^1. “Four Catholic congregations in rural Northumberland, 1750-1850”, Recusant History, ix (1967), 88–119.Google Scholar

^2. I am also indebted to the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland for providing me with microfilms of the registers deposited in the P.R.O. in London.

^3. James, Raine, The history and antiquities of North Durham (London, 1852); see map, p. 3.Google Scholar Throughout this study I have treated the whole area covered as being in Northumberland, though until 1844 the northern part of it was in Durham, and Berwick always an independent entity.

^4. Ibid., 213f; mission register, 1804-16.

^5. Bateson, E. (ed.), Northumberland County History, ii (Newcastle-on-Tyne / London, 1895), 261ffGoogle Scholar; Surtees Society, cxxxi, 38f; “Four Catholic congregations”, 97, 101. Martha Burn and Isabel Gordon, both aged 28, are, like Youens, on the 1767 return; the name of the postillion given here is Thos. Howman, aged 18.

^6. After 1810 practically the only place outside Haggerston where baptisms occurred was Fenwick Steads, centre of the southern part of the estate.

^7. Raine, North Durham, 224; Surtees Society, cxxxi, 75, 119, and clxxiii, 73-80 (registration of land in Durham, 1778); Northumberland County Record Office, ZHG iv, no. 12 (rent roll for 1810-11): Lowick was in fact part of the Ellingham estate. The 1767 farmers were: John Brown, John Hanne (? father of the priest, Charles Hanne), Mark Moody, John Simmons, Thos. Robertson, Thos. Fish, George Tindal and Sarah Wake. Only John Simmons (at Kent-stone) and Thos. Fish (at Fenwick) recur in 1778, though Sarah Wake was probably the wife of Edward Wake, of Buckton.

^9. For whom see “Four Catholic Congregations”, 98.

^10. The surnames of their wives, Jane Dunlop and Jane Hope, do not suggest that they were Catholics; the John Main of 1767 seems also to have married a Protestant, since no wife appears on the return, and his second child was only 16 months old.

^11. Born at Slainsfieid, 1812: this Ignatius seems the most likely candidate.

^12. Men: 9 masons and 2 mason's apprentices, 2 plasterers, 1 brickmaker, 1 thatcher; 1 maltmaker; 1 wheelwright; 1 tailor; 1 cordwainer's apprentice; 4 labourers; 1 servant boy. Single women: 7 maidservants, 2 washerwomen, 1 mantua-maker. For the Duke's building operations see Pevsner, N., The Buildings of England: Northumberland (Penguin Books, 1957), 68–75.Google Scholar

^13. 1 fisherman, 1 fisherman's wife, 1 mariner; 1 collier, 1 collier's wife (there were also 3 colliers in the Haggerston congregation); 1 mason, 1 labourer, 1 slater's wife.

^14. Twenty-four garrison couples were married by the Berwick priest between 1817 and 1819; judging by the baptismal register, only three remained after 1821 — Michael Swift and Sarah Dawson; William Ratchford and Elizabeth Simpson; Michael McCrink and Ann Clark.

^15. Two examples involving the Main family: Rosanna, d. of Arthur Main and Margaret McVen (? McVeigh), b. at Berwick, 1824; John, s. of Stephen Gallagher and Monica Dunlop, presumably sister or niece of Jane Dunlop, wife of Chas. Story Main, b. there 1837 — godparents, Ignatius Main, most likely eldest son of the last-named, and Margaret Main, probably wife of Arthur Main, above. Hickey, Cf. J., Urban Catholics (London, 1967), 51:Google Scholar the condition and status of Irish immigrants here before 1840 would seem to resemble those of the “respectable” pre-famine immigrants in Cardiff described Ibid., 65f, 70f.

^16. There are also numerous duplicate entries in different registers; I have of course excluded these in making baptismal estimates.

^17. Here and throughout I have excluded the Wooler congregation (below, n. 28) from all calculations.

^18. The territorial demarcation adopted between Haggerston, Berrington and Berwick requires a redistribution of the returns from Ancroft and Kyloe chapelries, which do not give dwelling-places. For Ancroft I have simply assumed that all Catholics returned from this chapelry lived at Haggerston; this seems roughly true, but may slightly exaggerate Haggerston numbers at the expense of Berwick. The Kyloe return begins with the Claverings at Berrington and seems to work through the chapelry from there. The Reay family, wife and children of the gardener at Berrington (see Ellingham register: “Stephen Ree of Berrington”, one of these children, d. there 1783) are nos. 40-45, and Sarah Wake, probably wife of a Haggerston tenant at Buckton, no. 48 (above, n. 7). I have therefore assumed 47 to be the total of Catholics returned from Berrington township, leaving 90 for the rest of the chapelry; and the same for 1780, leaving 73.

^19. For this I am once again indebted to Fr. Vincent Smith, who has a transcript of the original at Ushaw College. The figures given in the same source for the congregations investigated in the previous article are: Hesleyside (with Tone Hall) — 100; Biddlestone — 70; Thropton — 70; Callaly — 300. Except at Biddlestone, these are very similar to the estimated congregational totals there given (p. 102) for 1776: a similarity which lends weight to the view advanced in the text that these are rather estimates of total congregational strength than of communicants. For Hesleyside and Tone, cf. ibid., 108.

^20. Cf. “Four Catholic congregations”, 102, and n. 42.

^21. The baptismal estimates for Berwick and Tweedmouth alone are: 1811—93; 1816—204; 1821—231; 1826—270; 1831—312.

^21a. In 1811 there were 75 communicants here, implying a congregation of about 125. The smallness of the baptismal estimate for this year probably reflects an ill-kept register.

^22. Raine, North Durham, 207; the house so described in Parsons, W. and White, W., History, Directory and Gazetteer of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland (2 vols., Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1827-8), ii, 336.Google Scholar

^23. Raine, North Durham, 224f.; G.E.C., Complete Baronetage, iii (Exeter, 1903). 208;Google Scholar Pevsner, The Buildings of England: Northumberland, 161.Google Scholar Lady Stanley and her children were Easter communicants at Haggerston in 1842, and she died there; the communicant lists do not give names from 1852, but I assume she was there from that date. The figures for communicants were: 1846—95. 1847—23, 1849—84; none in 1848 and 1850; otherwise 120—150.

^24. Northumberland County History, ii, 223, 265f.Google Scholar

^25. Above, n. 7; death in Ellingham register.

^26. Kelly, B. W., Old English Catholic Missions (London, 1907), 75; Pevsner. op. cit., 90.Google Scholar

^27. Northumberland C.R.O., ZHG i, no. 175; the rent was 1s., and Birdsall was to build and maintain the house.

^28. Kelly, op. cit., 445; described as “small and inconvenient” by Edward Consett on his 1851 return, where he refers to himself, accurately enough, though unusually at this date, as “missionary priest”.

^29. But cf. “Four Catholic congregations”, 109, for Bellingham.

^30. In central parishes: i.e. Alnwick; Ellingham; Ancroft and Kyloe less Berrington: Berrington and Lowick. Cf. “Four Catholic congregations”, 105.

^31. I have compared the figures for these three congregations, and for Callaly, Biddlestone, Felton, Capheaton and Netherwitton, with the age-tables given in Laslett, P., The world we have lost (London, 1965), 103 Google Scholar, from Gregory King's estimates of 1695 and the census of 1821. The result, in percentages, is as follows: —

My figures represent only Catholics from central parishes; the total number involved is 941, of whom 46.8% are men and 53.2% women. There is a slight predominance of women at all ages, except in the twenties, where the 14.1% divides into 8.7% women and 5.4% men. Two qualifications to the accuracy of these figures would be: (1) a possible tendency to omit young children from the returns, and (2) a probable tendency to give one's age to the nearest ten years upwards.

^32. At Alnwick there were 89 baptisms during the 1830s, of which I make 23 to have been Irish; I imagine there would have been somewhat more during the 1840s. I find it impossible to offer any precise figures for Berwick, partly because there was so much intermarriage; but there was certainly a higher proportion of Irishmen here than at Alnwick.

^33. Richard Atkinson had three other children at Callaly, aged between 8 and 16, Mary Moor five other sons between 13 and 25; Robert Hildreth had three children at Tweedmouth between 4 and 13, and Philip Hildreth, 19, also a mason's apprentice, at Ellingham for two years, was probably an elder son. Cf. above, n. 4, and, for some cases at Berwick, n. 15. The Easter communion lists at Haggerston during the 1840s contain several people from Alnwick: presumably they had come to stay over Easter with their relations.

^34. Longley, K. M., Heir of two traditions: the Catholic church of St. John the Baptist, Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, 1766-1966 (privately printed, 1966), 12;Google Scholar similar comments by Fisher in Aveling, H., The Catholic recusants of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1558-1790 (Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, 1963), 266;Google Scholar Rowlands, M., “Catholics in Staffordshire from the Revolution to the Relief Acts, 1688-1791” (Birmingham M.A. thesis, 1965), 98 ffGoogle Scholar and Appendix I. I am most grateful to Miss Longley for sending me a copy of her pamphlet, and for providing copies of the valuable records of the Holme congregation; and to Miss Rowlands for much information and help.

^35. The figures in columns (a) and (d) are included in those of columns (b) and (c). The Alnwick register does not give dates of birth before 1813. All these figures are derived directly from the baptismal registers without redistribution according to locality. Much light is cast on the whole subject of baptismal delay by Charpin, F., Pratique religieuse et formation d'une grande ville: le geste du bapteme et sa signification en sociologie religieuse (Marseille, 1806-1958) (Paris, 1964).Google Scholar Among other things this strongly supports the idea that baptismal delay may be used as an index of religious observance as a whole.

^36. Cf. “Four Catholic congregations”, 100f.

^37. Aveling, loc. cit. above, n. 34; “Four Catholic congregations”, 113.

^38. Ibid., 119, n. 81.

^39. First communion, 29 December 1814; numerous children later baptised in the register.

^40. Cf. the cases above, nn. 7 and 10.

^41. Respectively: (a) Edward Henderson, of Newton-by-the-Sea (near Ellingham) and Lowick; Mary Ann Talbot, wife of John Kelly, successively of Hunting Hall, New Haggerston and Mount Hooly; Alice, wife of Robert Westle of Old Ends, Haggerston; Mary, wife of Henry Boyd jnr. of Fenwick; Mary, wife of Anthony Graham of Haggerston Stonyflats; (b) Mary, wife of Peter Fine-gan; Jane, wife of David Grant; Mary, wife of Thos. Harrington; Anthony, probably husband of Helen Gibson; (c) “Mrs. Boyd”, of Haggerston. For the occupants of Thos. Murray and Anthony Graham, see Parsons, W. and White, W., History, Directory and Gazetteer of the Counties of Durham and Northumberland, ii, 332.Google Scholar

^42. “Four Catholic congregations”, 113, 115. Between 1851 and 1855 the Easter communion lists at Haggerston show 9 adult first communions, presumably more converts: cf. above, n. 23.

^43. John Mordlain (1813) and Robert Riddell (1817) at Ellingham; Mary Gilchrist, Eliz. Sutherland, Eliz. Westle, and Thos. Hogarth (all 1835) at Haggerston.

^44. Williams, J. A., “Some eighteenth-century conversions”, Essex Recusant, iii (1961), 129–33Google Scholar; cf John Fisher's remark (Aveling, West Riding, 266)— “It's well if many of them don't adhere to their religion out of motive of education rather than conviction”.