Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 January 2013
Journalistic representations of a suicide pact in 1957 encapsulated wider popular assumptions on, and anxieties over, nuclear technology. Through an exploration of British nuclear culture in the late 1950s, this article suggests that knowledge of nuclear danger disrupted broader conceptions of self, nationhood and existence in British life. Building on Hecht's use of the term ‘nuclearity’, the article offers an alternative definition of the term whereby nuclearity is understood to mean the collection of assumptions held by individual citizens on the dangers of nuclear technology: assumptions that were rooted firmly in context and which circulated in, and were shaped by, national discourse. The article will argue that nuclearity was an active component in the formation of British identity by the late 1950s. The article is intended as a starting point for extended reflections on the ways in which nuclearity can add to our understanding of individual experience, nuclear anxiety and Cold War culture in post-war Britain.
1 West Lancashire Evening Gazette, 10 August 1957, p. 1.
2 Daily Mirror, 16 August 1957, p. 7. See also West Lancashire Evening Gazette, 10 August 1957, p. 1; Daily Express, 14 August 1957, p. 5; ‘The family who died from fear of the bomb’, Daily Mail, 16 August 1957, p. 5.
3 Daily Mirror, op. cit. (2).
4 For scholarly debates concerned with the broader meanings of nuclear technology in British life see especially Welsh, Ian, Mobilising Modernity: The Nuclear Moment, London: Routledge, 2003Google Scholar.
5 Hoggart, Richard, A Sort of Clowning: Life and Times, vol. 2: 1940–59, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 197Google Scholar.
6 For a useful survey of post-war British society see Thane, Pat, ‘Family life and “normality” in postwar British culture’, in Bessell, Richard and Schimann, Dirk (eds.), Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 193–210Google Scholar.
7 Lifton, Robert Jay, ‘On death and death symbolism: the Hiroshima disaster’, Psychiatry (1964) 27, pp. 191–210Google Scholar. For a discussion of Lifton see Boyer, Paul, ‘From activism to apathy: the American people and nuclear weapons, 1963–1980’, Journal of American History (1984) 70, pp. 821–844, 828–829Google Scholar.
8 Boyer, Paul, By the Bomb's Early Light: American Thought and Culture at the Dawn of the Atomic Age, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985Google Scholar, passim.
9 Masco, Joseph, ‘“Survival is your business”: engineering ruins and affect in nuclear America’, Cultural Anthropology (2008) 23, pp. 361–398, 387Google Scholar.
10 Hecht, Gabrielle, ‘Negotiating global nuclearities: apartheid, decolonization, and the Cold War in the making of the IAEA’, Osiris (2006) 21, pp. 25–48Google Scholar; Hecht, ‘Nuclear ontologies’, Constellations (2006) 13, pp. 320–331Google Scholar.
11 For the historicization of fear and anxiety see Bourke, Joanna, ‘Fear and anxiety: writing about emotion in modern history’, History Workshop Journal (2003) 55, pp. 111–133Google Scholar; Orr, Jackie, Panic Diaries: A Genealogy of Panic Disorder, Durham: Duke University Press, 2005Google Scholar; Caruth, Cathy, Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996Google Scholar; Lafleur, Mark, ‘Life and death in the shadow of the A-bomb: sovereignty and memory on the 60th anniversary of Hiroshima and Nagasaki’, in Carpentier, Nico (ed.), Culture, Trauma and Conflict: Cultural Studies Perspectives on War, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007, pp. 209–229Google Scholar.
12 Mort, Frank, ‘Social and symbolic fathers and sons in postwar Britain’, Journal of British Studies (1999) 38, pp. 353–384Google Scholar, 382.
13 Mort, op. cit. (12), p. 382.
14 For example, Hennessy, Peter, Having It So Good: Britain in the Fifties, London: Penguin, 2006Google Scholar; Kynaston, David, Austerity Britain, 1945–51, London: Bloomsbury, 2008Google Scholar. See also Thomas, Nick, ‘Will the real 1950s please stand up?’, Cultural and Social History (2008) 5, pp. 227–235Google Scholar.
15 For example, see Grant, Matthew, After the Bomb: Civil Defence and Nuclear War in Britain, 1945–68, London: Palgrave, 2010Google Scholar.
16 See Hopkins, Michael F., Kandiah, Michael D. and Staerck, Gillian (eds.), Cold War Britain, 1945–1964: New Perspectives, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003Google Scholar.
17 For approaches in the American context see Weart, Spencer, Nuclear Fear, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988Google Scholar.
18 Caruth, op. cit. (11), p. 12.
19 Dawson, G. and West, B., ‘Our finest hour? The popular memory of World War Two and the struggle over national identity’, in Hurd, G. (ed.), National Fictions: World War Two in British Films and Television, London: BFI Books, 1984Google Scholar.
20 Saint-Amour, Paul K., ‘Bombing and the symptom: traumatic earliness and the nuclear uncanny’, Diacritics (Winter 2000) 30, pp. 59–82Google Scholar, 60.
21 Saint-Amour, op. cit. (20), p. 61.
22 Kermode, Frank, The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 28Google Scholar.
23 Kermode, op. cit. (22), p. 95.
24 Giddens, Anthony, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity, 1991, p. 4Google Scholar.
25 On the failure of the modern project in Europe see Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989Google Scholar; Adorno, Theodore and Horkheimer, Max, Dialectic of Enlightenment, London: Verso, 1979Google Scholar. On modernity and post-war Britain see Conekin, Becky, Mort, Frank and Waters, Chris, Moments of Modernity: Reconstructing Britain 1945–1964, London: Rivers Oram, 1999Google Scholar; Welsh, Ian, Mobilising Modernity: The Nuclear Moment, London: Routledge, 2003Google Scholar; Appleyard, Brian, The Pleasures of Peace: Art and Imagination in Postwar Britain, London, Faber & Faber, 1989Google Scholar.
26 Hales, Peter B., ‘The atomic sublime’, American Studies (1991) pp. 5–31Google Scholar, 28.
27 Hennessy, Peter, The Secret State, London: Penguin, 2010Google Scholar; Ball, S.J., ‘Military nuclear relations between the United States and Great Britain under the terms of the McMahon Act, 1946–1958’, Historical Journal (1995) 38, pp. 439–454Google Scholar.
28 See the chapter ‘The shadow of the Bomb’ in Hughes, Michael, Conscience and Conflict: Methodism, Peace and War in the Twentieth Century, Peterborough: Epworth, 2008, pp. 140–180Google Scholar; Kirby, Diane, ‘The Church of England and the Cold War nuclear debate’, Twentieth Century British History (1993) 4, pp. 250–283Google Scholar.
29 For a selection of British responses to the bomb see Kynaston, op. cit. (14), pp. 82–85; Garfield, Simon, Our Hidden Lives: The Everyday Diaries of a Forgotten Britain, 1945–1948, London: Ebury, 2004, pp. 72–78Google Scholar.
30 For histories of the early years of the CND see Wittner, Laurence S., Resisting the Bomb: A History of the World Disarmament Movement, 1954–70, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997Google Scholar; Taylor, Richard, Against the Bomb: The British Peace Movement, 1958–1965, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988Google Scholar; Nehring, Holger, ‘The British and West German protests against nuclear weapons and the cultures of the Cold War, 1957–64’, Contemporary British History (2005) 19, pp. 223–241Google Scholar.
31 Arnold, Lorna and Pyne, Katherine, Britain and the H-Bomb, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001Google Scholar.
32 Arnold, Lorna, Windscale 1957: Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007Google Scholar.
33 See Arnold, Lorna and Smith, Mark, Britain, Australia and the Bomb: The Nuclear Tests and Their Aftermath, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006Google Scholar.
34 Grant, op. cit. (15), passim.
35 See Scott, Len, ‘Labour and the Bomb’, International Affairs (2006) 82, pp. 685–700Google Scholar.
36 Toynbee, Philip, The Fearful Choice: A Debate on Nuclear Policy, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1959Google Scholar.
37 Hardy, Henry (ed.), Enlightening: Letters 1946–1960, London, Chatto & Windus, 2009, pp. 606–609Google Scholar. For Isaiah Berlin's Cold War role see Jonathan Hogg, ‘Locating Isaiah Berlin in the cultural Cold War context: text and ontology 1945–1989’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007.
38 Daily Express, 20 September 1957, p. 10.
39 Daily Express, 5 October 1957, p. 6.
40 Daily Express, 10 September 1957, p. 13.
41 Shaw, Tony, British Cinema and the Cold War, London: I.B. Tauris, 2001, pp. 134–136Google Scholar; I.Q. Hunter, ‘The Day the Earth Caught Fire’, in Hunter (ed.), British Science Fiction Cinema, London: Routledge, 2001, pp. 99–113.
42 Daily Express, 11 March 1958, p. 7.
43 Laski, Marghanita, The Offshore Island, London: Mayfair Books, 1961Google Scholar.
44 See Wilkinson, Nicholas, Secrecy and the Media: The Official History of the United Kingdom's D-Notice System, London, Routledge, 2009Google Scholar; See Hughes, Jeff, ‘The Strath Report: Britain confronts the H-bomb, 1954–1955’, History and Technology (2003) 19, pp. 257–275Google Scholar; for work in the American context see Hiltgartner, Stephen, Bell, R.C. and O'Connor, R., Nukespeak: Nuclear Language, Visions and Mindset, San Fransisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982Google Scholar.
45 Daily Express, 12 February 1958, p. 1.
46 Kubrick, Stanley (dir.), Dr. Strangelove, Or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, Columbia Pictures, 1964Google Scholar.
47 Daily Express, 28 March 1957, p. 6. On Pincher's active Cold War role see Turchetti, Simone, ‘Atomic secrets and governmental lies: nuclear science, politics and security in the Pontecorvo case’, BJHS (2003) 36, pp. 409–414Google Scholar.
48 Daily Express, 16 May 1957, p. 1.
49 Daily Mirror, 3 June 1957, p. 3.
50 The name of J.B. Priestley is mentioned on 11 March due to his television play Doomsday for Dyson.
51 Daily Express, 10 March 1958, p. 6.
52 Daily Express, 11 March 1958, p. 8.
53 Daily Express, op. cit. (52).
54 Daily Express, op. cit. (51).
55 Daily Mirror, 14 October 1957, p. 1.
56 Wynne, Brian, ‘Misunderstood misunderstandings: social identities and public uptake of science’, Public Understanding of Science (1992) 1, pp. 281–304Google Scholar.
57 See ‘A revised transcript of the proceedings of the Board of Enquiry into the Fire at Windscale Pile No. 1, October 1957’, released in 1989. Accessible at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/05_10_07_ukaea.pdf.
58 Daily Mirror, op. cit. (2).
59 Daily Mirror, op. cit. (2).
60 Matless, David, Landscape and Englishness, London: Reaktion, 1998Google Scholar.
61 Nuttall, Jeff, Bomb Culture, London: Paladin, 1968, p. 20Google Scholar, original emphasis.
62 Foucault, Michel, The Will to Knowledge: The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, London: Penguin, 1998, p. 137Google Scholar.