Early drafts of this paper were read at the University of Kent in November 1987, and at the University of Glasgow in September 1988. In a revised form it was jointly awarded the ‘Singer Prize’ by the British Society for the History of Science in January 1989. For this extended version of the Singer Prize essay I am grateful to Crosbie Smith, Alex Dolby, Andrew Warwick and John Brooke for their valuable advice and criticisms, and to Simon Schaffer and Sophie Forgan for the inspiration provided by their work. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support of the SERC/ESRC.

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⁴³ S.P. Thompson described this instrument as a portable ‘steelyard’, Thompson, , op. cit (8), p. 341.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Smith, and Wise, , op. cit. (5), pp. 661–664Google Scholar; Thompson, , op. cit. (8), pp. 330–332Google Scholar. I hope to develop the arguments presented in this section in a future paper upon the contemporary ideologies and industrial utilities of measurement instruments employed in telegraphy and laboratory research.

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⁵⁸ Thomson to Helmholtz 23/11/1862 in Thompson, , op. cit. (8), p. 425Google Scholar. I hope to discuss Thomson's ironic references to the contemporary debates on Darwinian evolution in a future paper.

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⁶⁶ Idem.

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⁷⁵ Royal School of Mines, Minutes of Council, 23/1/1869.

⁷⁶ University College, London, College Correspondence, 1865 AM/103.

⁷⁷ According to J.A. Fleming, distinct academic communities of experimental and mathematical physicists were well established by the 1870s, and apart from Thomson and Tait, whose wide ranging research activities cut across this categorization, Fleming unequivocally placed all the other academic physicists discussed here in the category of experimentalist, Fleming, J.A., ‘Physics and the Physicists of the 1870s’, Nature, (1934), 143, p. 28.Google Scholar

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