¹ The primary sources for Butler’s biography are his own letter of 20 May 1831, printed in the Catholic Magazine, vol. 2 (1832), pp. 451–2,Google Scholar and his Reminiscences, pt 1 (1822); pt 2 (1827). Other sources used in this article are noted below, with reference to each such use, as it occurs.

² L.B., to Edward Jerningham, undated(—1 August 1817).

³ G.M., 1832, p. 661. Alban Butler, Charles’s patruus amatisslmus, being domestic chaplain in the ‘fifties to the ninth Duke of Norfolk, lived with James in Charles’s childhood. The house became a much-frequented place of resort for Catholics of all classes. (‘Life of Alban Butler’, in Philological and Biographical Works [1817], vol. 3, p. 506.Google Scholar

⁴ (?Poison, A.) Law and Lawyers (1840), vol. 2, p. 111.Google Scholar I am indebted to Mr Peter Glazebrook for this reference, as for much other assistance.

⁵ If, as appears likely, this was the passage in Burke’s Bristol speech ‘previous to the election’ printed in his Works, vol. 2, at pp. 413–4Google Scholar, the episode reported cannot have taken place before September 1780.

⁶ MS. A. II, 28, 95, at Stonyhurst.

⁷ L.B., 1818 passim, esp. 16 October to Fr Scott, S.J., and 27 October to Lord Clifford; see also Butler’s letters to Dr Gradwell, esp. 26 January and 16 March 1822 (at the Venerable English College, Rome).

⁸ L.B., 20 August 1818, to Mrs Gray.

⁹ Dawn, vol. 1, p. 35.

¹⁰ Harris, P. R., Douai College Documents, C.R.S. 63 (1972), p. 149.Google Scholar

¹¹ Id., op. cit., p. 426.

¹² Historical Memoirs of the… Catholics, 3rd edition (1822) vol. 3, p. 278.Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid., toe. cit.

¹⁴ £30 a year.

¹⁵ Some biographical information about Fr Strachan is in Foley, vol. 7, p. 743; and in Records of the Scots Colleges, vol. 1, p. 84: a much fuller MS. account, from the Roman Archive of the Society, was communicated to me by the archivist of the Venerable English College, Rome.

¹⁶ ‘… The seminary of St Gregory, which was under the direction of the secular clergy, having been established in 1701, though the College d’Arras, on which it was engrafted, dated from nearly a century earlier. The seminary seems to have been badly mismanaged’ (Dawn, vol. 1, p. 69).

¹⁷ Butler’s ‘Biographical account of the Rt Rev. Dr Challoner’, in the Catholic Spectator, vol.2, no. 8 (August 1824), p. 283.

¹⁸ Rosamund, Meredith, ‘The Eyres of Hassop’, in Recusant History, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1967), p. 45.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Structure of Politics… (1957), p. 42.

²⁰ Quoted from Newton, J. F., The Early Days of George Canning (1828),Google Scholar by Hinde, W., in George Canning (1973), p. 18.Google Scholar

²¹ L.B., to Mr Smith, 1 August. Gillow (Bibliographical Dictionary…, vol 1 [1885]) followed the Gentleman’s Magazine’s additions to its obituary of Butler (G.M. [1823], p. 661) in stating that he was also a pupil of John Holliday (and himself added the tid-bit that he thus ‘formedan intimate acquaintance with’ John Scott, later the first Lord Eldon). Eldon’s biographer, Horace Twiss, knew nothing of this, but reported (Life of Lord Chancellor Eldon (1844), vol. 1, pp. 97–98)Google Scholar that John Scott was Duane’s first pupil, in 1775–76(!) Thompson Cooper, in D.N.B., started the friendship with Scott from the Duane connection, but at an unspecified earlierdate. I know of no reason to suppose that Scott and Butler were ever close friends.

²² Minutes of the society (private communication).

²³ Private communication from Mr Glazebrook. Butler’s statements about Shute Barringtonare in a note added at p. 97 of the later editions of his Reminiscences.

²⁴ Op. cit., pp. x–xi.

²⁵ Chad was probably the Norfolk gentleman mentioned earlier (p. 282). Butler regularly visited the Chads during the long vacations, and helped to reconcile the baronet with his son and heir, Charles, in 1812 (L.B., passim, esp. 29 and 30 September 1812 to the father, and3 October to the son). See also Sir George’s obituary in G.M. (1815), p. 641.

²⁶ Namier and Brooke, House of Commons, 1754–90, vol. 2 (1964), pp. 579–80.Google Scholar

²⁷ Observations on the Poor Laws, on the present state of the poor, and on Houses of Industry, 1775: dedication by R. Potter, 10 January 1775. For Robert Potter himself, see D.N.B.

²⁸ E.g., pp. 29–31.

²⁹ For Astle, see D.N.B.

³⁰ Essay…, pp. 109–12.

³¹ Ibid., p. 42, note.

³² Notably at pp. 55–60 and 116–17.

³³ See reprint in The Pamphleteer, vol. 23, p. 228.

³⁴ G.M. (1777), p. 95.

³⁵ The chief sources for the following account, in addition to the Parliamentary Debates, are: The Case of the Royal Hospital… (published by the Royal Hospital, Greenwich, 2 March 1778); the State of Facts relevant to Greenwich Hospital (1779); and Baillie’s own Solemn Appeal to the Public… (1779), dedicated to the Duke of Richmond, and printed for John Almon (Wilkes’s political ally), in ‘Royal Octavo’.

³⁶ The Sandwich Papers, 2, p. 235 (Navy Records Society (1933); edd. G. R. Barned and J. H. Owen).

³⁷ Solemn Appeal…, p. 111.

³⁸ Ibid., p. 118.

³⁹ Ibid., p. 117.

⁴⁰ L.B. (1817), undated (1 August), to Edward, Jerningham; Dawn, vol. 1, p. 174.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Butler’s ‘Biographical Account of the Rt Rev. Dr Challoner’, in the Catholic Spectator, vol. 2, no. 9 (September 1824), p. 316.Google Scholar

⁴² Burton, E. H., The Life and Times of Bishop Challoner (1909), p. 232.Google Scholar

⁴³ This copy is now in the Naval Historical Library.

⁴⁴ The actual work of the English Catholic Committee is fully and objectively described in Dawn.

⁴⁵ Printed in Dawn, vol. 2, pp. 257–9.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Dawn, vol. 1, pp. 96–98.Google Scholar