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A ‘fownde patrone and second father’ of the Marian Church: Antonio Buonvisi, religious exile and mid-Tudor Catholicism
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 September 2018
Abstract
Despite receiving particular praise from a range of early modern commentators, from Nicholas Sander to Pedro de Ribadeneyra, most historians have seen the Italian merchant Antonio Buonvisi playing a fairly negligible role in the history of mid-Tudor Catholicism. This article challenges this interpretation. After reassessing some rather simplistic assessments of Buonvisi’s religious beliefs, this article explores his actions and activities following his self-imposed exile from England in 1549. Using research conducted in both the State Archives of Lucca and the Vatican City, it suggests that Buonvisi played a far more significant role in ensuring the survival of English Catholicism over the first decades of the Reformation than is usually acknowledged. Indeed, it argues that Buonvisi may have helped lay core foundations for the Catholic restoration of Mary I’s reign, the success of which has recently been highlighted by historians such as Eamon Duffy.
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- Research Article
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- © Trustees of the Catholic Record Society 2018. Published by Cambridge University Press
Footnotes
*
I should like to thank my supervisor, Professor Alexandra Walsham, Dr Anne Overell and the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of this article, as well as the archivists of the Archivio Segreto Vaticano, the Archivio di Stato di Lucca and the Inner Temple, London, for making this research possible. This research was funded through a generous grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
References
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4 Ibid., sig. † 1r – ‘Dedicata all’eminentiss. Sig. Francesco Card. Buonvisi, Vescovo di Lucca’.
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20 ‘Copia del testamento di Antonio di Benedetto Buonvisi’, 26 Oct 1553, Archivio di Stato di Lucca, Archivio Buonvisi, 1, n. 64, insert 5, fos. 1r-12v.
21 Ibid., fo. 3r-v – ‘pregando di quore la sua glorissa madre li degni intercedere per la remissione dei miei peccati’.
22 As a number of scholars have recently demonstrated, exile could have a transformative effect on religious beliefs. See, for example, Janssen, Geert, ‘The Exile Experience’, in A. Bamji, G. H. Janssen & M. Laven eds, The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), 73–90 Google Scholar, esp. 81.
23 All quotes below are taken from the translation provided by Elizabeth McCutcheon, ‘ “The Apple of My Eye” ’, 55–6.
24 Ibid., 56.
25 Ibid., 55.
26 Ibid., 40–1.
27 Quoted and translated in Ibid., 41.
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33 Martin, ‘Bonvisi, Antonio’, ODNB.
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35 TNA, SP 1/57, fo. 88r. The author of this letter asked Cromwell to recommend him to Buonvisi and ‘to our other mutual friends’ – ‘ad gli altri nostri comuni amici’. For other examples of this friendship see, TNA, SP 1/73, fo. 166r; TNA, SP 1/82 fo. 143r.
36 TNA, SP 1/102, fos. 106r-110v, at fo. 107v – ‘rimanendo sempre desideroso di poterli fare servitio’.
37 TNA, SP 1/102, fo. 170r-171v, at fo. 170r – ‘innata humanita e benginita’.
38 BL, Cotton Vitellius B 14, fos. 226r-227v; TNA, SP 1/102, fos. 106r-110v; TNA, SP 1/102, fos. 170r-172v, TNA, SP 1/102, fos. 174r-175v; BL, Cotton Vitellius B 14, fo. 158r; TNA, SP 1/103, fos. 156r-157v; TNA, SP 1/103, fos. 220r-223v.
39 Florens Wilson to Starkey, 21 Nov 1535, BL, Cotton MS Nero B 6, fo. 20r; Mayer, Thomas, Thomas Starkey and the Commonwealth: Humanist Politics and Religion in the Reign of Henry VIII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 216 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
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43 Luzzati, ‘Buonvisi, Antonio’, DBI.
44 Bratchel, ‘Italian Merchant Organization’, 14–15; Buonvisi to Cromwell, 28 Feb 1536, TNA, SP 1/102, fos. 106r-110v, at fo. 106v – ‘diuersi chapitoli a nuove havute da lucha retratte da persone possano bene intendere li’.
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63 Florens Wilson, De animi tranquillitate dialogus (Lyons, 1543).
64 Durkan, ‘Wilson, Florence’; Baker-Smith, ‘Antonio Buonvisi’, 106. For a more detailed look at Wilson’s De animi tranquillitate see MacDonald, Alasdair A., ‘Florentius Volusenus and Tranquillity of Mind: Some Applications of an Ancient Ideal’, in Arie Johan Vanderjagt, A. A. MacDonald, Z. R. W. M. von Martels & Jan R. Veenstra eds, Christian Humanism: Essays in honour of Arjo Vanderjagt (Leiden: Brill, 2009), 119–138 CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 128.
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83 McCutcheon, ‘“The Apple of My Eye”’, 56.
84 ‘Will of John Story’, 1552, Inner Temple Library, Petyt MS 538/47, fos. 66r-68r; Sander, De Origine, 200; ‘Copia del testamento’, fo 6r; Roger Ascham to Edward Raven, 20 Jan 1551, in J. A. Giles (ed.), The Whole Works of Roger Ascham, 4 vols. (London, 1865), 1 (2):254; Jonathan Dean, ‘Catholicae Ecclesiae Unitatem: Nicholas Harpsfield and English Reformation Catholicism’ (Unpublished PhD Thesis, Cambridge, 2004), 47.
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87 ‘Will of John Story’, fo. 67v.
88 McConica, English Humanists and Reformation Politics, 271; Jonathan Wright, ‘Christopherson, John (d. 1558)’, ODNB; online edn September 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5373. Accessed 27 May 2018]; Reynolds, Margaret Roper, 130; ‘Copia del testamento’, fo. 5v; J. Löwe, Andreas, Richard Smyth and the Language of Orthodoxy: Re-imagining Tudor Catholic Polemicism (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 43–51 Google Scholar.
89 ‘Will of John Story’, fo. 67v.
90 Ibid., fo. 68r.
91 John Story to Edward Courtenay, 17 Jun 1555, Rawdon Brown et al eds, Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice (hereafter CSPV), 38 vols. (London: H. M. S. O., 1864–1947) 6: no. 137.
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93 Anno septimo Eduuardi Sexti actes made in the Parlamente holden at Westminster... (London, 1553), sig. H 3r.
94 The one exception is Eamon Duffy’s passing comments regarding Buonvisi in his Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (London: Yale University Press, 2009), 181.
95 For a useful overview of the Catholic exiles from Henry’s reign, see Marshall, Peter, Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (Farnham: Ashgate, 2006), 227–276 Google Scholar. The number of exiles under Edward has been calculated as part of my own ongoing research on this subject.
96 TNA, SP 1/121, fos. 149r-150v; TNA, SP 1/131, fos. 171r-172v; TNA, SP 1/132, fos. 32r-33v.
97 TNA, SP 1/197, fos. 53r-54v; TNA, SP 1/197, fos. 64r-65v; TNA, SP 1/200, fos. 174r-175v; TNA, SP 1/205, fo. 164v.
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99 ‘Copia del testamento’, fo. 6r. For Baynes’s flight from England, TNA, SP 1/97, fos. 83r-84v, at fo. 84r.
100 Evidence comes from Bale’s, John, A declaration of Edmonde Bonners articles concerning the cleargye of Lo[n]don dyocese (London, 1561)Google Scholar, fo. 43r. See also, Wizeman, William, The Theology and Spirituality of Mary Tudor’s Church (Farnham: Ashgate, 2006), 40 Google Scholar.
101 Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House: Volume 1, 1306–1571 (London, 1883), nos. 346, 347, 348, 349, 350.
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103 Archivio Segreto Vaticano (hereafter ASV), Fondo Bolognetti, 94, fo. 29r-v – ‘mio carissimo’; ‘mi sono assai maravigliato, che non mi sia ancora comparsa alcuna lettera vostra’; ‘Ringrazioni dell’ammorevol diligenza usata in avvisarci dell’occorrenze passate, persuaderidomi ch’abbiate ciò fatto molto più’.
104 Parpaglia to Pole, 19 Aug 1553, calendared in Thomas F. Mayer ed., The Correspondence of Reginald Pole (hereafter CRP), 4 vols. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002–2008), 2: no. 651; 2: no. 659; 2: no. 724; 2: no. 776.
105 ASV, Fondo Bolognetti, 94, fo. 29r-v – ‘mio carissimo’; 94, fo. 212v – ‘amico carissimo’.
106 ASV, Fondo Bolognetti, 94, fo. 212v – ‘amico carissimo’; ‘sapendo la sua solita amorevolezza verso li miei’.
107 CSPS, 12: 20–36.
108 Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials, 3 (2): 491. For more on Pole’s preaching in Marian England, see Duffy, Eamon, ‘Cardinal Pole preaching: St Andrew’s Day 1557’, in E. Duffy and D. Loades eds, The Church of Mary Tudor (Farnham: Ashgate, 2006), 176–200 Google Scholar.
109 ‘Booklist of Michael Throckmorton’, Mantua, Archivio di Stato, Registrazioni notarili, 1558 vol. 1, fos. 96v-97r, at fo. 97r, printed in Overell, Anne and Willoughby, James M. W., ‘Books from the Circle of Cardinal Pole: The Italian Library of Michael Throckmorton’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 75 (2012): 111–140 Google Scholar – ‘Le Littere e Conti de mesir Antonio Bonvisi’.
110 ‘Copia del testamento’, fo. 11r.
111 Ibid, fo. 11r.
112 ASV, Segr. Stat., Fiandra, 1, fos. 180r-185v, at fo. 180r.
113 ASV, Segr Stat, Inghilterra, 3, fos. 144r-145v – ‘[Mary] commandadomi a star secreto senza lasciarmi cognoscere da alcuno se fosse possibile, et che a questo effetto io non mi partissi della casa del S. Buonvisi, ma che io stessi li come un Italiano’. N.B. Buonvisi’s London property was returned to him by the new Queen, having been confiscated by the Edwardian government. See De Caro, ‘Buonvisi, Francesco’.
114 CRP, 2, nos. 651, 659, 776.
115 Duffy, Fires of Faith, 181.
116 Foxe, John, The Unabridged Acts and Monuments Online (HRI Online Publications, Sheffield, 2011)Google Scholar [http//www.johnfoxe.org. Accessed 27 May 2018] 1570 edition, 1887.
117 CRP, 3, no. 1522.
118 CRP, 1, nos. 2, 18.
119 ASV, Segr. Stat., Fiandra, 1, fos. 180r-185v, at fo. 180r – ‘...a lovanio, dove stanno redutte da molti anni in qui alcune familglie intiere d’Anglesi catholichissime’.
120 Edwards, John ed, Reforming Catholicism in the England of Mary Tudor: The achievement of Friar Barolome Carranza (Farnham: Ashgate, 2005)Google Scholar, passim; Doran, Susan and Freeman, Thomas S. eds. Mary Tudor: old and new perspectives (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, passim; Evenden, Elizabeth and Westbrook, Vivienne eds, Catholic Renewal and Protestant Resistance in Marian England (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015)Google Scholar, passim. For older interpretations, see Dickens, A. G., The English Reformation (2nd edn, London: B.T. Batsford, 1989), 311 and ch. 12Google Scholar; Loades, David, The reign of Mary Tudor: politics, government, and religion in England, 1553–1558 (2nd edn, London: Longman, 1991), 96–128 Google Scholar.
121 Wizeman, Theology and Spirituality, 251–4; Duffy, Fires of Faith, ch. 9.
122 Duffy, Fires of Faith, 33.
123 Thomas Clement, Nicholas Harpsfield, John Boxall, James Basset and Richard Smyth – see Joyce M. Horn, David M. Smith & William H. Campbell eds, Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541–1857 (hereafter FEA), 13 vols. (London, 1969–2014), 3 (1974): 15–17; 4 (1975): 22–3, 28–30; 7 (1992): 13–14; 8 (1996): 105–7, 118–22.
124 Whatmore, L.E. ed, Archdeacon Harpsfield’s Visitation 1557, 2 vols. (London, 1950–51)Google Scholar; Mayer, Thomas, Reginald Pole: Prince and Prophet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 290 Google Scholar.
125 John Boxall, ‘Oration in the presence of the King of Spaine’, BL, Royal MS 12.A.XLIX; Boxall, John, Oratio longe elegantissima, eadémq[ue] doctissima (London, 1555)Google Scholar; Smyth, Richard, A Bouclier of the Catholike Fayth (London, 1554)Google Scholar; Smyth, Richard, The seconde parte of the booke called a Buklar (London, 1555)Google Scholar; Martin, Thomas, Traictise Declarying…that the Pretensed Marriage of Priests...is No Marriage (London, 1554)Google Scholar; Rastell, William, The Workes of Sir Thomas More Knyght (London, 1557)Google Scholar; Harpsfield Lives of Saint Thomas More; Harpsfield, Treatise on the Pretended Divorce; Christopherson, John, An Exhortation to all menne to take hede and beware of rebellion (London, 1554)Google Scholar. Those involved in some way in heresy trials include: John Story, William Rastell, Nicholas Harpsfield, John Boxall, John Christopherson, Richard Smyth, Ralph Baynes, Thomas Martin, Reginald Pole, Richard Pate, Thomas Goldwell. See Foxe, Acts and Monuments Online, 1563 edition, passim.
126 MPs include John Story, William Rastell, James Basset and Thomas Martin – see Bindorff ed, History of Parliament, 1:392; 2:278; 3:179, 386.
127 Eugenio Alberi ed, Relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al senato, 3 series, 14 vols. (Florence: Tipografia e calcografia all’insegna di Clio, 1839–1863), series 1, 2:325, 351; Brigden, London, 576.
128 CSPV, 6, no. 1146.
129 Wizeman, Theology and Spirituality, 2, 253.
130 Duffy, Fires of Faith, 195–9.
131 Rossi, Il Tomaso Moro, 163 – ‘voi lasciate essempi cosi chiari di Heroiche virtu, e di sante imprese’.
132 Mayer, Thomas, ‘A Fate Worse than Death: Reginald Pole and the Parisian Theologians’, English Historical Review, 103 (1988): 870–891 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
133 Duffy, Fires of Faith, 40–1.
134 ‘Will of John Story’, fo. 66v.
135 More’s posthumous influence does, of course, far outweigh that of the Italian – see for example McConica, James K., ‘The Recusant Reputation of Thomas More’, in R. S. Sylvester & G. P. Marc’Hadour eds, Essential Articles for the Study of Thomas More (Hamden, CT: Archon Books 1977), 136–149 Google Scholar.