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⁴ For standard biographical information on Hooker and Huxley see the DSB. For Spottiswoode, who is not in the DSB, see the DNB, vol. xviii and the obituary in Proceedings of the Royal Society, (1884–1885), 38, pp. xxxiv–xxxix.Google ScholarMiller, , ‘Between Hostile Camps’, op. cit. (2), p. 45Google Scholar discusses the significance of the Society of Antiquaries in Royal Society affairs under Joseph Banks.

⁵ For Tyndall, Frankland, Busk and Lubbock see the DSB. For Hirst, who is not in the DSB, see Brock, W.H. and MacLeod, R.M., ‘Introduction: The Life of Thomas Hirst’, pp. 5–47 in Natural Knowledge in a Social Context: The Journals of Thomas Archer Hirst FRS, London, 1980.Google Scholar

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²⁴ Bud, R. and Roberts, G.K. describe the construction in the 1860s of the categories of pure science and applied science in Science Versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain, Manchester, 1984.Google Scholar On the significance of this distinction for technical education policy see also Barton, R., ‘Scientific Opposition to Technical Education’, in Scientific and Technical Education in Early Industrial Britain, (eds Stephens, M.D. and Roderick, G.W.), Nottingham, 1981, pp. 13–27.Google Scholar On Frankland see Bud and Roberts, chapters III and V.

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³⁰ See below, notes 47, 97, 51. The significance of other alliances could be investigated by looking at net works of correspondents around the officers of the Society and by tracing the alliances hinted at by the Assistant Secretary in White, W. (ed), The Journals of Walter White, London, 1898.Google Scholar Unfortunately, Hall, M.B.'s history of the Royal Society, op. cit. (1)Google Scholar, discusses only controversies which reached publication.

³¹ Hall, M.B., All Scientists Now, op. cit. (1), pp. 94–95, 163.Google Scholar

³² Minutes of Council, 24 01 1861, p. 77.Google Scholar

³³ Hall, M.B., All Scientists Now, op. cit. (1), pp. 152–155.Google Scholar The Library Committee and Government Grants Committee were reappointed shortly after the Anniversary Meeting each year.

³⁴ Minutes of Council, 5 and 26 05 1859, pp. 20, 24.Google Scholar

³⁵ Huxley's summary in a letter to Hooker, , 3 12 1864Google Scholar, in Life of Huxley, op. cit. (12), vol. i, pp. 367–368.Google Scholar See also Huxley, L., Life and Letters of Joseph Dalton Hooker, 2 vols, London, 1918, vol. ii, pp. 74–76.Google Scholar

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³⁹ See letters between Huxley and Frankland in the Tyndall Papers (14/D5.1, 14/E1.1–4, 14/E2.1) and the Huxley Papers (Huxley-Frankland 2–5), 10 and 11 1859.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Tyndall wrote to Du Bois of his efforts in letters of 27 February 1876 and 1 December 1881, Tyndall Papers, 24/B7.15 and 24/B10.28.

⁴² ‘Suggestions’ for medallists were listed at the May meeting of the Council each year and formal nominations were then made in June. For these particular nominations see Minutes of Council, 15 06 1876Google Scholar, 14 June 1877, 17 June 1880, 15 June 1882, 21 June 1883. On my count of the nominators and seconders for the Copley and Royal Medals, as recorded in the Council Minutes for the period 1864 to 1886, Stokes (twenty-three times a nominator or seconder), W.H. Miller (seventeen), Huxley (fourteen), W.A. Miller (thirteen), A. Williamson (nine), Spottiswoode (ten) and Hooker (seven) were the most active. All these men were officers of the Society and therefore had long terms on Council. Hooker and Huxley were particularly successful: Hooker backed winning candidates on six out of seven occasions, Huxley on eleven out of fourteen occasions. Spottiswoode's success rate of six out of ten was comparable to Stokes’ thirteen out of twenty-three. See also R.MacLeod, M., ‘Medals’, op. cit. (19), p. 97.Google Scholar

⁴³ Minutes of Council, 21 05 1885.Google Scholar Hooker nominated Galton successfully the following year (Minutes of Council, 24 06 1886).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Different aspects of the procedures were described by J.P. Gassiot in his pamphlet, Remarks on the Resignation of Sir Edward Sabine, K.C.B., of the Presidency of the Royal Society, London, 1870, p. 12Google Scholar; and by the President, Sir Edward Sabine, in a letter to a neglected Fellow in 1869, cited by Hall, M.B., All Scientists Now, op. cit. (1) pp. 106–107.Google Scholar The customs were formalized in Minutes of Council, 20 06 1872, p. 113.Google Scholar Spottiswoode described the procedures of the late seventies in his ‘Anniversary Address’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, (1880–1881), 31, p. 79.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ ‘X-Club Notebooks’, Tyndall Papers. Entries are identified by date. Hirst wrote the minutes from 1864 until June 1867. Spottiswoode, who wrote the minutes from October 1867 to June 1872, used abbreviations which have been expanded in these quotations. From October 1872 until June 1884, when Spencer, Frankland and Busk kept the minutes, the Notebooks contain practically no record of the discussion at meetings.

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¹⁴² ‘Politics and the Presidency of the Royal Society’, Nature, 17 11 1887, pp. 49–50.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ Balfour Stewart, letter in Nature, 24 11 1887, p. 76.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Thistleton-Dyer, to Huxley, 9, 27 11 1887Google Scholar, Huxley Papers, vol. xxvii, fol. 209Google Scholar; Foster, to Huxley, 156, 16 11 1887Google Scholar, Huxley Papers, vol. iv, fol. 294.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ Lubbock, to Huxley, 33, 26 11 1887Google Scholar, Huxley Papers, vol. xxii, fols 100–101Google Scholar; Hooker, to Frankland, , 15 11 1887Google Scholar, Huxley Papers, vol. ix, fols 226–227.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ Foster, , in Stokes Memoir, op. cit. (79), p. 102.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Huxley, to Stokes, , 1 12 1887Google Scholar, Life of Huxley, op. cit. (12), vol. ii, p. 175.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Foster, to Huxley, 160, 2 12 1887Google Scholar, Huxley Papers, vol. iv, fols 305–306.Google Scholar From 1885 to 1889 Foster's colourful letters to Huxley are full of complaints about the stubborness and inaction of ‘Gabriel’ or ‘Old Stokey’.

¹⁴⁹ Huxley, to Foster, , 6 11 1887 and 29 08 1884Google Scholar, Life of Huxley, op. cit. (12), vol. ii, pp. 174, 71.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Huxley, to Tyndall, , op. cit. (54).Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Lyell was active in the Church Reform Movement and both Airy and Lyell supported the Essayists. See above, notes 15, 16 and 68.