Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T05:04:25.922Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Science, Catholicism and politics in Argentina (1910–1935)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2020

MIGUEL DE ASÚA
MIGUEL DE ASÚA*
Affiliation:
Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Argentina. Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In fin de siècle Argentina a secularist ideology of science was part of the positivist world view espoused by liberals and socialists. Between the years 1910 and 1935, a period in which the Catholic Church experienced a significant cultural expansion, the activities of the Catholic naturalist Ángel Gallardo and the astronomer and priest Fortunato Devoto challenged the so far prevailing idea of science as opposed to religion. This paper explores the connections between the scientific, religious and political aspects of those figures in order to get some insights into the complexity of the relationships between science and secularization in societies with a Catholic majority.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal for the History of Science , Volume 53 , Issue 2 , June 2020 , pp. 139 - 158
Copyright
Copyright © British Society for the History of Science 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This paper is part of a research project on science and religion in Argentina which I am conducting as member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. I appreciate the perceptive comments of one of the anonymous referees and the overall assessment of the editor of the BJHS, Amanda Rees, which certainly helped to improve the original manuscript. I would also like to thank Trish Hatton for her untiring help throughout the process of evaluation. I remain obliged to the staff of the following institutions for their helpful assistance: Archive and Library of Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (Ms Marta del Priore); Biblioteca Nacional (Argentina) (Department of Ancient Periodicals); Library of Asociación Amigos de la Astronomía (Ms Paula Martín); Library of Instituto de Cultura Religiosa Superior; Library of Colegio San José (Mr Oscar Palmyero); Library of Congress (Ms Malea Walker, Serial and Government Publications Division); Library of the School of Theology and Central Library of Universidad Católica Argentina; Library of Facultades de Filosofía y Teología, Colegio Máximo (San Miguel, Buenos Aires); Museo de Astronomía y Geofísica, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

References

1 ‘El cometa Halley: Su observación en La Plata’, La Prensa, 17 April 1910, p. 10. The comet had been followed from Córdoba with the twelve-inch equatorial telescope of the National Observatory since 30 November 1909; see Perrine, Charles D., ‘Résumé of observations of Halley's Comet at Córdoba’, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1910) 22, pp. 211–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar. La Plata is the capital city of the province of Buenos Aires, located about sixty kilometres south of the city of Buenos Aires, the capital city of the country.

2 ‘Una visita al Observatorio de La Plata’, Caras y Caretas (1910) 13(606), pp. 77–79Google Scholar.

3 de Asúa, Miguel, ‘El Congreso Científico Internacional Americano’, Ciencia Hoy (2011) 21(125), pp. 18–24Google Scholar, and (2012) 22(126), pp. 14–20.

4 Sisson, Henri-Dominique, La République Argentine: Description, étude sociale et histoire, Paris: Plon, 1910Google Scholar.

5 Argentina, Sociedad Científica, Congreso Científico Internacional Americano, 2 vols., Buenos Aires: Coni, 1910, vol. 1, p. 452Google Scholar.

6 Devoto was substituting Francesco Porro de Somenzi, the former director of the observatory; see Sociedad Científica Argentina, op. cit. (5), p. 265; Devoto, Fortunato, ‘Introducción’, in Observatorio Astronómico de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calendario astronómico para el año 1909, Buenos Aires: Coni, 1908, pp. i–xxxvGoogle Scholar. As a result of the 1910 meeting, an agreement was reached between the four countries of the southern cone for the joint publication of an astronomical calendar series, prepared by Friedrich W. Ristenpart, director of the Observatory of Santiago de Chile and Devoto: Calendario astronómico para la parte austral de América del Sur. Año 1911, Buenos Aires: Coni, 1910Google Scholar.

7 Martin, David, A General Theory of Secularization, New York: Harper & Row, 1978, p. 6Google Scholar. Martin also identifies a ‘South American (extended Latin) pattern’, whose characterization depends on late twentieth-century developments.

8 Martin, op. cit. (7), pp. 27–41. See also Martin, David, On Secularization: Towards a Revised General Theory, Farnham: Ashgate, 2005, pp. 70–74Google Scholar.

9 Taylor, Charles, A Secular Age, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007, pp. 454–456, 486–487CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 de Asúa, Miguel, ‘Three centuries of scientific culture and Catholicism in Argentina: a case study of long trends’, in Lightman, Bernard (ed.), Rethinking History, Science, and Religion: An Exploration of the Complexity Principle, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019, pp. 37–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 de Asúa, Miguel, ‘Draper, the “conflict thesis”, and secularising politics in late nineteenth-century Argentina’, Journal of Religious History (2019) 43(3), pp. 305–327CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Much work is being done on the conflict thesis, most of it on Protestant anglophone contexts; see Jeff Hardin, Ronald L. Numbers and Ronald A. Binzley (eds.), The Warfare between Science and Religion: The Idea That Wouldn't Die, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018Google Scholar; Ungureanu, James C., Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition: Retracing the Origins of Conflict, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 de Asúa, Miguel, ‘Darwin among the pagans: secularisation and the reception of the theory of evolution in Buenos Aires’, Science and Christian Belief (2019) 31(1), pp. 4–25Google Scholar.

13 de Asúa, Miguel, ‘The “conflict thesis” and positivist history of science: a view from the periphery’, Zygon (2018) 53(4), pp. 1131–1148CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Gallo, Ezequiel, ‘Society and politics, 1880–1916’, in Bethell, Leslie (ed.), Argentina since Independence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 79–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Rock, David, Argentina 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987, pp. 191–213Google Scholar.

16 Rock, op. cit. (15), pp. 162–199.

17 Ernesto Tornquist & Co. Limited, The Economic Development of the Argentine Republic in the Last Fifty Years, Buenos Aires, 1919, p. 15Google Scholar.

18 Argentina, República, Tercer Censo Nacional levantado el 1° de junio de 1914, 10 vols., Buenos Aires: Rosso, 1916, vol. 2, p. 3Google Scholar.

19 Gargurevich, Eduardo, ‘La reacción anti-inmigrante en la literatura argentina de los ochenta’, Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (1994) 20(39), pp. 91–107CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

20 Devoto, Fernando J., ‘La inmigración’, in Academia Nacional de la Historia, Nueva Historia de la Nación Argentina, 10 vols., Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2000, vol. 4, pp. 77–107Google Scholar.

21 Rock, David, Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, pp. 37–54Google Scholar. The best account of this theme is Devoto, Fernando J., Nacionalismo, fascismo y tradicionalismo en la Argentina moderna, Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2005, pp. 47–119Google Scholar.

22 Whittaker, Arthur P., Argentina, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964, pp. 53–63Google Scholar.

23 Kress, Lee B., ‘Argentine liberalism and the Church under Julio Roca, 1880–1886’, The Americas (1974) 30, pp. 319–340CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24 Auza, Nestor, Aciertos y fracasos sociales del catolicismo argentino, 3 vols., Buenos Aires: Docencia and Don Bosco, 1987–1988, vol. 1, p. 22Google Scholar.

25 Ivereigh, Austen, Catholicism and Politics in Argentina, 1810–1960, New York: St Martin's Press, 1995, p. 64CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The fullest treatment of social Catholicism in Argentina in the 1890–1930 period is Auza, op. cit. (24).

26 Ghio, José M., La iglesia católica en la política argentina, Buenos Aires: Prometeo, 2007, p. 37Google Scholar; Lida, Miranda, Historia del catolicismo en la Argentina entre el siglo XIX y el XX, Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2015, pp. 41–44, 55–57Google Scholar.

27 Stefano, Roberto Di and Zanatta, Loris, Historia de la Iglesia en la Argentina: Desde la conquista hasta fines del siglo XX, Buenos Aires: Grijalbo Mondadori, 2000, pp. 367–377Google Scholar.

28 Floria, Carlos A. and Montserrat, Marcelo, ‘La política desde Criterio (1928–1977)’, Criterio (24 December 1977) 50(1777–1778), pp. 762–789Google Scholar; Devoto, Fernando, ‘Atilio Dell'Oro Maini’, Prismas: Revista de historia intelectual (2005) 9, pp. 187–204Google Scholar; de Olazábal, Raúl Rivero, Por una cultura católica: El compromiso de una generación argentina, Buenos Aires: Claretiana, 1986Google Scholar.

29 Carranza, Ambrosio Romero, Itinerario de Monseñor de Andrea, Buenos Aires, 1957, pp. 213–223Google Scholar; Lida, Miranda, Monseñor Miguel de Andrea: Obispo y hombre de mundo (1877–1960), Buenos Aires: Edhasa, 2013, pp. 91–108Google Scholar.

30 Gallardo, Jorge E., Conflicto con Roma (1923–1926): La polémica por Monseñor de Andrea, Buenos Aires: El Elefante Blanco, 2004Google Scholar.

31 Mallimaci, Fortunato, El catolicismo integral en la Argentina (1930–1945), Buenos Aires: Biblos, 1988Google Scholar; Devoto, op. cit. (21), pp. 169–262.

32 Ivereigh, op. cit. (25), pp. 18, 84–91.

33 Auza, op. cit. (24), vol. 3, pp. 11–20; Di Stefano and Zanatta, op. cit. (27), pp. 377–381.

34 For an overview of scientific institutions in Argentina see Asúa, Miguel de, Una gloria silenciosa: Dos siglos de ciencia en Argentina, Buenos Aires: Zorzal, 2010Google Scholar.

35 Luna, Félix, Alvear, Buenos Aires: Hyspamerica, 1986, p. 66Google Scholar.

36 La Prensa, 16 May 1934, cited in Guillermo Furlong, Ángel Gallardo, Buenos Aires: ECA, 1964, p. 160.

37 Furlong, op. cit. (36), pp. 151–155.

38 Gallardo, Ángel, Memorias para mis hijos y mis nietos, Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1982, pp. 347–386Google Scholar.

39 Gallardo, op. cit. (38), p. 357.

40 Gallardo, op. cit. (38), pp. 383–386; Gallardo, op. cit. (30), pp. 58–62.

41 Dimitri P. Papanikas, ‘La iglesia de la raza: La iglesia católica española y la construcción de la identidad nacional en Argentina’, PhD dissertation, Madrid, 2012, pp. 125–126.

42 For De Andrea on this see Kennedy, John J., Catholicism, Nationalism, and Democracy in Argentina, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1958, pp. 139–146Google Scholar.

43 ‘Declaraciones del ministro argentino de relaciones exteriores’, La Nación, 24 December 1922, p. 1; Gallardo, op. cit. (38), pp. 316–319, 438–440; Palacios, Alfredo L., ‘El ideal de las democracias ibero-americanas’, Nosotros (1923) 17(172), pp. 5–46, 35Google Scholar.

44 Nacional, Congreso, Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados: Año 1926, 8 vols., Buenos Aires: Imprenta de la Cámara de Diputados, 1926, vol. 3, pp. 551–555Google Scholar.

45 ‘El nuevo rector de la Universidad’, Archivos de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (April–May 1932) 7, pp. 11–13.

46 Furlong, op. cit. (36), p. 143; Buenos Aires & Pacific Railway Company, History and Characteristics, 1882–1933, Buenos Aires, 1933Google Scholar.

47 Duncan, Julian S., ‘British railways in Argentina’, Political Science Quarterly (1937) 52(4), pp. 559–582, 570–572CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Wright, Winthrop R., British-Owned Railways in Argentina: Their Effect on Economic Nationalism, 1854–1948, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974, pp. 136–157Google Scholar.

48 Rock, David, The British in Argentina: Commerce, Settlers and Power, 1800–2000, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, pp. 276–286CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

49 Ibarguren, Carlos, La historia que he vivido, Buenos Aires: Dictio, 1977, p. 602Google Scholar.

50 Gallardo, Ángel, ‘Les mathématiques et la biologie’, in Duporcq, E. (ed.), Compte rendu du deuxième Congrès international des mathématiciens, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1902, pp. 395–403Google Scholar.

51 ‘Datos biográficos de don Ángel Gallardo’, Boletín de la Academia Argentina de Letras (1934) 2, pp. 105–113Google Scholar.

52 Doello-Jurado, Martín, ‘Ángel Gallardo (1867–1934): Su actuación en el Museo de Buenos Aires’, Anales del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (1934–1936) 38, pp. ix–xlivGoogle Scholar; de Asúa, Miguel, ‘Dos siglos y un museo’, in Penchaszadeh, Pablo (ed.), El Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales: 200 años, Buenos Aires: MACBN-Conicet, 2012, pp. 13–69Google Scholar. Cf. Sheets-Pyenson, Susan, Cathedrals of Science: The Development of Colonial Natural History Museums during the Late Nineteenth Century, Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988Google Scholar.

53 Gallardo, op. cit. (38), pp. 79–82, 95–111.

54 For Giard, Delage and Le Dantec see Bowler, P.J., The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983, pp. 110–112, 113–115Google Scholar. See also Paul, Harry W., The Edge of Contingency: French Catholic Reaction to Scientific Change from Darwin to Duhem, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1979, pp. 54–60Google Scholar.

55 Gallardo, Ángel, ‘Essai d'interprétation des figures karyokinétiques’, Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires (1896) 5, pp. 11–22Google Scholar; Damianovich, Horacio, ‘Ángel Gallardo y su teoría de la cariocinesis’, Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina (1942) 133, pp. 102–131Google Scholar.

56 Gallardo, Ángel, La interpretación dinámica de la division celular, Buenos Aires: Coni, 1902Google Scholar; Hartog, Marcus, ‘Dynamic interpretation of cell division’, Nature (13 November 1902) 67(1724), pp. 42–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 See the discussion in Wilson, Edward B., The Cell in Development and Inheritance, 2nd edn, New York: Macmillan, 1911, pp. 108–111Google Scholar.

58 Gallardo, op. cit. (56), pp. 84–95.

59 Reinke, Johann, Die Welt als That: Umrisse einer Weltansicht auf wissenschaftliche Grundlage, Berlin: Gebrüder Paetel, 1899Google Scholar; Kragh, Helge, ‘The vortex atom: a Victorian theory of everything’, Centaurus (2002) 44, pp. 32–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Gallardo, Ángel, ‘Problemas biológicos. Algunas reflexiones sobre la especificidad celular y la teoría física de la vida, de Bard’, Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras (1899) 4, pp. 540–565Google Scholar (review of Bard, Louis, La spécificité cellulaire, Paris: Georges, Carré et Naud, 1899Google Scholar).

60 The main publications are Gallardo, Ángel, Las investigaciones modernas sobre la herencia, Buenos Aires: La ciencia médica, 1908Google Scholar; Gallardo, , ‘Sur l’épreuve statistique de la loi de Mendel’, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (1908) 146, pp. 361–362Google Scholar; Gallardo, , ‘Recientes contribuciones matemáticas al estudio de la las leyes de la herencia biológica’, Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina (1909) 68, pp. 185–208Google Scholar. See also Stepan, Nancy, ‘The Hour of Eugenics’: Pace, Gender, and Nation in Latin America, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1900, p. 70Google Scholar; and Novoa, Adriana and Levine, Alex, From Man to Ape: Darwinism in Argentina, 1870–1920, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010, pp. 107–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 See Pearson, Karl, ‘On the ancestral gametic correlations of a Mendelian population mating at random’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character (1909) 81, pp. 225–229Google Scholar. For background of this issue see Farrall, Lyndsay A., ‘Controversy and conflict in science: a case study. The English biometric school and Mendel's laws’, Social Studies of Science (1975) 5, pp. 269–230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Provine, William B., The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001, pp. 56–89Google Scholar; Gillham, Nicholas, ‘The battle between the biometricians and the Mendelians: how Sir Francis Galton caused his disciples to reach conflicting conclusions about the hereditary mechanism’, Science & Education (2013) 24, pp. 61–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

62 ‘Bibliografía del Dr. Gallardo’, Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina (1942) 133, pp. 169–184, 172–173Google Scholar.

63 Bruch, Carlos, ‘La obra entomológica del doctor Ángel Gallardo’, Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina (1934) 6, pp. 234–242Google Scholar.

64 Ángel Gallardo, prologue, in Martín Gil, Cosas de arriba, Córdoba: La Italia, 1909, pp. i–v, iv; Gallardo, , ‘El instinto de las hormigas’, Revista de Filosofía (1915) 2, pp. 1–20, 20Google Scholar.

65 Gallardo, op. cit. (56), p. 82.

66 Terán, Oscar, Vida intelectual en el Buenos Aires fin-de-siglo (1880–1910): Derivas de la ‘cultura cientifica’, Buenos Aires: FCE, 2000Google Scholar; Hentschke, J.R., ‘Argentina's Escuela Normal de Paraná and its disciples: mergers of liberalism, Krausism, and Comtean positivism in Sarmiento's temple for civilising the nation, 1870 to 1916’, Iberian and Latin American Studies (2011) 17, pp. 1–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Gallardo, Ángel, ‘Creencia y ciencia’, Tribuna Universitaria (1916) 3, pp. 103–107Google Scholar.

68 Houssay, Bernardo, ‘Ángel Gallardo y el porvenir de las ciencias en la Argentina’, in Medina, Ariel Barrios and Paladini, Alejandro (eds.), Escritos y discursos del Dr. Bernardo A. Houssay, Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 1989, pp. 433–447, 436–438Google Scholar.

69 Ángel Gallardo in Elmer J. Kneale (ed.), ‘Darwin, science, and the church’, Illinois State Register, 23 August 1914, p. 3.

70 Zahm, John A. CSC, Through South America's Southlands, New York: Appleton, 1916Google Scholar. In his memoirs Gallardo mentions that he met him at the International Congress of Americanists in Buenos Aires, but Father Zahm is not mentioned in the proceedings of the meeting. Gallardo, op. cit. (38), p. 135. For Zahm's evolutionist ideas see O'Connor, Thomas F., ‘John A. Zahm, C.S.C.: scientist and Americanist’, The Americas (1951) 7(4), pp. 435–462CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sloan, Philip R., ‘Bringing evolution to Notre Dame: Father John Zahm, C.S.C. and theistic evolutionism’, American Midland Naturalist (2009) 161, pp. 189–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar. There was a Spanish version of Zahm's book: La evolución y el dogma (tr. Miguel Asúa), Madrid: Sociedad Editorial Española, 1905.

71 Gallardo, Ángel, ‘Los estudios biológicos en la República Argentina’, in Primera Reunión Nacional de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales: Tucumán, 1916, Buenos Aires: Coni, 1919, pp. 1–12, 4Google Scholar.

72 Asúa, op. cit. (12).

73 ‘Florentino Ameghino: Homenaje a su memoria’, La Nación, 7 August 1915, p. 10.

74 Gallardo, Ángel, Zoología, 8th edn, Buenos Aires: Estrada, [1917], pp. 80–83Google Scholar.

75 ‘Datos biográficos del Iltmo. y Rvmo. Sr. Dr. D. Fortunato Devoto’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1928) 28, pp. 109–113Google Scholar; ‘Excmo. y Revmo. Monseñor Fortunato J. Devoto: Falleció en Buenos Aires el 29 de junio de 1941’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1941) 41, pp. 457–460Google Scholar; El Pueblo, 30 June–1 July 1941, pp. 5, 8, 11; Aguilar, Félix, ‘Monseñor Fortunato Devoto’, Revista Astronómica (1941) 13, pp. 259–263Google Scholar.

76 ‘Observatorio de La Plata: Renuncia del director’, La Prensa, 8 June 1911, p. 14; ‘Renuncia Fortunato Devoto’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1911) 11, pp. 508–512Google Scholar.

77 Decree of President Roque Sáenz Peña, 14 July 1911, in Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1911) 11, p. 593.

78 Rapport annuel sur l’état de l'Observatoire de Paris pour l'année 1914, Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1915, p. 22Google Scholar.

79 Canovai, José, ‘Oración fúnebre’, Estudios (1941) 67, pp. 70–77Google Scholar.

80 Rapport annuel sur l’état de l'Observatoire de Paris pour l'année 1916, Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1917, p. 17Google Scholar.

81 Schmadel, Lutz D. (ed.), Dictionary of Minor Planets, 5th edn, Berlin: Springer, 2007, p. 108Google Scholar.

82 Devoto, Fortunato, ‘Observations de la comète 1913 f (Delavan), faites à l'Observatoire de Paris (équatorial tour de l'Ouest de 0m, 305 d'ouverture)’, Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (January–June 1915) 160, pp. 128–129Google Scholar.

83 ‘Argentine prelate honoured by France’, National Catholic Welfare Conference News Service (18 September 1933) 33(2640), p. 23Google Scholar.

84 ‘Ciencia y fe’, F.V.D. (September 1933) 13(149), pp. 357–358Google Scholar.

85 Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1918) 18, p. 809Google Scholar.

86 Devoto was also in charge of the Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires first published in 1898 and relaunched under his editorship in 1901.

87 ‘Nota al Exmo. Sr. Ministro de R. E. y Culto sobre nombramientos en la curia’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1923) 23, p. 379Google Scholar.

88 ‘Monseñor Dr. Fortunato J. Devoto: Nuevo Obispo Auxiliar de la Arquidiócesis’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1927) 27, p. 711Google Scholar; ‘Sagrada Congregación Consistorial: S. E. Revma. Mons. Dr. Fortunato J. Devoto, Obispo Auxiliar del Excmo. Sr. Arzobispo’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1933) 33, p. 345Google Scholar.

89 [Fortunato Devoto], ‘El V Congreso Científico Internacional de Católicos’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1901) 1, pp. 49–55, 50Google Scholar.

90 Hodge, John E., ‘Benjamin Apthorp Gould and the founding of the Argentine National Observatory’, The Americas (1971) 28, pp. 152–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Asúa, Miguel de, ‘Historia de la Astronomía en la Argentina’, in Romero, Gustavo E., Cellone, Sergio A. and Cora, Sofía (eds.), Historia de la Astronomía Argentina, La Plata: Asociación Argentina de Astronomía, 2009, pp. 1–19Google Scholar.

91 Hodge, John E., ‘Charles Dillon Perrine and the transformation of the Argentine National Observatory’, Journal of the History of Astronomy (1977) 8, pp. 12–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

92 Dessy, Jorge Landi, ‘Charles Dillon Perrine y el desarrollo de la astrofísica en la República Argentina’, Boletín de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias (1970) 48, pp. 219–240, 235–239Google Scholar.

93 Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina (June 1933) 41(11714), p. 741Google Scholar.

94 Aguilar, Félix, ‘La medicion de un arco de meridiano en la Republica Argentina’, Anales del Instituto Popular de Conferencias (1937) 22, pp. 199–214Google Scholar; Nacional, Congreso, Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados. Año 1936, 6 vols., Buenos Aires: Imprenta del Congreso Nacional, 1937, vol. 5, pp. 527–531Google Scholar. See Ortiz, Eduardo L., ‘La Comisión del Arco de Meridiano: Astronomía, geodesia, oceanografía y geofísica en la Argentina de 1935–1945’, Saber y Tiempo (2005) 19, pp. 127–187Google Scholar.

95 ‘S. E. R. Monseñor Fortunato Devoto fue nombrado presidente del Consejo Nacional de Observatorios’, El Pueblo, 3 June 1933, p. 1; ‘El progreso de la astronomía en la Argentina’, La Razón: Anuario 1934, Buenos Aires: La Razón, 1934, p. 63Google Scholar.

96 Sandford, Roscoe F., ‘The seventy-fifth anniversary of the Córdoba observatory’, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1946) 58(345), pp. 341–348CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bernaola, Omar A., Enrique Gaviola y el Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba, Buenos Aires: Saber y Tiempo, 2001Google Scholar.

97 ‘Nuevas autoridades en observatorios nacionales’, Revista Astronómica (1956) 28, pp. 81–87, 85Google Scholar.

98 SJ, Agustín Udías, Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories, Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2003, pp. 142–145Google Scholar; SJ, Ignacio Puig, El Observatorio de San Miguel, República Argentina, Buenos Aires, 1935Google Scholar.

99 ‘El país contará próximamente con otro observatorio’, La Nación, 8 September 1934, p. 1.

100 ‘Con la asistencia del Gral. Justo inauguróse el Observatorio de Física Cósmica’, El Pueblo, 13 December 1935, p. 1.

101 Casella, Edgardo, ‘Nuestros “hombres de ciencia”’, Revista del Círculo Médico Argentino y Centro de Estudiantes de Medicina (1927) 27, p. 230Google Scholar.

102 Lamarca, Emilio, ‘Necesidad de la acción social’, Revista Eclesiástica del Arzobispado de Buenos Aires (1910) 10, pp. 3–30Google Scholar.

103 For these authors see the second section of this paper.

104 Devoto, Fortunato, ‘A “Patria y Hogar”. En defensa del Centro de Estudios Religiosos’, Ichtys (1923) 2(25), pp. 343–346Google Scholar.

105 Asúa, op. cit. (12); Luz, Sociedad, Ameghino: Homenaje de la Sociedad Luz en el XXV aniversario de su muerte. 1911–Agosto 6-1936, Buenos Aires: Federación Gráfica Bonaerense, 1936Google Scholar; Podgorny, Irina and Farro, Máximo, ‘Frente a la tumba del sabio’, Ciencia Hoy (1998) 8(47), pp. 28–37Google Scholar.

106 As can be seen in the papers published in the socialist magazine La Universidad Popular between 1905 and 1907.

107 Giménez, Ángel, Páginas de historia del movimiento social en la República Argentina, Buenos Aires: Imprenta La Vanguardia, 1927, pp. 66–68Google Scholar. Cf. Barrancos, Dora, La escena iluminada: Ciencias para trabajadores (1890–1930), Buenos Aires: Plus Ultra, 1996Google Scholar.

108 Meyer, Camilo, Conferencias de astronomía popular dadas en 1912 y 1913, Buenos Aires: Kidd, 1916Google Scholar; Galles, Carlos, ‘La obra de Camilo Meyer por la cultura científica argentina’, in de Asúa, Miguel (ed.), La ciencia en la Argentina: Perspectivas históricas, Buenos Aires: CEAL, 1993, pp. 134–144Google Scholar.

109 Artigas, Mariano, Glick, Thomas F. and Martínez, Rafael A., Negotiating Darwin: The Vatican Confronts Evolution, 1877–1902, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006Google Scholar.

110 J. Peretó and J.I. Català, ‘A reconciliation with Darwin. Erich Wasmann and Jaime Pujiula's divergent views on evolutionism: biologists and Jesuits’, Mètode: Science Studies Journal (2017) 7, pp. 87–93; Miguel de Asúa, ‘Los artículos del P. José María Blanco S.I. en la revista Estudios sobre la evolución y las teorías antropológicas de Ameghino’, Stromata (2009) 65, pp. 313–335; Gallardo, op. cit. (30), pp. 61–62.

111 Larson, Carolyne R., ‘“Argentine man”: human evolution and cultural citizenship in Argentina, 1911–1940’, in Bryce, B. and Sheinin, D.M. (eds.), Making Citizens in Argentina, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017, pp. 43–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

112 ‘R.P. José Ubach Medir S.J.’, Revista Astronómica (1935) 7, p. 337Google Scholar; Ubach, José SJ, La teoría de la relatividad en la física moderna: Lorentz, Minkowski, Einstein, Buenos Aires: Amorrortu, 1920Google Scholar; de Asúa, Miguel and de Mendoza, Diego Hurtado, Imágenes de Einstein: Relatividad y cultura en el mundo y en la Argentina, Buenos Aires: Eudeba, 2006, pp. 184–190Google Scholar.

113 Brugier, Eduardo SJ, Elementos de cosmografía, 7th edn, Buenos Aires: Estrada, 1933Google Scholar; Nacional, Congreso, Diario de Sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados: Año 1927, 6 vols., Buenos Aires: Imprenta y Encuadernadora de la Cámara de Diputados, 1927, vol. 2, p. 35Google Scholar. Despite being an actualized compendium, Brugier's text mentions the three ‘systems of the universe’ (Ptolemaic, Tychonic and Copernican) in the long-established tradition of eighteenth-century Jesuit commentaries of natural philosophy. See pp. 86–87.

114 Congreso Nacional, op. cit. (113), vol. 2, p. 29.

115 Brooke, John H., ‘Science and the secularization of knowledge: perspectives on some eighteenth-century transformations’, Nuncius (1989) 4(1), pp. 43–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brooke, , ‘Science and secularization’, in Harrison, Peter (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Science and Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 103–123CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

116 Numbers, Ronald L., ‘Science, secularization, and privatization’, in Numbers, Science and Christianity in Pulpit and Pew, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 129–136CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

117 Harrison, Peter, ‘Science and secularization’, Intellectual History Review (2017) 27(1), pp. 47–70, 56CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

118 Paul, op. cit. (54).

119 de Asúa, Miguel, ‘Science and integral Catholicism in interwar Argentina’, Church History and Religious Culture (2019) 99, pp. 405–503CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Asúa, , ‘Argentine Catholic democratic scientists and their projects for a research university (1932–59)’, Catholic Historical Review (2020) 106(1), pp. 124–149Google Scholar.