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Privy Council and Courts of Law
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 October 2016
Extract
Arising out of the comprehensive penal code outlined above were much Privy Council business and considerable work for the conciliar and Common Law courts, the courts of the Established Church and other enforcement-agencies. This section is concerned particularly with two classes of documentation (nearly all of it in the Public Record Office): the Registers, minutes and papers reflecting the Privy Council’s part in the treatment of Catholics and Catholicism, and the records of relevant proceedings in the principal secular law-courts—part only of a network whose other components will be discussed in due course and which is merely sketched in the next few lines.
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References
Notes
1 For the embodiment of recent scholarship on all these institutions, see the appropriate commentaries in Elton, G. R., The Tudor Constitution (2nd edn, revised, 1982).Google Scholar
2 On these Common Law courts there is a valuable outline by J. H. Baker in Cockburn (ed.) Crime in England, pp. 25-31.
3 Infra., pp. 407-13.
4 Infra., pp. 428-30.
5 Notably the latter, on which see R.H., pp. 305-24; G. de C. Parmiter, Elizabethan Popish Recusancy in the Inns of Court (B.I.H.R. Special Supplement, no. 11, 1976); Prest, W. R., The Inns of Court… 1590-1640 (1972)Google Scholar, ch. 8; also, more generally, Bland, D. S., ‘The Records of the Inns of Court…’, in The Amateur Historian (now The Local Historian), 5, pp. 72–76.Google Scholar
6 For examples see C.R.S. Monograph 1, pp. 42, 44-45, 56, 63 (and note 462 for the effect of financial incentives upon the activation of the law). For some light on the earlier situation, see D. Hirst, ‘The Privy Council and Problems of Enforcement in the 1620s’, in The Journal of British Studies, 18, pp. 44-66, and recently (re Lancashire, 1570-1640), Quintrell, B. W. in Trans. Hist. Soe. Lanes, and Cheshire, 131, pp. 35–62Google Scholar.
7 P.R.O., P.C. 2. For proclamations, see also Hughes, P. J. and Larkin, J. F., Tudor Royal Proclamations (vol. 3, 1969,Google Scholar for Elizabeth’s reign) and Larkin and Hughes, Stuart RoyalProclamations (in progress). These volumes are largely replacing Steele, op. cit. See also Youngs, Proclamations of the Tudor Queens and Steele, Bibliography of Royal Proclamations… 1714-1910 (1913).
8 For gaps prior to 1631, see prefaces, especially to vols dated 1558-70; 1613-14.
9 On micro-opaque cards, 1631-37; in facsimile volumes, 1637-45 (both sets produced by H.M.S.O.).
10 In each Register, plus separate Index-volumes (to 1714) shelved in the P.R.O.
11 P.R.O., P.C. 2/87, pp. 580-4, 586-90.
12 P.C. 2/98 and 99.
13 P.C. 2/100 and 101 (1745-50): a couple of Lanes, references; P.C. 2/112 (Oct. 1767): imprisonment of Rev. John Baptist Maloney, the last Catholic priest sentenced on grounds of priesthood.
14 E.g. the J.P.s of Wilts., 1667, and the Custodes Rotulorum of Wilts, and Herts., 1674, 1675 respectively, printed in Cunnington, B. H., Records of the County of Wilts. (Devizes, 1932), pp. 356-8, 363–4;Google Scholar Herts. County Records, 1, p. 256. See also infra., pp. 404-05, re Lieutenancy papers. Lower down the social scale, and less likely to have survived, are warrants to gaol-keepers to take named Catholics into custody; Register-entries of such directives are one source of information on Catholic prisoners, as are the latter’s petitions to the Council for release upon bond, often on health-grounds, and petitions from messengers, etc., for rewards for apprehending papists (see also infra., p. 379); likewise Privy Council instructions concerning Wisbech Castle, Hurst Castle and similar places of incarceration, chiefly of priests, mentioning prisoners by name. See Camden Soc., 55, pp. 41-43, for extracts from the 1628 Register illustrating most of these points.
15 E.g. the letter minuted on 17 Aug. and written on 21 Aug. 1589 concerning the obstinately recusant daughters of John Fitzherbert (A.P.C., 1589-90, p. 45) and printed in full, from the original among the Talbot papers now in Lambeth Palace Library, in J. C. Cox, Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals (1890), 1, p. 257. These papers are calendared by G. R. Batho in Derbys. Arch. Soc., 4.
16 E.g. to Deputy-Lieutenants to Suffolk, 17 Dec. 1615 (H.M.C., 13th Rep., App. 4, p. 436).
17 E.g. to Derbyshire and other J.P.s, 23 June 1605, for which see Cox, op. cit., 1, pp. 4-6; also, for further examples, Northants. R.S., 3, pp. 121-4 (to Lord-Lieutenant of Northants., ‘the last of January 1612’); H.M.C., cit., pp. 434-5 and Staffs. Hist. Coll., 4th series, 9, pp. 81-82 (both 28 Feb. 1613).
18 See Adair, E. R., Sources for the History of the Council (1924)Google Scholar; Elton, G. R., England, 1200-1640 (1969), pp. 75–81Google Scholar, passim.
19 P.R.O., P.C. 2/64, p. 379 (19 Feb.); for further Council, Treasury and State Paper references, see infra., p. 375, note 64 (also infra., p. 407 for associated local documentation).
20 H.M.C., 6th Rep., App., p. 367 (21 Aug. 1669).
21 P.R.O., P.C. 2/61, p. 390 (18 Aug. 1669).
22 As suggested by Sir A. Bryant, Charles II (1949), p. 204.
23 P.R.O., P.C. 1.
24 See three examples in Northants. R.S., 7, pp. 226-9.
25 P.C. 1/2/95 and 105 (June and July 1708); also P.C. 1/14/10: papers re Richard Penderell, 1715-16. On this family and others involved in Charles II’s escape, see Matthews, W. (ed.) Charles II’s Escape from Worcester (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1966)Google Scholar, passim.
26 P.C. 1/2/110; P.C. 2/82, p. 149 (Francis Cottington of Fonthill, Wilts., Aug. 1708).
27 P.C. 1/1/43 (22 Feb. 1700).
28 P.C. 1/2/41, /3/100, /13/74, /14/47.
29 Including affidavits from Macclesfield that Richard Johnson drank a toast to ‘the House of Hanover, House of Rogues’ (P.R.O., P.C. 1/2/70, 7 July 1707).
30 P.C. 1/19/A.23 (Warwicks. only), A.26; P.C. 1/20/A.31 (including chapel-registration from Richmond, Surrey); P.C. 1/31/A.77; P.C. 1/40/A.130. Other rolls of papists’ oaths taken in these two courts are: E.169/79 (1778-86), 80-82 (1791-1822) and C.P. 37/1 (1778-1829); also C.P. 10/18-20 (Catholic attorneys). For local oath-rolls, chapel-registrations, etc., stemming from the Relief Acts of 1778 and 1791, see infra., p. 416. Those in class P.C. 1 are listed in pt 2 of the P.R.O. list of unbound Privy Council Papers.
31 P.R.O., P.C. 4: ‘Privy Council Minutes’ also B.L., Add. MSS. 37820, Egerton 2555, Stowe 489 (parts of Charles II’s reign, plus months of 1694 and 1695).
32 R. B. Pugh, ‘Privy Council Mmutes newly transfered to the Public Record Office’, in B.I.H.R., 22, p. 16.
33 The P.R.O. Class List of its records is reproduced in List and Index Soc., 106 and there is an important article on certain of them, ‘King’s Bench Files’, by the late C. A. F. Meekings in Legal Records and the Historian (ed. J. H. Baker, 1978), pp. 91-139.
34 A number of Catholic cases are mentioned in Bellamy, op. cit., passim. Also associated with such events are the victims’ scaffold-speeches, though their survival does not necessarily disprove their authors’, as witness the instance of Andrew Bromwich: see Gillow, 1, p. 312; Anstruther, 3, pp. 25-26.
35 See the Introduction to Challoner’s Memoirs of Missionary Priests (1924 edn, revised and corrected by J. H. Pollen), esp. pp. vi-viii, xiv-xvi, and Fr Pollen’s Introductions to Cardinal Allen’s Briefe Historie of the Glorious Martyrdom of XII Reverend Priests (1908 edn) and to his own Acts of English Martyrs (1891); also the 1970 reprint, with an important Introduction by Dr David Rogers, of the Concertatio Ecclesiae Catholicae in Anglia.… For a collection of hostile ‘True Reports’ of martyrdoms (1581-1643), see C.R.S., 32, pp. 389-436.
36 Baker, J. H., ‘Unprinted Sources of English Legal History’, in The Law Library Journal (New York), 64, p. 303 Google Scholar; also, covering MS. reports, case-notes and other sources, Dr Baker’s ‘The Dark Age of English Legal History’, in Legal History Studies, 1972 (ed. D. Jenkins, Cardiff, 1975), pp. 1-27, and Holdsworth’s History of English Law, 5, ch. 5 (sub-section, ‘The Reporters’).
37 Reports of Sir George Croke (2nd edn, 1669), 2, p. 352. For the Maxfield, or Macclesfield, family, see Staffs. Hist. Coll., 4th series, 9, passim.
38 Croke’s Reports, 3, pp. 504-05 (14 Cha. I). On indictments see G. de С. Parmiter in R.H., 6, pp. 141-8 and for phrasing, in Latin and in English, C.R.S., 34, passim; C.R.S., 57, pp. xxxv-xxxvi. See also, for a case in which a Grand Jury removed several names from an inadequately worded recusancy-indictment, J. S. Cockburn, ‘Trial by the Book’, in Baker (ed.), op. cit., p. 71; Cal. Assize Records, Sussex, Eliz. I, pp. 209-10.
39 The unreliability of indictments (chiefly as regards names, locations, occupations, etc., rather than offences) is made clear in Cockburn, art. cit., pp. 61-79 and in his ‘Early Modern Assize Records as Historical Evidence’, in the Journal of the Society of Archivists, 5, pp. 224-9. On certain King’s Bench indictments (‘vague’, ‘monotonous’ and ‘slipshod’) see G. Anstruther, A Hundred Homeless Years. (1958), pp. 47-48, 50-51.
40 P.R.O., K.B. 29 (Controlment Rolls); K.B. 27 (Coram Rege Rolls, replaced from 1702 by Crown Rolls: K.B. 28). Relevant Elizabethan excerpts, in the original Latin with English abstracts, are printed in C.R.S., 5, pp. 51-57,100-02,112, 337-8,362-70, and an almost full version (translated) is given in Pollen, Acts of English Martyrs, pp. 15-19 (trial of Thomas Sherwood, 20 Eliz.).
41 For one relevant example, see Somerset R.S., 65, pp. 9 (note 2), 10 (note 1) and Camden Soc., 4th series, 17, p. 22 (note); for another, London Recusant, 2, pp. 70-71.
42 (J. C.) H. Aveling in Birrell (ed.), Newsletter…, 4, p. 11.
43 Knafla, L. A., Law and Politics in Jacobean England (1977), p. 277.Google Scholar
44 P.R.O., K.B. 9.
45 A few examples occur in Emmison, F. G., Elizabethan Life, 1 (1970), p. 11 Google Scholar, Anstruther, op. cit., pp. 47-48 and his Vaux of Harrowden (Newport, 1953), pp. 165, 532 (note 64). See also C.R.S., 57, p. xxix.
46 P.R.O., K.B. 10 and 11, indexed (with gaps) in IND. 6669-6684. Cases in class K.B. 10 involving priests and teachers are listed in Lesourd, J. A., Les Catholiques dans la Société Anglaise, 1765-1865 (Lille, 1978), pp. 214–5, 219-20.Google Scholar
47 P.R.O., K.B. 8. See D.K. Rep. 4, pp. 219-97; 5, pp. 131-236; also E.H.R., 23, pp. 508-29 and comments in Meekings, art. cit., p. 103. For Derbyshire material of the 1580s, see Derbyshire Miscellany, no. 10 (1958), pp. 154-8 and comments thereon in Derbys. Arch. Journal, 85, p. 86, note 4.
48 P.R.O., K.B. 33/1/5, /2/1-4, /3/1-3, /4/1-7, /5/10; also concerned with Jacobitism areP.R.O.,T.S. 11/179, 1074, 1080-2 and T.S. 20—available on microfilm (H.M.S.O.)—with typed calendars and handwritten supplementary index of T(reasury) S(olicitors’) papers, accessible at the P.R.O.
49 E.g. that of St Philip Howard: indictment (from Baga de Secretis) and other documents printed in C.R.S., 21, pp. 220-32 and passim. This and many other trials of Catholics will be found in T. B. Howell, A Complete Collection of State Trials … to 1783 (21 vols, 1816, with General Index to these volumes and their continuation, by D. Jardine, 1828). See also J. W. Willis-Bund, A Selection of Casesfrom the State Trials (3 vols, 1879-82).
50 R.H., 14, pp. 53-63 CRecorda, from P.R.O., K.B. 145): a valuable list, including full transcripts of certificates in English and in Latin. For the actual process of obtaining such a document, a transcript thereof and an explanation of its use as evidence towards an Exchequer-discharge from the penalties of recusancy (and further documentation, in this case, of reversion to recusancy) see Hugh Bowler’s, Dom account in Studies in London History (ed. Hollaender, A. E. J. and Kellaway, W., 1969), pp. 298–304.Google Scholar
51 Bowler, art. cit.
52 McGrath, P. and Rowe, J., ‘The Recusancy of Sir Thomas Cornwallis’ in Proc. Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, 28, pp. 226–59, esp. pp. 240, 250-1.Google Scholar Another instance, involving conviction as a recusant, discharge for conformity, re-sequestration for recusancy and, finally, double land-tax, is Sampson Coyney of Weston Coyney, Staffs., for whom see Staffs. Catholic History, no. 3, p. 31; no. 18, p. 1.
53 P.R.O., K.B. 24, plus Oath Rolls, etc., among local records (which also contain evidence of oath- refusal; see infra., pp. 409, 410).
54 K.B. 18 (Lancashire only).
55 28 and 29 Eliz. I, c. 6; 3 and 4 Jac. I, c. 4.
56 Examples from counties in the Home Circuit (Essex, Herts., Kent, Surrey, Sussex) occur in Cals. Assize Records…, Elizabeth I and James I; for pre-1587 Assizes’ indictments, convictions and penalties for recusancy in other areas, see Staffs. Hist. Coll., 1929, pp. xxxii, 36-42; C.R.S., 53, pp. 8-14, 114-15; also Camden Soc., 3rd series, 26, p. 219.
57 As in the verses which brought Thomas Hale of Walthamstow before the Assizes in 1594 (Cal. Assize Records: Essex Indictments, Eliz. I, pp. 425-6; also Emmison, op. cit., pp. 59-61).
58 See Guide to the P.R.O., 1, p. 127; J. S. Cockburn, A History of English Assizes, 1558-1714 (1972), pp. 24, 26, 28 (maps). For London and Middlesex, see C.R.S., 34 and infra., p. 407. On Assize records, see also Professor Cockburn’s article mentioned in note 39, above.
59 Cockburn, History of English Assizes, p. 38. Of the other palatinates, apart from Chester, Lancaster was ‘apparently included throughout in the Northern Circuit’ and Durham assimilated into it in the early seventeenth century (ibid., pp. 43-45). See also C.R.S., 57, pp. cvi-cviii for recusancy procedures in these areas and in the Duchy of Lancaster, on which further information is given in Sir R. Somerville, History of the Duchy of Lancaster, 2 (1970), pp. 90-91, 234-5.
60 P.R.O., CHES. 21, 29; also CHES. 24 (gaol-files, writs, etc.); Chetham Soc., 3rd series, 19, p. 129.
61 E.g. in C.R.S., 1-4, 22, 34, 53, 60; in Morris, Troubles, 3 and in St G. K. Hyland, A Century of Persecution (1920). See also Camden Soc., n.s., 25, p. xiv and passim; Hirst, J. H., The Blockhouses of Kingston-upon-Hull (1913),Google Scholar ch. 5 and, for further sources, (J. C.) H. Aveling, ‘Catholic Recusants of the West Riding of Yorks’, in Proc. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Soc. (Literary and Historical Section), 10, p. 306, section vi (c): also supra, note 14. For pre-trial experiences of Catholic prisoners, see Bellamy, op. cit., pp. 94-102.
62 These were John Lister and Robert Nutter, alias Rowley, later a Dominican and martyr (C.R.S., 2, pp. 256, 273). See also, respectively, Anstruther, 1, pp. 210-11, and his A Hundred Homeless Years, p. 57.
63 C.R.S., 1, p. 64, plus evidence in Kent Recusant History, 5, pp. 120-1.
64 P.R.O., ASSI. 35 (Home Circuit) calendared in Cal. Assize Records, with a general introductory volume to follow.
65 P.R.O., Durham 17; P.L. 26 (Lanes.).
66 P.R.O., P.L. 25. For recusant material from a Roll of the 1660s, see Trans. Hist. Soe. Lanes, and Cheshire, 64, pp. 309-16; some of these names occur in the Lanes. section of C.R.S., 6 (pp. 90-255, passim). Other Palatinate of Lancaster Assize Rolls of the 1660s, and of 1672 and 1673, are in the Lanes. Record Office, Preston (see Guide thereto by R. Sharpe France, 1962, p. 55).
67 P.R.O., ASSI. 44 (from 1607).
68 P.R.O., ASSI. 42, 45, 47/20; PL 27. See also Surtees Soc., 40, for York Castle depositions, etc., 1640-90.
69 P.R.O., ASSI. 47/20/3 (Constables’ presentments, chiefly 1677).
70 ASSI. 45/12/3, nos 112-7; 45/12/4, nos 148. 149. See also Howell, State Trials, 7, cols 1161-82; Anstruther, 3, pp. 225-6 and works there cited.
71 ASSI. 2, 4, 5; also Misc. Gifts and Deposits (ref. P.R.O. 30/26/104, nos 112 A-F: Shropshire, 1716).
72 Apart from ASSI. 16/65/1 (Norfolk Assizes, Summer, 1606); 66/1 (Cambs. and Hunts., 1643).
73 ASSI. 80 (Midland), 16 (Norfolk, for which see typed list at P.R.O.) plus Bedfordshire and Suffolk documents in the respective County Record Offices (see Cockburn, op. cit., pp. 339, 343 for details; also Beds. Hist. R.S., 20, pp. 175-6, 184-5). A collection of 1674 presentments at Lincoln Assizes (Midland Circuit) is in Misc. Gifts and Deposits (ref. P.R.O. 30/26/99).
74 ASSI. 23.
75 ASSI. 24/20-23 (1629-87), followed by a forty-year gap. The orders of the first twenty years are calendared in Camden Soc., 4th series, 17, and those for one county only are printed (to 1659) in Somerset R.S., 65 and 71. P.R.O., ASSI. 24/19 (1), a small paper book of extracts from Western Circuit order books, 1629-87, contains no recusancy items.
76 Though not to the Winchester case mentioned supra, p 350.
77 P.R.O., ASSI. 24/23, f. 31v. re constables and tythingmen of East Knoyle, Wilts. (1682). For other cases, see Camden Soc., cit., pp. 22, 156-7, 193, 205, 208, 224.
78 ASSI. 24/23, f. 10v.
79 Perhaps Quaker (Somerset R.S., 75, p. 19).
80 P.R.O., S.P. 29/416/90, printed in The London Gazette, no. 1647 (29 Aug.-l Sept. 1681); also C.R.S., 65, p. 38. For the Gazette during this (‘Popish Plot’) period, see P. M. Handover, A History of the London Gazette (1965), ch. 2.
81 For Lancashire much valuable, though largely exceptional, material is printed in Lanes, and Cheshire R.S., 121.
82 For many early examples, see Staffs. Hist. Coll., 1929, passim.
83 See Hamilton, A. H. A., Quarter Sessions from Queen Elizabeth to Queen Anne (1878), p. 81 Google Scholar; Wilts. Arch. Soc., Records Branch (now Wilts. R.S.), 4, p. 87.
84 West Sussex Record Office, Chichester: Ep. 1/15/1 (1626, 1628), cited by T. J. McCann in R.H., 11, pp. 81-82.
85 Surtees Soc., 84, pp. 38, 39, note 1 (parish of Pittington, Co. Durham, 1595); also Chetham Soc., old series, 97, p. 54 (Prestbury, Lanes., 1592).
86 Banbury Hist. Soc., 6, pp. xviii, 20-43, passim; W. E. Tate, The Parish Chest (1969 edn), p. 184. Assizes’ business may also be reflected in the occasional parish register; see Yorks. Arch. Soc. Record Series, 99, p. 107, for an example.
87 E.g. a Worcestershire J.P.’s notes of judges’ rulings on the incidence of recusancy-penalties at Worcester Assizes in 1641 and 1663 (Worcs. Hist. Soc., new series, 5, p. 111). The Bagot papers relating to Elizabethan and Jacobean Catholicism, including some shedding light on Assizes, are printed in Staffs. Hist. Coll., 4th series, 9. Relevant references among the Bacon and Montagu correspondence appear in Camden Soc., 3rd series, 26, p. 219, and Northants. R.S., 7, p. 227, respectively. For Jacobean Assizes’ convictions of Derbyshire recusants (among the Belvoir Castle muniments), see Derbys. Arch. Journal, old series, 16, pp. 140-51.
88 See Morris, Troubles, 1, pp. 61-140; also p. 384 for the scene at Norwich Assizes in the early 1580s when Judge Southcote withdrew dramatically from the trial of a priest.
89 See examples in Appendices to Somerset R.S., 65 and 71.
90 P.R.O., S.P. 29/416/90 (see note 80, above). Bath was not a regular Assize-centre (Cockburn, op. cit., p. 47; Somerset R.S., 71, p. xii); for other references to Bath Assizes, see Somerset R.S., 65, pp. 33-34, 38-41, 60-62; Somerset R.S., 71, pp. 4-9, 53-54.
91 Both cited by Cockburn, op. cit., p. 240 (also Somerset R.S., 71, p. xxiii).
92 See Cockburn, op. cit., pp. 209 and note 4; 225, note 2, for two instances and C.R.S., 53, pp. 8-14, 114-15, 157, 172 for documents relating to counties in the Northern and Western Circuits (Elizabethan and early seventeenth century); also pp. 129-44 for Hereford Assizes’ material on the disturbances of 1605 studied in Mathias, R., Whitsun Riot (1963)Google Scholar. For the Cecil papers, see infra., p. 395.
93 See infra., p. 375, note 57, for cases from two circuits (Oxford and Western).
94 Compare Cal. Assize Records, Essex, Eliz. I, p. 442 and C.R.S., 57, pp. 29-30.
95 P.R.O., E.362, E.137: Estreats of Fines, etc. (see infra., p. 380; also p. 413 re locally preserved drafts of missing estreats).
96 P.R.O., E.403/2270, cited in C.R.S., 57, p. xxvii, note 81 (Norfolk circuit, 1583). For P.R.O. class E.403 see also infra., p. 387, note 31.
97 P.R.O., E.351/543/68; C.R.S., 5, p. 388. (See also infra., p. 379).
98 P.R.O., Crown Office Docquet Books, for which see infra., p. 364, note 10.
99 Cockburn, op. cit., p. 74; Somerset R.S., 71, p. xv.
100 P.R.O., P.C. 2/65, p. 514 (1677). For fuller details, see C.R.S. Monograph 1, pp. 19-20.
101 P.R.O., P.C. 2/61, p. 390 (Aug. 1669, also mentioned supra, pp. 348-9).
102 E.g. in P.C. 2/64, p. 188 (6 March 1674).
103 Somerset R.S., 65, p. 56; Elizabethan Government and Society (ed. Bindoff, Hurstfield and Williams, 1961), p. 23.
104 Though these contain little of Catholic relevance. On Star Chamber, see Elton, Tudor Constitution (1982 edn), pp. 163-87, and his England, 1200-1640, pp. 57-58, 60-61. Professor Barnes, T. G., ‘Due Process and Slow Process in Late Elizabethan and Early Stuart Star Chamber’, in The American Journal of Legal History, 6, pp. 221–49, 315-46,Google Scholar gives references to numerous MS. sources for the proceedings of this court, other than those in the P.R.O. See also Barnes, , ‘The Archives and Archival Problems of the Elizabethan and Early Stuart Star Chamber’ in Journal of Soc. of Archivists, 2, pp. 345–60;Google Scholar Guy, J. A., The Cardinal’s Court (1977)Google Scholar. A selection of Jacobean Star Chamber material (from P.R.O., STAC. 8) is available on microfilm (Harvester Press).
105 Trans. Hist. Soc. Lancs, and Cheshire, 118, pp. 19-37.
106 Details in Anstruther, Vaux of Harrowden, pp. 88-89.
107 Barnes, T. G., ‘Star Chamber Litigants and their Counsel, 1596-1641’, in Baker, (ed.) Legal Records and the Historian, p. 13.Google Scholar
108 Mathias, op. cit., p. 78.
109 Gibson, T. E., Lydiate Hall and its Associations (1876), pp. 156–7Google Scholar.
110 For Elizabeth’s reign in P.R.O. Supplementary Lists and Indexes, 4 (4 parts); for James I’s in Barnes, T. G., List and Index to Proceedings in Star Chamber (3 vols, Chicago, 1975 Google Scholar, with a few Caroline cases in an Appendix to vol. 3). In addition, Professor Barnes’s coded guide to Star Chamber fines (1596-1641) is available at the P.R.O.
111 Selected Star Chamber material, a little of it involving Catholics, is printed in Rushworth, J., Historical Collections… (8 vols, 1659–1701)Google Scholar especially Appendix to vol. 3; in Hawarde, J., Les Reportes del Cases in Camera Stellata, 1593-1609 (ed. W. P. Baildon, 1894)Google Scholar, in Burn, J. S., The Star Chamber (1870)Google Scholar and in Camden Soc., new series, 39. See also C.R.S., 60, pp. 5-18, 47, 88.
112 E.g. Sir Thomas Tresham, in Star Chamber on religious grounds in 1581 but also, before and after that date, for other reasons (C.R.S., 60, pp. 5-13; Northants. R.S., 19, p. 76 and Appendix VIII; Anstruther, loc. cit.).
113 G. de C. Parmiter, Elizabethan Popish Recusancy in the Inns of Court, p. 7, note 29. A valuable guide for one county is N. Abercrombie, Sussex Catholic Surnames, 1558-1829 (Sussex Genealogical Centre, Occasional Paper no. 5, 1980).
114 P.R.O., St. Ch. 8/7/6, 8/156/4; STAC. 8/7/5; Hawarde, op. cit., pp. 281-7.
115 See C.R.S. Monograph 1, pp. 222-5 and references there cited.
116 By Thomas Pudsey of Hackforth, Yorks.; see Cliffe, J. T., The Yorkshire Gentry from the Reformation to the Civil War (1969), p. 213.Google Scholar
117 A.P.C., Aug. 1616-Dec. 1617, pp. 280-2 (June 1617).
118 Barnes, T. G., ‘Star Chamber and the Sophistication of the Criminal Law’, in The Criminal Law Review, 1977, p. 322,Google Scholar citing B.L., Harleian MS. 2143 (Elizabethan cases).
119 Hawarde, loc. cit.;, Cliffe, op. cit., pp. 192, 204-05; also, for detailed treatment of a Star Chamber case involving an interlude deriding protestantism, Howard, C., Sir John Yorke of Nidderdale (1939)Google Scholar. Further Star Chamber suits involving Catholics are noted in Aveling, art. cit., pp. 230, 270, note 113, and in his Northern Catholics, p. 443.
120 Fritze, R. H. in The Historical Journal, 25, pp. 267–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
121 For details, see Forster, C. G. F., East Riding Justices of the Peace in the Seventeenth Century (E. Yorks. Local History Soc., 1973), pp. 22, 37-39Google Scholar; also Gleason, J. H., Justices of the Peace in England, 1558-1640 (1969), pp. 39–40Google Scholar.
122 For examples, see Hawarde, op. cit., Appendix 7.