Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:50:29.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Grassland Management and the Early Development of British Ecology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2009

John Sheail
John Sheail
Affiliation:
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE17 2LS, U.K.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Worster depicted ecology as ‘a stranger who has just blown into town’ — it had ‘a presence without a past’. In seeking to remedy this deficiency, historians have drawn attention to the fact that an interest in the relationship of wild species to their environment, and to one another, can be discerned well before the theory of evolution by natural selection was enunciated by Charles Darwin in the Origin of Species.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal for the History of Science , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , November 1986 , pp. 283 - 299
Copyright
Copyright © British Society for the History of Science 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Worster, D., Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. Cambridge, 1985, pp. xiii–xvii.Google Scholar

2 McIntosh, R.P., The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory. Cambridge, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3 Gleason, H.A., ‘Twenty-five years of ecology, 1910–1935’. In: Anonymous (ed.), Twenty fifth anniversary papers. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Memoirs (1913–1914), (1936), IV, p. 41.Google Scholar

4 Godwin, H., ‘Review’, Journal of Ecology (1930), 18, pp. 181–183.Google Scholar

5 Tansley, A. G., ‘International Phytogeographical Excursion in America 1913’, New Phytologist, 12, p. 333Google Scholar; Clements, F.E., Plant Succession. An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Washington, 1916CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Colinvaux, P.A., Introduction to Ecology. Chichester, 1973, pp. 79–88.Google Scholar

6 Fritsch, F.E., ‘The subacrial and freshwater algal flora of the tropics: a phytogeographical and ecological study’. Annals of Botany, (1907), 21, pp. 235–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Warming, E., Plantesamfund. Grundtraek af den Okologiske Plantegeografi. Copenhagen, 1895Google Scholar; Goodland, R.J., ‘The tropical origin of ecology: Eugen Warming's jubilee’, Oikos, (1975), 26, pp. 240–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

8 Tansley, A.G., ‘Eug. Warming in memoriam’, Botanisk Tidsskrift, (1924), 39, pp. 54–56Google Scholar; Godwin, H., ‘Sir Arthur Tansley: the man and the subject’, Journal of Ecology, (1977), 65, pp. 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Schimper, A.F.W., Pflanzen Geographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage. Jena, 1898Google Scholar; Tansley, A.G., ‘The problems of ecology’, New Phytologist, (1904), 3, pp. 191–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Smith, R., ‘On the study of plant associations’, Natural Science, (1899), 14, pp. 109–120.Google Scholar

10 Smith, R., ‘Botanical survey of Scotland’, Scottish Geographical Magazine, (1900), 16, pp. 385–416 and 441–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11 Smith, W.G., ‘A botanical survey of Scotland’, Scottish Geographical Magazine, (1902), 18, pp. 132–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

12 Woodhead, T.W., ‘William Gardener Smith (1866–1928)’, Naturalist, (1929), pp. 153–156.Google Scholar

13 Tobey, R.C., Saving the Prairies: The Life Cycle of the Founding School of American Plant Ecology, 1895–1955. Berkeley, 1981.Google Scholar

14 Lane, C., ‘The development of pastures and meadows during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’, Agricultural History Review (1980), 28, pp. 18–30.Google Scholar

15 Norden, J., The Surveyors Dialogue. London, 1610, pp. 163–167.Google Scholar

16 Ellis, W., The Farmer's Instructor. London, 1747, pp. 130–137.Google Scholar

17 Stillingfleet, B., Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Natural History, Husbandry and Physick. London, 1759, pp. 202–218.Google Scholar

18 Curtis, W., Practical Observations on the British Grasses Best Adapted to the Laying Down, or Improving of Meadows and Pastures. London, 1790.Google Scholar

19 Sinclair, J., Essays on Agriculture, Farming, Breeding and Fattening Cattle. London, 1818, pp. 47–60.Google Scholar

20 Pitt, W., A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Leicester. London, 1809, pp. 157–158.Google Scholar

21 Sinclair, G., Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis. London, 1824.Google Scholar

22 Holdich, B., An Essay on the Weeds of Agriculture. London, 1825.Google Scholar

23 Hutton, J., A Letter to the Landed Proprietors of Great Britain. London, 1838.Google Scholar

24 Evans, M. and Bowstead, T., ‘Report on laying down land to permanent pasture’, journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, (1875), 11, pp. 442–509.Google Scholar

25 Barratt, W., Observations on the Best Mode of Laying Down Lands for Permanent Grass. London, 1849.Google Scholar

26 de Laune, F., ‘On laying down land to permanent grass’, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, (1882), 43, pp. 229–264.Google Scholar

27 Toogood, W., Pastures and Pasture Plants. London, 1897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

28 Carruthers, W., ‘The composition of some of the famous ancient pastures of England’, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, (1890) 1, pp. 751–764.Google Scholar

29 Elliott, R.H., The Clifton Park System of Farming and Laying down to Grass. London, 1943.Google Scholar

30 Everitt, N., Practical Notes on Grasses and Grass Growing in East Anglia. London, 1897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

31 Malden, W.J., The Conversion of Arable Land to Pasture. London, 1898.Google Scholar

32 Fream, W., ‘The herbage of old grass lands’, Journal of the Royal Agricutural Society, (1888), 24, pp. 415–447Google Scholar; Lawes, J.B., ‘The history of a field newly laid down to permanent pasture’, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, (1889), 25, pp. 1–24Google Scholar; Kinch, E. and Stapledon, R.G., Grass Land (1888–1911). Manurial Experiments on Permanent Grass. Cirencester (reprint from Scientific Bulletin, 3), 1911, pp. 1–18Google Scholar; Pawson, H.C., Cockle Park Farm. Oxford, 1960.Google Scholar

33 Middleton, T.H., ‘Formation of permanent pastures: the selection of seeds for laying down land to grass’, Journal of the Board of Agriculture, (1905), 12, pp. 385–399 and 449–462.Google Scholar

34 Stapledon, R.G., The Effect of the Drought of 1911 on Cotswold Grass Land. Cirencester, 1911 (reprint from Scientific Bulletin, 3), pp. 9–18.Google Scholar

35 Pawson, H.C., Cockle Park Farm. Oxford, 1960.Google Scholar

36 Stapledon, R.G, ‘Pasture problems: drought resistance’, Journal of Agricultural Science, (1913), 5, pp. 129–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

37 Stapledon, R.G., Seasonal Productivity of Herbage Grasses, with Particular Reference to the Influence of Different Systems of Cutting on Indigenous and Non-indigenous Strains. Welsh Plant Breeding Station, University College of Wales, series H(3), 1924, pp. 5–84.Google Scholar

38 Stapledon, R.G. and Jenkin, T.J., ‘Pasture problems: indigenous plants in relation to habitat and sown species’, Journal of Agricultural Science, (1916), 8, pp. 26–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

39 Smith, W.G. and Crampton, C.B., ‘Grassland in Britain’, Journal of Agricultural Science, (1914), 6, pp. 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

40 Waller, R., Prophet of the New Age: The Life and Thought of Sir George Stapledon. London, 1962.Google Scholar

41 Stapledon, R.G., ‘Climate and the improvement of hill land’. In: Stapledon, R.G. (ed.), Four Adresses on the Improvment of Grassland. Aberystwyth, 1933, pp. 27–36.Google Scholar

42 Stapledon, R.G., ‘Pasture problems: the response of individual species under manures’, Journal of Agricultural Science, (1914), 6, pp. 499–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

43 Davies, W., ‘The grasslands of Wales — a survey’. In: Stapledon, R.G. (ed.), A Survey of the Agricultural and Waste Lands of Wales. London 1936, pp. 13–107.Google Scholar

44 Turesson, G., ‘The species and the variety as ecological units’. Hereditas, (1922), 3, pp. 100–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

45 Stapledon, R.G., ‘Land improvement’. In: Stapledon, R.G. (ed.), Four Addresses on the Improvement of Grassland. Aberystwyth, 1933, pp. 19–26Google Scholar; Stapledon, R.G., ‘The ecological point of view and the breeding of herbage plants’. In: Stapledon, R.G. (ed.), The Way of the Land. London, 1943, pp. 144–154.Google Scholar

46 Stapledon, R.G., ‘Cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata L.): ecotypes in relation to the biotic factor’. Journal of Ecology, (1928), 16, pp. 71–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

47 Stapledon, R.G., A Tour of Australia and New Zealand. Grass Land and Other Studies, London, 1928.Google Scholar

48 Ibid.

49 Stapledon, R.G., The Hill Lands ofBritian. Development or Decay? London, 1937.Google Scholar

50 Mingay, G.E., The Agricultural Revolution: Changes in Agriculture 1650–1880. London, 1977, p. 16.Google Scholar

51 Smith, W.G., ‘Agricultural botany in the past fifty years’, Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, (1912), 28, pp. 77–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

52 Stapledon, R.G., ‘On the plant communities of farm land’, Annals of Botany, (1916), 30, pp. 160–180.Google Scholar

53 Hall, A.D., The Soil. London, 1920Google Scholar; Hall, A.D. and Russell, E.J., A Report on the Agriculture and Soils of Kent, Surrey and Sussex. London, 1911.Google Scholar

54 Salisbury, E., ‘The origin and early years of the British Ecological Society’ Journal of Ecology, (1964), 52 (Supplement), pp. 13–18.Google Scholar

55 Stapledon, R.G., ‘Points of view relative to the study of grassland’. In: Stapledon, R.G. (ed.), Four Addresses on the Improvement of Grassland. Aberystwyth, 1933, pp. 5–18.Google Scholar

56 Smith, W.G., ‘President's address’, Journal of Ecology, (1919), 7, pp. 110–116.Google Scholar

57 Tansley, A.G., ‘British ecology during the past quarter-century: the plant community and the ecosystem’, Journal of Ecology, (1939), 27, pp. 513–530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

58 Hall, A.D., The Book of the Rothamsted Experiments. London, 1919, pp. vii–xii.Google Scholar

59 Stapledon, R.G. and Hanley, J.A., Grassland. Its Management and Improvement. Oxford, 1927.Google Scholar

60 Russell, E.J., ‘Reginald George Stapledon’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, (1961), 7, pp. 249–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61 Pearsall, W.H., ‘The development of ecology in Britain’, Journal of Ecology, (1964), 52 (Supplement) pp. 1–12.Google Scholar