicine as model. Towards a historical sociology of science, technology and medicine’.

My Manchester colleagues, especially David Edgerton, Jonathan Harwood and Geof Bowker, helped greatly with comments and discussion. Other colleagues, notably Simon Schaffer, Crosbie Smith, Jack Morrell and Terry Shinn were predictably generous with suggestions and reassurance, as were Anna Guagnini, Yves Gingras, Jerry Ravetz and John Harley Warner. I am grateful; they are not culpable. My thanks also to Joan Mottram for her assistance. My apologies to those colleagues whose relevant works I have omitted to mention; in an essay of this scope, choice of reference is more than usually arbitrary.

¹ In framing the big picture, one of our problems is linguistic: ‘science, technology and medicine’ is a clumsy expression, but reducing it to ‘science’ or to ‘science and technology’ is often misleading or apparently exclusive. Here I try the experiment of using the acronym STM, also now used by publishers and librarians.

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²⁴ ‘Museological science?’. See note 8.

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⁷¹ See, for example, the essays in The Investigative Enterprise, op. cit. (6)Google Scholar, especially Tim Lenoir on Ludwig. These essays make a good case for differentiating two waves; I am suggesting ways of highlighting the corresponding cognitive differences, e.g. by stressing the place of microscopy and collections in early nineteenth-century programmes.

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