Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T00:32:21.711Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Arthur Aikin's Mineralogical Survey of Shropshire 1796–1816, and the contemporary audience for geological publications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2009

H. S. Torrens
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG.

Extract

It has become almost traditional for historians of geology to claim that Roderick Murchison (1792–1871) ‘opened to view for the first time’ the fossiliferous rocks below the Old Red Sandstone which Murchison described in his monumental work The Silurian System published in 1839. Murchison himself claimed in the introduction to this work ‘no-one was previously aware of the existence below the Old Red Sandstone of a regular series of deposits, containing peculiar organic remains’. Professor John Phillips expressed the traditional view well when he wrote of the larger area of which Shropshire forms a part: ‘practically before the Summer of 1831 the whole field of the ancient rocks and fossils… was unexplored but then arose two men… Adam Sedgwick and Roderick Murchison and simultaneously set to work to cultivate what had been left a desert’. Against this we must set the statement of George B. Greenough (1778–1855), first president of the Geological Society of London, as reported in 1841. He had ‘frequently expressed a conviction, as a result of his own observations…, that adequate enquiry alone was wanting to prove the existence of a succession of strata in the west of England, and in Wales—not less regular than that which had been demonstrated in the centre and east of the Island.’

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British Society for the History of Science 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Thackray, J., ‘R. I. Murchison's Silurian System 1839’, J. Soc. Biblphy not. Hist. 1978, 9, 61.Google Scholar

2 Murchison, R. I., The Silurian System, London, 1839, 4.Google Scholar

3 in Geikie, A., Life of Sir Roderick I. Murchison, 2 vols., London, 1875, 1, 179.Google Scholar

4 by [Fitton, W. H.Review of the Silurian System… by R. I. Murchison’. Edinb. Rev. 1841, 73, 7.Google Scholar

5 part I was published in 1822.

6 Bassett, D. A., Bibliography and Index of Geology and allied sciences for Wales and the Welsh Borders 1536–1896, Cardiff, 1963.Google Scholar

7 Cowling, G. C. A., A descriptive list of the printed maps of Shropshire, 1577–1900, Shrewsbury, 1959.Google Scholar

8 Trinder, B., The Industrial Revolution in Shropshire, 2nd edition, London, 1981.Google Scholar

9 Tomkeieff, S., ‘James Hutton and the Philosophy of Geology’. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. 1950, 63B, (4), 389.Google ScholarFuller, J. G. C. M., ‘The industrial basis of stratigraphy.John Strachey (1671–1743) and William Smith (1769–1839).’ Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 1969, 53, 22562273.Google ScholarPorter, R. S., The making of geology: Earth Science in Britain 1660–1815, Cambridge, 1977, 131–2.Google ScholarInkster, I., ‘Science and Society in the Metropolis: A Preliminary Examination of the Social and Institutional Context of the Askesian Society of London,’ 17961807. Ann. Sci. 1977, 34, 132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarWeindling, P., ‘Geological controversy and its historiography: the prehistory of the Geological Society of London,’ pp. 248271.Google Scholar in L. J. Jordanova & R. S. Porter (editors). Images of the Earth. Essays in the History of the Environmental Sciences, Brit. Soc. Hist. Sci. Monog. 1979, 1, 282 p.Google Scholar

10 Pedigree in Hunter, J., ‘Familiae minorum gentium’ (editor J. W. Clay), vol. 1 Publications of the Harleian Society 1894, 37, 183.Google Scholar

11 Turner, W., The Warrington Academy with an introduction by Carter, G. A., Warrington, 1957.Google Scholar

12 See his article in Gents. Mag., 1786, 56, (1), 3435.Google Scholar

13 D N.B., and Frankenberg, R., ‘John Aikin (1747–1822). Doctor and Philosopher’. Mem. Proc. Manchr. lit. phil. Soc. 1964, 106, 20 p. (offprint).Google Scholar

14 Rodgers, B., Georgian Chronicle: Mrs. Barbauld and her family, London, 1958Google Scholar, and McLachlan, H., English Education under the Test Acts, Manchester, 1931, 246255.Google Scholar

15 Skinner, R. F., Nonconformity in Shropshire 1662–1816, Shrewsbury, 1964.Google Scholar

16 R. Astley MSS. Shrewsbury Public Library.

17 Astley, R., History of the Presbyterian Meeting House, Shrewsbury. London, (reprinted from the Christian Reformer N.S. 3), 1847, 22.Google Scholar

18 Evans, G. E. (editor), Shropshire Parish Registers. Nonconformist Registers part 1. Shrop. Par. Reg. Soc. 1903 (includes Shrewsbury High Street Church Registers, 1692–1812), vii.Google Scholar

19 obit, of Aikin, A. in Christian Reformer 1854, N.S. 10, 379Google Scholar and Ditchfield, G. M., Some aspects of Unitarianism and Radicalism. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University, 1968, 327.Google Scholar

20 Church accounts preserved at the Unitarian church, Shrewsbury.

21 Rodgers, , op. cit (14), 162–3.Google Scholar

22 Money, J., Experience and identity: Birmingham and the West Midlands, Manchester, 1977, 225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

23 Peacock, G., Memoir of Dr. Thomas Young, London, 1855, 74.Google Scholar

24 Nangle, B. C., The Monthly Review, 2nd series 1790–1815. Indexes of contributors and articles. Oxford, 1955, 29.Google Scholar

25 Emblen, D. L., Peter Mark Roget; the word and the man. London, 1970, 29Google Scholar, and Hare, A. J. C., The life and letters of Maria Edgeworth, 2 vols., London, 1894, 1, 43.Google Scholar

26 Gents. Mag. 1854, 197 (2), 194.Google Scholar

27 Aikin, A., Journal of a Tour through North Wales and Part of Shropshire with observations in Mineralogy and other branches of Natural History. London, 1797, v.Google Scholar

28 Published Neuchâtel 1779–1796 in 4 vols.

29 1796, vol. 1, 15–8, 104–7, 191–4.

30 Extracts also appeared in [Nicholson, 's] Journal of natural philosophy, etc, 1797, 1, 220–5, 367–72Google Scholar, so it received wide publicity.

31 Monthly Review 1797, 23, 386–8.Google Scholar

32 Porter, , op. cit (9), 235.Google Scholar

33 D N.B.

34 vol. 5, 121–3.

35 vol. 11, 223–5.

36 MSS at Linnean Society, London. Aikin, 's Observations on the stratification… of PortsoyGoogle Scholar: were to have been accompanied by a suite of specially collected specimens which however miscarried see A historical sketch of the Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle on Tyne, 1807, xxiixxiii.Google Scholar

37 vol. 6, 455.

38 Inkster, , op. cit. (9), 89.Google Scholar

39 Rodgers, , op. cit (14), 289.Google Scholar

40 preserved in the Wills Library, Guy's Hospital, London.

41 D.N.B. and Kent, A., ‘Arthur Aikin (1773–1854) and other presidents.’ Proc. chem. Soc. 1962, 04, 133134.Google Scholar

42 Bradshaw, L., Life of William Allen with selections from his correspondence, 3 vols., London, 1846, 1, 45.Google Scholar

43 Minute book of the Society. Mineralogy Dept. Library, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London.

44 Watts, W. W., ‘Fifty years of work of the Mineralogical Society.’ Mineralog. Mag. 1926, 21, 108–9.Google Scholar

45 Weindling, P. J., ‘The British Mineralogical Society: A Case-Study in Science and Social Improvement.’ in Inkster, I. and Morrell, J. B. (editors), Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture 1780–1850, London, 1983, 120–50.Google Scholar

46 Pepys, W. H., ‘British Mineralogical Society,’ [Nicholson's] Journal of natural philosophy etc. 1799, 3, 138141.Google Scholar

47 [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1801, 9, 282–3.Google Scholar

48 [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1802, 12, 285.Google Scholar

49 Turner, D. (editor), The Literary correspondence of John Pinkerton, Esq., 2 vols., London, 1830, 2, 188.Google Scholar

50 Townson's letter to Rev. Turner, W. of 18 01 1804Google Scholar in Winch MSS. Linnean Society, London.

51 Townson, R., A sketch of the Mineralogy of Shropshire pp. 158203Google Scholar in Tracts and Observations in Natural History and Physiology. London 1799 and op. cit. (4), 4.Google Scholar

52 Wm. Smith, MSS. Geology Department, Oxford University Museum. The Royal Society of Arts in London had, from 1802, offered their gold medal or a premium of 50 guineas for a Mineralogical Map of England and Wales. Aikin and Lowry may have considered submitting an entry.

53 D.N.B. and Woodward, H. B., The History of the Geological Society of London, London, 1907, 270.Google Scholar

54 Original in Stoke Newington Public library, printed in Turner, , op. cit. (49), 2, 229–30Google Scholar and Rodgers, , op. cit. (14), 223–4.Google Scholar

55 Le Breton, P. H.. Memoirs, miscellanies and letters of Lucy Aikin. London, 1864, 163–4Google Scholar and Rees, T. & Britton, J., Reminiscences of Literary London from 1779 to 1853. London, 1896, 53–5.Google Scholar

56 Lisney, A. A., A Bibliography of British Lepidoptera. London, 1960, 293–6.Google Scholar

57 copy in Stoke Newington Public Library.

58 [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag., 1802, 14, 293.Google Scholar

59 published in 1805, London in 2 vols.

60 Cutler, J., The London Institution. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leicester, 1976, 116, 213.Google Scholar

61 Inkster, , op. cit. (9), 8, 16, 18–9.Google Scholar

62 Weindling, , op. cit. (45).Google Scholar

63 Woodward, , op. cit. (53).Google Scholar

64 Rudwick, M. J. S., ‘The foundation of the Geological Society of London: its scheme for co-operative research and its struggle for independence.’ Br. Jl Hist. Sci. 1963, 1 (4), 325355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

65 Anon, ‘Arthur Aikin in Wales 1807 from Ludlow to Dolgelley.’ Notes and Queries, 1920, (12), 7, 122125.Google Scholar

66 Turner, , op. cit. (49), 2, 230.Google Scholar

67 Rudwick, , op. cit. (64), 334.Google Scholar

68 including [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1817, 49, 421–9Google Scholar; Monthly Mag. 1817, 43, 436–9Google Scholar; Am. Mineralog. Jl 1810, 1, 4352Google Scholar, and sources quoted in Eyles, J. M., ‘First Publication of the Geological Society,’ Nature, 1942, 149, 442CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Weindling, , op. cit. (9), 270.Google Scholar

69 in Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond. 1942, 98Google Scholar, Proceedings, xiii–xv.

70 Horner, L. (editor), Memoirs and correspondence of Francis Horner, M.P. London, 1843, 2, 100.Google Scholar

71 Sheppard, T., William Smith: his maps and memoirs. Hull, 1920, 216Google Scholar, and Weindling, , op. cit. (9), 261, 269–70.Google Scholar

72 Woodward, , op. cit. (53), 30.Google Scholar

73 Laudan, R., ‘Ideas and Organisations in British Geology: A case study in Institutional History,’ Isis, 1977, 68, 532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

74 Porter, R. S., The making of the Science of geology in Britain 1660–1815, Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 1974, 460.Google Scholar

75 Geological Society, Report of the Council to the Annual General Meeting of July 10 1810, London, 1810.Google Scholar

76 A Source-book of Geological… maps for Wales and the Welsh Borders (1800–1966), Cardiff. 1967, 79.Google Scholar

77 Op. cit. (14), 289.

78 Laudan, R. (née R. Bush), The development of Geological Mapping in Britain between 1790–1825, Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1974, 129, 273 and 110–12.Google Scholar

79 Dallas, J., Catalogue of the library of the Geological Society of London, London, 1881, 9.Google Scholar

80 now preserved at the St. Bride Printing Library. London.

81 Barker, N., ‘Richard Taylor—a preliminary note,’ Jl Printing Hist. Soc. 1966, 2, 46.Google Scholar

82 A confusion with this date led to Aikin, 's ProposalsGoogle Scholar being wrongly dated to 1814 in Woodward, B. B. (ed.), Catalogue of the books, manuscripts, maps and drawings in the British Museum (Natural History). 5 volumes, London 19031915, 1, 21.Google Scholar

83 Anon, ‘On the impropriety of assigning new meanings to the established marks used in science, and on observing the directions and dips of strata.’ [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag., 1811, 38, 356–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Farey, J., ‘Notes and observations on part of the eleventh and twelfth chapters and appendix, of Mr. Robert Bakewell's Introduction to geology’. [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1814, 43, 334.Google Scholar

84 op. cit. (4), 5.

85 op. cit. (83), 356.

86 For discussion of the terms ‘dip’ and ‘rise’ see Challinor, J., A dictionary of geology 5th edition, Cardiff, 1978, 87, 262.Google Scholar

87 Rudwick, , op. cit. (64), 354.Google Scholar

88 In Essai sur la Gógraphie Minéralogique des Environs de Paris. Paris, 1811.Google Scholar

89 Rudwick, M., ‘A visual language for Geology.’ Hist. Sci. 1976, 14, 158, 195.Google Scholar

90 Aikin, A., ‘Observations on the Wrekin and on the great coal field of Shropshire’. Trans. geol. Soc. Lond., 1811, 1, 191212CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and unnumbered plate.

91 Craig, G. Y. (ed.), James Hutton's Theory of the Earth: The Lost Drawings. Edinburgh, 1978, 40.Google Scholar

92 Greig, D. C. et al. ‘Geology of the country around Church Stretton, Craven Arms, Wenlock Edge and Brown Clee.’ Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. London, 1968, 380 p.Google Scholar

93 op. cit. (92), 110–114.

94 op. cit. (90), 199.

95 Symonds, W. S., Records of the Rocks, London, 1872, 139.Google Scholar

96 Plot, R., The natural history of Oxfordshire, Oxford, 1677, 103–4Google Scholar, plate 4, fig. 11.

97 Lhuyd, E., Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia, 2nd edition, Oxford, 1760, 2932Google Scholar (nos. 562–625 etc.).

98 Sowerby, J., The mineral conchology of Great Britain, Vol. 1, London, 1812, vi.Google Scholar

99 op. cit. (98), 175 (1814).

100 Ure, D., The history of Rutherglen and East Kilbride, Glasgow, 1793, 317–8Google Scholar, plates 14–16.

101 op. cit. (98), 153.

102 Muir-Wood, H. M., A history of the classification of the Phylum Brachiopoda, London, 1955, 10.Google Scholar

103 op. cit. (27), 197 and plate.

104 pitt, W.A topographical history of Staffordshire, Newcastle-under-Lyme, 1817, 191.Google Scholar

105 Whitehurst, J., An Inquiry into the original state and formation of the Earth, 2nd edition, London, 1786, 208–9, pl. 3, fig. 3.Google Scholar

106 Thackray, J. C., ‘T. T. Lewis and Murchison's Silurian SystemTrans. Woolhope Nat. Fid Club 1979, 42, 190.Google Scholar

107 op. cit. (27), xi, 197.

108 Greg, E. (ed), Reynolds-Rathbone letters and diaries 1753–18O9. Edinburgh, 1905, 145.Google Scholar

109 Trinder, , op. cit. (8), 40.Google Scholar

110 Diary no. 79, August 17 to November 29, 1809—Shropshire County Record Office, 567/4, quoted by kind permission of Charles Corbett, Esq.

111 Anon, ‘Notices respecting New Books. The Cyclopaedia… by Abraham Rees… 39 vols.’ [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag., 1820, 56, 219.Google Scholar

112 He is already named as a contributor in the prospectus for the first part in 1802. Copy in British Library collection, 11902 c. 26 (77), 1802.

113 Transcripts from this were kindly provided by David Cumming of the University of Glasgow.

114 Flinn, D., ‘John Macculloch M.D., F.R.S. and his geological map of Scotland: his years in the Ordnance, 1795–1826Notes Rec. R. Sac. Land. 1981, 36, 83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

115 Lloyd, L. C., ‘The Book Trade in Shropshire. Part 1Trans. Shrops. archaeol. nal. Hist. Soc. 1935, 48, 105110.Google Scholar

116 Wallis, P. J., ‘Book subscription lists.’ The Library 1975, (5), 29, 255286.Google Scholar

117 SirSinclair, John, Address to the Board of Agriculture on the progress made by that Institution in promoting the Improvement of the Country, on Tuesday 12th June 1810. London, 1810, 4.Google Scholar

118 op. cit (83), 334–5, 337.

119 [Playfair, J.], ‘Review of the Transactions of the Geological Society, volume 1’. Edinb. Rev. 1811, 19, 207229.Google Scholar

120 Aikin, A., ‘Notice concerning the Shropshire Witherite.’ Trans. geol. Soc. Lond. 1817, 4, 438442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

121 Woodward, , op. cit. (53), 296.Google Scholar

122 Sowerby, , op. cit. (98), 73*74* (08 1813).Google Scholar

123 See obituary notices of Aikin, in Q. Jl geol. Sac. Lond. 1855, 11Google Scholar, Proceedings xlixliiGoogle Scholar and Am. Jl Sci. 1855, 391–2.Google Scholar

124 Geological Society, Report of the Council to the Annual General Meeting oj February 7 1812. London, 1812.Google Scholar

125 Bassett, M. G., ‘The articulate brachiopods from the Wenlock Series of the Welsh Borderland and South Wales.’ Part 4. Palaeontogr. Soc. [Monogr.] 1977, (4), 172–5.Google Scholar

126 op. cit. (98) 75*–76*, (08 1813).Google Scholar

127 There is some uncertainty about the locality whence came Aikin's specimen. Sowerby's text says merely ‘from Bildwas’, but the claimed still-surviving original in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) London reg. no. BB 126 is from ‘Long Mynd.’ See Cocks, L. R. M., ‘A review of British Lower Palaeozoic brachiopods’. Palaeontogr. Soc. [Monogr.] 1978, 143 and 182.Google Scholar

128 Bakewell, R., An Introduction to Geology, London, 1813, 294.Google Scholar

129 Rev. Nightingale, J., Shropshire—The Beauties of England and Wales, London, 1813, 13Google Scholar, parts 1–2, viii, 33 and in list of Salop books [1207].

130 op. cit. (83), 334.

131 Russell, A., ‘Philip Rashleigh of Menabilly, Cornwall and his mineral collection,’ offprint from Jl Royal Inst. Cornwall, 1952, 9.Google Scholar

132 op. cit. (4), 5.

133 in Beaumont MSS. Warrington Reference Library.

134 in Muirhead MSS. Box IV A—Birmingham Reference Library.

135 Rees, A. (editor), Article ‘Shropshire’ in The Cyclopaedia or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, London, 1815, 32, unpaginated.Google Scholar

136 Rodgers, , op. cit. (14), 175Google Scholar and Le Breton, , op. cit. (55), 106–8.Google Scholar

137 Greenough MSS, Cambridge University Library MSS. Add 7918 and Wood, H. T., A History of the Royal Society of Arts, London, 1913, 336.Google Scholar

138 op. cit. (9), 32.

139 Final Prospectus [1803] in M. Boulton MSS, T 40, Birmingham Reference Library.

140 Trinder, , op. cit. (8), 137Google Scholar, and see Wordie, J. R., Estate Management in Eighteenth Century England, Royal Historical Society Studies in History 30, 1982, 127.Google Scholar

141 Autobiographical notes dated June 6 1839 in Wm. Smith MSS, Geology Dept., Oxford University Museum.

142 Salopian Journal 28 11 1810.Google Scholar

143 Ditchfield, , op. cit. (19), 304.Google Scholar

144 Thackray, A., ‘Natural knowledge in cultural context: The Manchester Model’, Am. Hist. Rev. 1974, 79, 672709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

145 Griffiths, O., Religion and Learning, Cambridge, 1935, 161–3.Google Scholar

146 Porter, R. S., ‘Science, Provincial Culture and Public Opinion in Enlightenment England.’ Brit. Jl Eighteenth Century Studies, 1980, 3, 2046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

147 Nightingale, J., op. cit. (129)Google Scholar, [1210].

148 Cox, L. R., ‘New light on William Smith and his work.’ Proc. Yorks. geol. Soc. 1942, 25, 13–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar (5 surviving copies have been traced).

149 Farey, J.. ‘Mr. Smith's Geological Claims Stated.’ [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1818, 51, 178Google Scholar and ‘Observations on the priority of Mr. Smith's Investigations of the Strata of England…’ [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1815, 45, 335.Google Scholar

150 op. cit. (148), 15.

151 op. cit. (148), 16.

152 Wm. Smith MSS, Geology Dept., Oxford University Museum.

153 Agric. Mag. 1804, 10, 469.Google Scholar

154 Cox, , op. cit. (148), 4344.Google ScholarBoud, R. C.. ‘The Early Development of British Geological Maps,’ Imago Mundi 1975, 27, 7396CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Edmonds, J. M., ‘The First “Apprenticed” GeologistWiltshire Arch. Nat. Hist. Mag., 1982, 76, 145.Google Scholar

155 Cox, , op. cit. (148), 53.Google Scholar

156 Sheppard, , op. cit. (71), 123.Google Scholar

157 Woodward, , op. cit. (53), 311.Google Scholar

158 ‘Furtner queries as to the proper places in the British series of strata.’ [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1815, 45, 295296.Google Scholar

159 Wm. Smith MSS, Geology Dept., Oxford University Museum.

160 Woodward, , op. cit. (53), 5660.Google Scholar

161 Greenough, G. B., Memoir of a geological map of England, London, 1820, 5.Google Scholar

162 Fitton, , op. cit. (4) 7, 9, 1415.Google Scholar

163 Bowen, J., A brief memoir of the life and character of William Baker. Taunton, 1854, 75.Google Scholar

164 Laudan, , op. cit. (78), 247252.Google Scholar

165 Lyell, K. M. (editor), Memoir of Leonard Horner F.R.S., F.G.S. London, 1890, 1, 174.Google Scholar

166 Cumming, D. A.. ‘A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland, John Macculloch's successful failure.’ J. Soc. Biblphy nat. Hist. 1977, 8, 270285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

167 Murchison, R. I., ‘Anniversary Address.’ Proc. geol. Soc. Lond. 1842, 3, pp. 637687.Google Scholar

168 Edwards, N., ‘Thomas Webster (circa 1772–1844).’ J. Soc. Biblphy nat. Hist. 1971, 5, (6), 469.Google Scholar

169 Fitton, , op. cit. (4), 5.Google Scholar

170 Murchison, , op. cit. (2) 255Google Scholar and woodcuts, 24, 26, 28, 36, 40, 45Google Scholar and lithographs at pages 82, 216, 225. 256, 269,283,291.

171 Woodward, , op. cit. (53), 272.Google Scholar

172 Webster MSS, Archives of the Royal Institution, London, 121A-B.

173 SirEnglefield, Henry, A description of the principal picturesque beauties, antiquities and geological phenomena of the Isle of Wight, London, 1816, 117.Google Scholar

174 Ospovat, A. M., ‘Four hitherto unpublished geological lectures given by Sir Humphry Davy in 1805.’ Trans. R. geol. Soc. Corn., 1978, 21, 70.Google Scholar

175 Pinkerton, J., Petrology. A Treatise on Rocks. London, 1811, 2, pis. 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

176 Woodward, , op. cit. (53), 47.Google Scholar

177 Conybeare, W. D. & Phillips, W., Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales. London, 1822, Part 1, 424.Google Scholar

178 Clark, J. W. & Hughes, T. K., The Life and Letters of the Rev. Adam Sedgwick, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1890, 1, 324–5.Google Scholar

179 op. cit. (2), 4–5, 99.

180 Fitton, , op. cit. (4), 10.Google Scholar

181 Murchison MSS, Notebook 78, pages 25 30 and one at end. Geological Society of London.

182 op. cit. (4), 5–10.

183 Secord, J. A., ‘King of Siluria: Roderick Murchison and the Imperial Theme in Nineteenth Century British Geology.’ Victorian Studies, 1982, 25, 422.Google Scholar

184 op. cit. (2), 4.

185 op. cit. (4), 9.

186 [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1812, 39, 427.Google Scholar

187 Farey, J., ‘Cursory geological observations lately made in Shropshire (etc.)’. [Tilloch's] Phil. Mag. 1813, 42, 53 and 59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

188 op. cit. (78), 228 and 253.

189 Farey, J., ‘On the mineralogical description and mineral map of the County of Perth…Ann. Phil. 1817, 9, 219221.Google Scholar

190 Geikie, , op. cit. (3), 1, 96.Google Scholar

191 Murchison, , op. cit. (2), 6Google Scholar, and Thackray, , op. cit. (1), 63.Google Scholar