¹ The standard study on this reform remains Michel Dierickx, De oprichting der nieuwe bisdommen in de Nederlanden onder Filips II, 1559–1570 (Antwerpen/Utrecht: Standaard, 1950).Google Scholar

² Delmaire, Roland et al., eds. Les grandes batailles du Nord de la France (Paris: Mazarine 1984); Alain Lottin and Philippe Guignet, Histoire des Provinces françaises du Nord. De Charles Quint à la Révolution française (1500–1789) (Arras: Artois Presses Université, 2006).Google Scholar

³ For the refugee churches in England, see: Spicer, Andrew, The French-speaking Reformed Community and their Church in Southampton, 1567–c.1620 (London: Huguenot Society, 1997)Google Scholar; Backhouse, Marcel, The Flemish and Walloon communities at Sandwich during the Reign of Elizabeth I (1561–1603) (Brussels: Koninklijke academie, 1995).Google Scholar

⁴ For instance, the Archbishop was comparatively swift in introducting the decrees of the Council of Trent and in covening a diocesan synod and a provincial council: Violet Soen and Laura Hollevoet, ‘Le Borromée des anciens Pays-Bas? Maximilien de Berghes, (arch)évêque de Cambrai et l’application du Concile de Trente (1564–1567)’, Revue du Nord no. 419 (2017): 41–65. See also: Spicer, Andrew, ‘Consecration and Violation: Preserving the Sacred Landscape in the (Arch)diocese of Cambrai, c. 1550–1570’, in Delbeke, Maarten and Schraven, Minou, eds. Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 253–74Google Scholar and Soen, Violet and Van de Meulebroucke, Aurelie, ‘Vanguard Tridentine Reform in the Habsburg Netherlands. The Episcopacy of Robert de Croÿ, Bishop of Cambrai 1519–1556’, in Soen, Violet, Vanysacker, Dries and François, Wim, eds. Church, Censorship and Reform in the Early Modern Habsburg Netherlands (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017), 125–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁷ For helpful overviews of Catholic exile movements based on secondary literature: Bettina Braun, ‘Katholische Glaubensflüchtlinge: eine Spurensuche im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit’, Historisches Jahrbuch 130 (2010): 505–76 and Id., ‘Katholische Konfessionsmigration im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit – Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung’, in Henning Jürgens and Thomas Weller, eds. Religion und Mobilität: zum Verhältnis von raumbezogener Mobilität und religiöser Identitätsbildung im frühneuzeitlichen Europa (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2010), 75–112.

⁸ Janssen, Geert, The Dutch Revolt and Catholic Exile in Reformation Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), esp. 109–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Descimon, Robert and Javier, José Ibáñez, Ruiz, Les ligueurs de l’exil: le refuge catholique français après 1594 (Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2005), 41–2, 194–7, 208–9.Google Scholar

⁹ A notable exception here is Kaplan, Benjamin et al., eds. Catholic Communities in Protestant States: Britain and the Netherlands c. 1570–1720 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009). Clare Walker discusses English exile institutions and the presses in the Low Countries: ‘Priests, Nuns, Presses and Prayers: The Southern Netherlands and the Contours of English Catholicism’, in Kaplan et. al. eds. Catholic Communities, 139–55. Most notably, Paul Arblaster reveals the Dutch, English, Irish, and Scottish Catholic diaspora in the Southern Low Countries: ‘The Southern Netherlands Connection: Networks of Support and Patronage’, in Kaplan et al. eds. Catholic Communities, 123–38.Google Scholar

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¹² Impressa Catholica Cameracensia (hereafter ICC-ODIS) [https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/nieuwetijd/english/odis/%20ICC_search. Accessed 14 May 2019]. Only the records covering 1559–1600 are currently accessible. The records for 1600-1659 will be published in 2020.

¹³ Guilday, Peter, The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent 1558–1795. The English Colleges and Convents in the Catholic Low Countries 1558–1795 (Louvain: Bureaux du Recueil, 1914), xv–xvi Google Scholar; Coppens, Chris, ‘“Challenge” and “Counterblast”: The Book as a Weapon in the English Controversy During the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century’, in De Nave, Francine, Tournoy, Gilbert and Imhof, Dirk, eds. Antwerp, Dissident Typographical Centre. The Role of Antwerp Printers in the Religious Conflicts in England (16th century) (Gent: Snoeck-Decaju, 1994), 31–54, at 38–40.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Coppens, ‘“Challenge” and “Counterblast”’, 32–4; Gilbert Tournoy, ‘Humanists, Rulers and Reformers: Relationships Between England and the Southern Low Countries in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century’, in De Nave, Tournoy and Imhof, eds. Antwerp, Dissident Typographical Centre, 21–9; Guido Latré, ‘William Tyndale in Antwerp: Reformer, Bible Translator, and Maker of the English Language’, in De Nave, Tournoy and Imhof, eds. Antwerp, Dissident Typographical Centre, 55–66.

²⁰ Coppens, ‘“Challenge” and “Counterblast”, 38–40.

²¹ Ibid ., 45–8.

²² According to Allison, Antony F. and Rogers, David M., The Contemporary Printed Literature of the English Counter-Reformation Between 1558 and 1640, 2 vols. (London: Scolar Press, 1989–94) (hereafter ARCR) 72 editions came from the press in Antwerp and 36 in Louvain.Google Scholar

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²⁹ La Rocca, ‘Hall’, 650–1. He later obtained canonries in Cambrai and Saint-Omer, and, in the 1590s, became vicar-general of the Diocese of Saint-Omer.

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³⁴ Also the financial insecurity of the college might have contributed here. See: Guilday, The English Catholic Refugees, 68–70.

³⁵ Allen, William, Libri tres. Id est, De sacramentis in genere […] De sacramento eucharistiae […] De sacrificio eucharistiae (Antwerp: John Fowler, 1576). The colophon reads: ‘Duaci, excudebat Ludovicus de Winde, cura et impensis Iohannnis Fouleri’. See also Schrickx, ‘John Fowler’, 25.Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ Schrickx, ‘John Fowler’, 37–9.

⁴¹ Balsamo, Jean, ‘Les catholiques anglais et le refuge rémois (1578–1593)’, in Lastraioli, Chiara and Balsamo, Jean, eds. Chemins de l’exil, havres de paix: migrations d’hommes et d’idées au XVIe siècle (Paris: Champion, 2010), 93–107; Guilday, The English Catholic Refugees, 83–4.Google Scholar

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⁴³ On the genesis of this translation, see: Alexandra Walsham, ‘Unclasping the Book? The Douai-Rheims Bible’, in Catholic Reformation in Protestant Britain, 286–314.

⁴⁴ McCoog, Thomas, ‘“Guiding Souls to Goodness and Devotion”: Clandestine Publications and the English Jesuit Mission’, in Bela, Teresa, Calma, Clarinda and Rzegocka, Jolanta, eds. Publishing Subversive Texts in Elizabethan England and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 93–109, at 97–103Google Scholar; Havens, Earle and Patton, Elizabeth, ‘Underground Networks, Prisons and the Circulation of Counter-Reformation Books in Elizabethan England’, in Kelly, James E. and Royal, Susan, eds. Early Modern English Catholicism. Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation (Leiden: Brill, 2017), 164–88Google Scholar, at 169–70, 172–3; Rostenberg, Leona, The Minority Press and the English Crown: a Study in Repression 1558–1625 (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1971), 25–6.Google Scholar

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⁵⁹ Viaene, ‘Vlaamse vluchtelingen’, 30–2; Violet Soen ‘Exile Encounters and Cross-Border Mobility in Early Modern Borderlands. The Ecclesiastical Province of Cambrai as a Transregional Node (1559–1600)’, Belgeo 2 (2015):http://belgeo.revues.org/16437. Accessed 23 May 2019.

⁶⁰ Vermaseren, De katholieke Nederlandsche geschiedschrijving, 123–8.

⁶¹ Vrancx, Cornelius, Den sleutel der missen (Gent: Ghileyn Manilius, 1571). USTC 411683. Id., Den sleutel des hemels schriftbewijs vande biechte (Gent: Adriana Teypins, 1574). USTC 408186. Id., Die gheestelijcke Maria (Gent: Pieter de Clerck, 1576). USTC 412573.Google Scholar

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⁶⁶ Lindanus, Wilhelmus, De fvgiendis nostri secvli idolis (Köln: Maternus Cholinus, 1580). Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereichs erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhundert, http://www.vd16.de, accessed 10 June 2019 (hereafter VD16), L 1933.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ Audomaro, Petrus a S., Declaratio cavssarvm, ob qvas Belgivm gravissimis praemitur calamitatibus, cum demonstratione remedij aduersus easdem efficacissimi (Köln: Maternus Cholinus, 1582). VD16 P 1926.Google Scholar

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⁷² Buitendijk, Het calvinisme, 142–144.

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⁷⁷ Ibid ., 98.

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⁸⁴ Pallier, Recherches sur l’imprimerie à Paris, 77.

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⁹⁰ Discovrs de la bataille, siege et prise des ville et chasteav de Dovrlens, emportez par assault le dernier iour de Iuillet 1595 (Douai: Jan Bogart, 1595) A1v: ‘Tu fus mal auisé, empesté Nauarrois / Lors que prestant l’oreille à l’hérétique engea[n]ce / Tu ramends la guerre au giron de la France, / N’y esta[n]t Roy qu’e[n] songe, & sans force & sans loix’. USTC 20508.

⁹¹ Poeme svr la bataille donnee av siege de Dovrlens (Arras: Robert Maudhuy, [1595]), vi: ‘Esueillez vous François, & qu’vn Roy hypocryte / Ne vous aveugle plus, Que la foy vous incite / A laisser le limon de ce lac Geneuois / Et reprendre la Ligue & le Chrestien pauois.’ USTC 20545.

⁹² Racaut, Luc, Hatred in Print: Catholic Propaganda and Protestant Identity During the French Wars of Religion (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), esp. ch. 3.Google Scholar

⁹³ Notable exceptions here are Charles de Lorraine, Duke of Aumale (1555–1631) and former military commander of the League, and Jean Boucher. Boucher finally obtained a canonry in Tournai, where he published several books during the early decades of the seventeenth century. Bruce Hayes and Paul Scott, eds. Jean Boucher (1548–1646?): prêtre, prédicateur, polémiste, theme issue of Œuvres et critiques, 18 (2013).

⁹⁴ Corens, Confessional Mobility, 30, 47.

⁹⁵ Ibid ., 85: ‘the English mission was one common project which consisted of a broad spectrum of actions to sustain and strengthen the English Catholic community, including producing priests, publications and lay education’. Corens focuses on the period 1660–1720, and does not fully explore the organisation of English Catholic printing on the continent.

⁹⁶ For an excellent overview of these controversies, see Milward, Peter, Religious Controversies of the Jacobean Age: A Survey of Printed Sources (London: The Scolar Press, 1978), esp. chs. 3–4.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Ibid ., esp. 89–109.

⁹⁸ Ibid ., 137, 147–8, 178, 222.

⁹⁹ Ibid ., 76–82, 145, 162–3, 174, 178, 206.

¹⁰⁰ Walsham, ‘Dumb Preachers’, 264, 282.

¹⁰¹ Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, 125–7, 130–1; Walsham, ‘Luis de Granada’s Mission’; Id., ‘Wholesome Milk and Strong Meat: Peter Canisius’s Catechisms and the Conversion of Protestant Britain’, British Catholic History 32 (2015): 293–314.

¹⁰² For a brief account of the circulation of devotional texts of continental origin among English Catholic readers, see: Walker, ‘Priests, Nuns, Presses and Prayers’, in Kaplan et al., eds. Catholic Communities in Protestant States, 148–52.

¹⁰³ For a systematic overview of the primer editions and their contents until 1800, see: Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, esp. chs. 1 and 2.

¹⁰⁴ Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, 131. These editions are the so-called manuals, another type of prayer books aimed at the laity.

¹⁰⁵ Archives communales de Douai, BB 13, Régistre aux mémoires 1575–1605, fol. 205r–v: transcription of a letter from the English College dated 14 January 1593; Guilday, The English Catholic Refugees, 83–4.

¹⁰⁶ Hicks, Leo, ‘The Foundation of the College of St Omers’, Archivum historicum Societatis Iesu 19 (1950): 146–80; Chadwick, St Omers to Stonyhurst: a History of Two Centuries (London: Burns and Oates, 1961), esp. ch. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ For a recent account, see: Bowden, Caroline and Kelly, James E., eds. The English Convents in Exile, 1600–1800: Communities, Culture, and Identity (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Corens, Confessional Mobility, 5 also points to the particularly dense networks in this region.

¹⁰⁹ Kingdon, Geneva and the Coming of the Wars of Religion, esp. ch. 4.

¹¹⁰ Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 31–9, 118–20.

¹¹¹ Cited in Ibid ., 34.

¹¹² Deschamps de Pas, Justin, ‘La ville de Saint-Omer et le port de Gravelines’, Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de la Morinie 35 (1931): 139–52. Its proximity to the coast also influenced the choice of Saint-Omer for the English Jesuit College in 1593: Hicks, ‘The Foundation of the College of St Omers’, 159. On the role of Calais and Dunkirk in shipping Catholic books into England, see: Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 36, 112, 120, 128–9.Google Scholar

¹¹³ Bossy, John, ‘Rome and the Elizabethan Catholics: A Question of Geography’, The Historical Journal 7 (1964): 135–42, esp. 139–40; Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, 37; Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹⁴ Arblaster, Paul, Antwerp and the World: Richard Verstegan and the International Culture of Catholic Reformation (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2004), 49–54; Blom, The Post Tridentine English Primer, 37–8; Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 36.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Allison, Antony F., ‘John Heigham of S. Omer (c.1568–c.1632)’, Biographical Studies 4 (1958): 226–42, at 232. On Heigham, see alsoGoogle Scholar: Arblaster, Paul, ‘Heigham, John (b. c. 1568, d. in or after 1634)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 60 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) 26:242-3.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Cited in Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 231.

¹¹⁷ Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 128. On his relations there, see also: Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 236.

¹¹⁸ Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 231.

¹¹⁹ Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 129.

¹²⁰ On Kellam, see: Rostenberg, The Minority Press, 123–31; Simoni, Anna E.C., ‘The Hidden Trade-Mark of Laurence Kellam, Printer at Douai’, Ons geestelijk erf 64 (1990): 130–43 and Alexander Soetaert and Heleen Wyffels, ‘Beyond the Douai-Reims Bible: The Changing Publishing Strategies of the Kellam family in Seventeenth-Century Douai’, The Library (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹²¹ Milward, Religious Controversies of the Jacobean Age, 137.

¹²² Walsh, Michael J., ‘The Publishing Policy of the English College Press at Saint-Omer, 1608–1759’, in Robbins, Keith, ed. Religion and Humanism: Papers Read at the Eighteenth Summer Meeting and the Nineteenth Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society (Oxford: Blackwell, 1981), 239–50Google Scholar; Newdigate, Charles A., ‘Notes on the Seventeenth-Century Printing Press of the English College at Saint Omer’, The Library 10 (1919): 179–90, 223–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The press is also discussed in Allison, Antony F., ‘An Early-Seventeenth Century Translator: Thomas Everard, S.J. A Study of the Bibliographical Evidence’, Biographical Studies 2 (1953): 188–215, and Id., ‘New Light on the Early History of the Breve Compendio. The Background to the English Translation of 1612’, Recusant History 4 (1957): 4–17, esp. 7 and 15.Google Scholar

¹²³ Allison, Antony F., ‘Leonardus Lessius of Louvain and his English Translator’, in Roach, Susan, ed. Across the Narrow Seas. Studies in History and Bibliography of Britain and the Low Countries (London: The British Library, 1991), 89–98 Google Scholar, at 92. The letter has been fully transcribed in Belvederi, Raffaele, Guido Bentivoglio: diplomatico, 2 vols. (Rovigo: Centro di cultura Aldo Masieri, 1947), 2:344–5.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Among these exceptions are five pro-Spanish political tracts written by Richard Verstegan as a reaction to the end of the Twelve Years’ Truce in the Low Countries, the Battle of the White Mountain and the negotiations on the Spanish Match. See: Allison, Antony F., ‘A Group of Political Tracts, 1621–1623, by Richard Verstegan’, Recusant History 18 (1986): 128–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹²⁵ Walsh, ‘The Publishing Policy’, 242–3; Allison, Antony F., ‘The Later Life and Writings of Joseph Creswell’, Recusant History 15 (1978): 79–144, esp. 124–125. For one of the first books printed on the press in 1608, written by James Anderton under the pseudonym John Brereley, it has been argued that the author himself may have financed the edition: Antony F. Allison, ‘Who Was John Brereley? The Identity of a Seventeenth-Century Controversialist’, Recusant History 16 (1982): 17–41, at 30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹²⁶ Chadwick, St Omers to Stonyhurst, 140.

¹²⁷ Imhof, Dirk, ‘François Bellet en Jan I Moretus: een verhaal van vertrouwen en mistrouwen’, De Gulden Passer 88 (2010): 71–91, at 80, 84–8.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ For a list of these complaints, see: Soetaert, ‘Katholieke literatuur’, 145–8.

¹²⁹ Allison, ‘John Heigham’, 230–1.

¹³⁰ On the edition of prayer books in Rouen in the 1630s, see: Blom, The Post-Tridentine English Primer, 63–4, 133.

¹³¹ Walsh, ‘The Publishing Policy’, 245.

¹³² Chadwick, St Omer to Stonyhurst, 145.

¹³³ Clancy, Thomas H., ‘A Content Analysis of English Catholic Books, 1615–1714’, The Catholic Historical Review 86 (2000): 258–72, at 259; Id., English Catholic Books 1641–1700, A Bibliography (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³⁴ Editions published after 1640 are listed in Clancy, English Catholic Books 1641–1700 and Frans Blom et al., English Catholic Books 1701–1800. A Bibliography (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996).

¹³⁵ See n. 94 and 95.

¹³⁶ Pettegree, Emden and the Dutch Revolt, esp. ch. 4.