¹ Professor Shairp, Robert Burns (London, 1879). English Men of Letters Series.Google Scholar

² The Ameer and his chief advisers arrived on 28 September. The Times, 29 September 1879

³ Collins, W. L., Livy (Edinburgh and London, 1876), Ancient Classics for Engiish Readers.Google Scholar

⁴ Beaufort Castle was the family seat of Lord Lovat in north Inverness-shire.

⁵ John, Ruskin, The Stones of Venice (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁶ Hutton, R. H., Sir Walter Scott (London, 1878) English Men of Letters Series, vol. 2.Google Scholar

⁷ Ripon gave the main address and distributed prizes at this meeting.

⁸ Edward, A. Freeman, The Norman Conquest of England, 5 vols. (London, 1872–79).Google Scholar

⁹ The Times, 13 October 1879.

¹⁰ Lord Salisbury spoke to a Conservative Party rally at the Manchester Free Trade Hall

¹¹ Ripon spoke at the dinner on the armed forces volunteers and the conduct of the Government's foreign policy, especially what he called its ‘mishandling’ of Afghanistan. The Times, 24 October 1879.

¹² In memory of his former estate manager, Ripon established the Mason Memorial Scholarship, open to the sons of tenants on his estate.

¹³ I. Carbonnelle, S.J, ‘L Encyclique et La Science’, Revue des Questions Scientifiques, vol. 6, 1879, pp. 353–411.Google Scholar

¹⁴ “Lord Salisbury at Manchester’, Economist, vol. 37, 25 October 1879, pages 1222–23.Google Scholar The article was very critical of Lord Salisbury's defence of the government policy in the Balkans. It called Bismarck the real victor in recent foreign policy and not England, as Salisbury claimed.

¹⁵ Hartington's two speeches were delivered on the evening of 24 October and the evening of the 25th. The first was essentially a call for Liberal unity. Toward the end of his address Hartington turned to questions of foreign policy but he became bogged down in what could only be called minor matters, i.e., Russian acquisition of Batoum. The Times of 27 October labelled this speech ‘inadequate’. The second speech was merely a rehash of the year's political events.

¹⁶ Bright followed Hartington at Manchester and launched into a broad attack on Beaconsfield's foreign policy. In typical Bright fashion, he dwelt at length on the tremendous expenditure of money the government had lavished on an unjust war, especially at a time when the country was going through serious distress. The Times, 21 October 1879.

¹⁷ The Conservative speakers were Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, Mr Henry Chaplin and the Marquis of Hertford,

¹⁸ The Times article was largely based upon three sources: a Government Blue Book ‘The Condition of the Population in Asia Minor and Turkey’, a report by Sir Henry Layard of his tour of Syria, and material from its own correspondents. 28 October 1879.

¹⁹ Cowper spoke at an agricultural dinner in Moor Green, Nottinghamshire. He called for a thorough reform of the Land Laws as a step toward solving the problem of agricultural distress.

²⁰ James spoke before his constituents at Taunton largely on the question of foreign policy.

²¹ Ripon spoke at the meeting on the subject of the Agricultural depression. The Times, 31 October 1879.

²² Charles Robert Carrington, 3rd Baron and 1st Earl Carrington (1843-1928), was a Liberal peer.

²³ The Times called Roberts’ proclamation merely a recognition of exisiting facts and denied that it was designed to lead toward annexation. The Times, 31 October 1879.

²⁴ The home of Lord Derby.

²⁵ Lieutenant-General R. Strachey, a member of the Council of India.

²⁶ General Sir Frederick Paul Haines.

²⁷ The fleet was sent to Vourla, to await orders to go to Besika Bay. The Times, 4 November 1879.

²⁸ Forster, Northbrook, and Ripon.

²⁹ The Turkish government was headed by the supposed Russophile, Said Pasha.

³⁰ The Times stated that Yakub Khan was in communication with the forces that massacred the British garrison at Cabul and that it was now obvious that he had played some part in this uprising. 10 November 1879.

³¹ The Lord Mayor's Day speech.

³² ‘We have strengthened and secured our north-west frontier; (cheers); we have asserted our supremacy in Central Asia; and the general result of our operations … will be to establish tranquillity in those regions and increase the welfare of the inhabitants.’ The Times, 11 November 1879.

³³ Lewis Fry, MP for Bristol.

³⁴ The Anchor Society was the Liberal society of Bristol.

³⁵ Ripon attacked the government on the issue of the Burial Bills and defended the Washington treaty, saying that it was a Liberal policy to search for ways of peace rather than to threaten war. He ended with a long attack on the government's foreign policy, especially recent developments in the-Middle East.

³⁶ Ripon's speech was basically a survey of foreign policy developments. He dealt mostly in generalities, saying that it was still the policy of the Liberals to be the peace party, to support financial retrenchment and political reform. Peace, he said, was still the first interest of England. The Times, 15 November 1879.

³⁷ In an editorial, The Times accused Argyll of everything but lying, preferring, as they said, not to use the word that the Duke would have used. 15 November 1879.

³⁸ Those arrested for anti-rent speeches were Michael Davitt, J. B. Killen, a barrister, and James Daly, editor of a Nationalist journal in Mayo.

³⁹ Prebendary C. A. Row, Christian Evidences Viewed in Relation to Modern Thought, Eight Lectures in the Bampton Series for 1877. Allies, Thomas W., Per Crucem ad Lucem, The Resultof a Life (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Edward McCabe, Archbishop of Dublin, warned the Irish nation that the distress in Ireland was being used by unscrupulous men to further their own political ambitions. He also declared that all just debts must be paid or the real prosperity of the nation would be undermined. The Times, 24 November 1879.

⁴¹ This marked the opening of Gladstone's first Midlothian campaign. The speech was devoted to the inequities of Disraeli's foreign policy. Gladstone called the Duke of Buccleuch ‘in all respects what a British nobleman should be’ and one who set an example in discharge of duty and responsibility that all Englishmen could follow profitably.

⁴² The Very Reverend W. C. Lake.

⁴³ The Times, 27 November 1879, speech at Corn Exchange, Dalkeith.

⁴⁴ This refers to a series of Fenian outrages committed in 1867 in which over a dozen people were killed.

⁴⁵ Her doctors.

⁴⁶ Freeman, E. A., History of Federal Government, vol. 1 (London, 1863).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ The Times, 11 December 1879.

⁴⁸ Lytton was fired upon twice by a drunken East Indian as he was entering Calcutta in his carriage. Pall Mall Gazette, 13 December 1879.

⁴⁹ The Pall Mall's articles were primarily concerned with the attacks directed against General Massy, who was trying to link forces with General MacPherson's isolated units.

⁵⁰ Freeman, E. A., Historical Essays, Third Series (London, 1872).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Lieutenant Gaisford of the 72nd Highlanders was killed on 15 December.

⁵² In an angry editorial, the Daily News demanded an explanation for the delay in forwarding their correspondents’ telegrams. They felt that the only logical explanation was the determination of Lytton to keep back bad news. Daily News, 17 December 1879.

⁵³ Published in Daily News, 18 December 1879.

⁵⁴ The Times, 18 December 1879.

⁵⁵ Ripon's anger was directed at an article analysing the situation in Afghanistan which appeared in the Daily Telegraph, 18 December 1879.

⁵⁶ Robert, Giffen, Essays in Finance, 2nd Edition (London, 1879–80).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Pall Mall Gazette, 19 December 1879.

⁵⁸ ‘Afghanistan’, Economist, 20 December 1879. The article attempted an objective survey of the troubles in Afghanistan during the last year. It labelled the Treaty of Gandamak a failure and argued that recent Government policy had only complicated relations with both Afghanistan and Russia.

⁵⁹ Augustus, Mongredien, Free Trade and English Commerce (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁶⁰ In the Sheffield by-election, the Liberal candidate S. D. Waddy received 14,062 votes to 13,584 for the Conservative candidate Stuart Wortley.

⁶¹ Meeting of the Conservative Party at Leeds held 20 December. Northcote and Bourke defended the Government's foreign policy, Northcote stating that England had no intention of annexing Afghanistan. Bourke emphasized the extent to which the Government's foreign policy was supported by Liberals. Stanhope's speech was broader and he attacked the Liberals, especially Gladstone, quite sharply. The Times. 22 December 1879.

⁶² The Treaty of Gandamak was signed on 26 May 1879. By it the Afghans gave up military control over the Eastern passes along the Indian frontier and they further agreed to accept an English Minister at Cabul. The English were to maintain some control over Afghanistan's foreign policy. The English sent as their first commissioner Sir Louis Cavagnari. After being in residence only a few weeks the entire mission was massacred in September.

⁶³ Ripon undoubtedly meant ‘Government’.

⁶⁴ Osborn, R. D., ‘India under Lord Lytton’, Contemporary Review, December 1879, pp. 553–73.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Thomas, Hughes, The Manliness of Christ (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Secocoeni was an important Zulu chieftain.

⁶⁷ Daily News, 26 December, 1879. According to them, this joining of forces meant that the British could once again go over to the offensive.

⁶⁸ Hume, A. O., Agricultural Reform in India (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁶⁹ The Agricultural Holidings Act was passed in 1875. It was designed to remove some of the grievances felt by tenant farmers against their landlords. The tenants were to be rewarded for any improvements made during their tenancy.

⁷⁰ Pall Mall Gazette, 29 December 1879.

⁷¹ Thedor, Thedorovich Martens, Russia & England in Central Asia (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁷² Father, T. Harper, The Metaphysics of the School, vol. 1 (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁷³ Sir, Samuel Baker, Cyprus As I Saw It in 1879 (London, 1879).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ George, Finlay, History of Greece, 7 vols., new edition revised by Tozer, H. F. (London, 1877).Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Derby spoke before the Huddersfield Chamber of Commerce on the economic condition of the nation. The Times, 9 January 1880.

⁷⁶ Ripon presided at the meeting and gave the principal address. Most of his speech was concerned with the need to improve the quality of education available to the people in the countryside. He felt that an improved educational standard would aid England in her agricultural and industrial competition throughout the world.

⁷⁷ Robert Cornthwaite.

⁷⁸ James, Antony Froude, Two Lectures on South Africa (London, 1880).Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Harcourt's customary New Year's Oration to his constituents at Oxford. In the words of The Times of 14 January 1880, Harcourt painted ‘one bleak picture of the unqualified follies failures, and deceptions of the present Government’.

⁸⁰ Reported in The Journals and Letters of Reginald Viscount Esher, edited by Maurice, Brett, vol. 1, pages 67–68.Google Scholar Brett was Harrington's private secretary.

⁸¹ Coleridge, H. J., The Training of the Apostles (London, 1876).Google Scholar

⁸² The meeting was held at Praetoria. The chief speakers were Paul Kruger and Petrus Joubert. The Times, 17 January 1880.

⁸³ The Wakefield meeting was held in support of the candidacies of H. W. Fitzwilliam & W. H. Leatham. Ripon spoke attacking the Government's foreign policy and he also accused it of having failed to provide a coherent domestic policy for the nation. Yorkshire Post, 21 January 1880.

⁸⁴ Fritz, Cunliffe-Owen, ‘Russian Nihilism’, Nineteenth Century, January 1880, pages 1–26.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Charles Anderson-Pelham, 3rd Earl of Yarborough (1835-1927).

⁸⁶ Systems of Land Tenure in various Countries: a series of essays published under the sanction of the Cobden Club (London, 1876). Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, ‘George Canning: His Character and Motives’. Nineteenth Century, January 1880, pp. 27-42.

⁸⁷ Dean Fremantle of Ripon and his wife.

⁸⁸ Land Transfer Report, Report from Committee Four, Journal of House of Commons, 1878–79, vol. 11, pp. 1–222.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Bright spoke at the annual meeting of the Birmingham Liberal Association.

⁹⁰ Lilly, W. S., ‘The 18th Century’, Dublin Review, January 1880, 330–49 (the third of a series of four articles)Google Scholar. Henry, Dunckley, ‘Mr Gladstone’, Fortnightly Review, January 1880, pp 26–52.Google Scholar Archibald Forbes, ‘War Correspondents and the Authorities’, Nineteenth Century, January 1880, pp 185-96. Traill, H. D., ‘The England of Today’, Fortnightly Review, January 1880, pp. 130–46Google Scholar, with a note by the Editor (i.e. Morley) pp 146-9.

⁹¹ Lord Derby spoke at the annual distribution of scholarships granted by the Liverpool Council of Education. The Times, 26 January 1880.

⁹² Cardinal Newman spoke before the annual Catholic Reunion meeting. His speech largely dwelt on the changes that had taken place in relations between Roman Catholics and other Englishmen. He admitted Roman Catholic errors in the past and tried to show how Prostestants could take such a distorted view of the Catholic Church.

⁹³ Sandon spoke in support of the Conservative by-election candidate, Edward Whitley.

⁹⁴ Henry John Wood, Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army and fourth son, Frederick George Lindley Wood, and his wife Lady Mary.

⁹⁵ Russia before and after the War, by the author of Society in St Petersburg [Julius Eckardt] translated from the German (with later additions by the author) by Edward Fairfax Taylor (London, 1880).

⁹⁶ Lord Ramsay was the Liberal candidate at the by-election in Liverpool. His decision in favour of Home Rule was widely believed to have been an open invitation to win the Irish vote there. It was regarded by many Liberals as a miscalculation that would alienate many English voters.

⁹⁷ G. Shaw Lefevre, Freedom of Land, Practical Politics Series no. 3, published by Macmillan for the Liberal Party; Grant Duff, M. E., Foreign Policy, Practical Politics Series no. 2, (London, 1880).Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Viscount Monck, retired soldier, who had served as Governor-General of Canada.

⁹⁹ Hansard, House of Lords, 5 February 1880, cols. 1-62. Disraeli stated that England's sole aim in Afghanistan was to ‘secure an adequate and powerful frontier for our Indian Empire’. England's policy was opposed to annexation. Col. 42.

¹⁰⁰ Sir William Rathbone was a Liberal MP.

¹⁰¹ Published in The Times, 4 February 1880. Hartington's letter was a straightforward statement of support for Lord Ramsay, despite his pronouncements in favour of Home Rule. Gladstone's was a classic of tortured prose which rendered his support less effective.

¹⁰² The final vote was: Mr Edward Whitley, the Conservative, 26,106; Lord Ramsay, the Liberal candidate, 23,885. The Conservative majority was 2,221.

¹⁰³ James, Howard, The Tenant Farmer: Land Laws and Landlords, Practical Politics Series no. 1, (London, 1879).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Argyll admitted that, while Secretary of State for India, in 1869 he had used the phrase ‘Empress of India’ in a telegram to the Ameer of Afghanistan. He said that he was never one of those vociferously opposed to using such a designation when dealing with the Orient. Hansard, House of Lords, 9 February 1880, cols. 254-8.

¹⁰⁵ The Times, Editorial, 10 February 1880.

¹⁰⁶ ‘The situation in Afghanistan’, Nineteenth Century, February 1880.

¹⁰⁷ The questions referred to the statement made in The Times of that morning that the British Government had released Persia of her obligations in regard to Herat. Both Disraeli and Northcote in the House of Lords said there was no foundation to the statement. Hansard, House of Lords, 10 February 1880, col. 375, and House of Commons, cols. 382-3.

¹⁰⁸ Hansard, House of Lords, 12 February 1880, cols. 487-506.

¹⁰⁹ The final returns on the Barnstaple poll showed that the Liberal candidate, Lord Lymington, drew 817 votes to 721 for the Conservative candidate, Sir Robert Carden. The result was somewhat discouraging for the Liberals, however. Since the 1874 election, the Liberals had added sixty votes to their poll while the Conservatives had increased their poll by ninety-nine.

¹¹⁰ Fitzjames Stephens was a Conservative intellectual and writer who had been a major contributor to the Saturday Review.

¹¹¹ Hansard, House of Lords, 13 February 1880, cols. 582-3.

¹¹² Henry, Fawcett, Indian Finance (London, 1880),Google Scholar based on three articles in the Nineteenth Century.

¹¹³ John Henry, Cardinal Newman, Loss and Gain: the Story of a Convert, 6th Edition, (London, 1874).Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ Edward, A. Freeman, History and Conquests of the Saracens (London, 1876).Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Maurice, F. D., Social Morality, 21 Lectures, 2nd Edition (London, 1872).Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Hansard, House of Lords, 17 February 1880, cols. 777-88.

¹¹⁷ The attempt was made on 17 February, while Czar Alexander and his guests, including the Duke of Edinburgh, were about to dine. One hundred and twenty-four pounds of dynamite were exploded in a cellar beneath the royal dining-room. Twelve members of the royal household were killed and some fifty were injured.

¹¹⁸ Arthur, James Balfour, A Defence of Philosophic Doubt: Being an Essay on the Foundationsof Belief (London, 1879).Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Hansard, House of Lords, 26 February 1880, cols. 1021-1098. Ripon took the Government to task for lacking any straightforward foreign policy and being forced to improvise as events unfolded. The result has been to leave Afghanistan weak and the desired ‘scientific frontier’ costly in blood. Cols. 1076-9.

¹²⁰ They were captured near Salonica by Greek bandits. The incident touched Ripon and his wife very deeply because of its similarity to the capture and murder of Lady Ripon's brother in 1870.

¹²¹ They were introduced on 23 February. The Bill was designed to give tenants for life power to sell and to lease land in which they had an interest. Furthermore, the Bill simplified the procedure for conveyance. Legal fees were also to be brought into a more realistic form. The Bill never reached the House of Commons.

¹²² Charles, Dawson, ‘The Irish Franchise’, Fortnightly Review, February 1880, pp. 281–7.Google Scholar

¹²³ Georg, Brandes, Lord Beaconsfield, A Study, translated by Mrs George Sturge (London, 1880).Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Jules Simon took exception to numerous points of Ferry's Bill on Educational matters. He believed that religious congregations should be dealt with in a separate bill. He also felt that Ferry's Bill, in the name of liberty of conscience, impinged the consciences of Roman Catholics. The Times, 28 February 1880.

¹²⁵ George Osborne Morgan, M.P., Land Law Reform in England, (1880).Google Scholar Originally an article in Fortnightly Review, December 1879.

¹²⁶ Hansard, House of Lords, 4 March 1880, cols. 278-96.

¹²⁷ Lowther was Chief Secretary for Ireland. His speech painted a grim picture of conditions in Ireland.

¹²⁸ O[lga], K[ireev], Russia and England from 1876 to 1880 (London, 1880).Google Scholar

¹²⁹ Hansard, House of Lords, 8 March 1880, cols. 558-60.

¹³⁰ Thomas Erskine May (1815-86) was Clerk of the House of Commons from 1871 until shortly before his death.

¹³¹ Lord Braye of Stanford Hall, Rugby, was a fellow-Roman Catholic and friend of Ripon's.

¹³² Justin, McCarthy, ‘The Common-Sense of Home Rule’, Nineteenth Century, March 1880, pp 406–22.Google Scholar

¹³³ Hartington's address was given to his constituents at North East Lancashire. He attacked Disraeli's election address on its major points. For example, Hartington denied that the Liberal Party would injure the Imperial ties in any way. Nor would any future Liberal government give any major concessions to the forces of Home Rule.

¹³⁴ James Russell Lowell (1819-91), American author and poet. He served as American Minister to London from 1880 to 1885.

¹³⁵ Not identified.

¹³⁶ The French translation of Turgenev's Virgin Soil, published in 1879.

¹³⁷ Lord Stanley Alderley (1827-1903) was a well-known English nobleman who had served briefly in the diplomatic service. He was quite an eccentric, having been converted to the Moslem faith during his travels in the East.

¹³⁸ The letter to Lord Sefton in which Derby definitely announced his severing of all ties with the Conservative Party.

¹³⁹ The Conservative election manifesto took the form of a letter to the Duke of Marlborough on 9 March, by Disraeli. In it, Disraeli made the menace of Home Rule and Irish terror as the main theme of the forthcoming election.

¹⁴⁰ The debate was on the Eastern Question. Hansard, House of Lords, 15 March 1880, cols. 973-1007.

¹⁴¹ Thomas Weld-Blundell was a prominent Roman Catholic landowner in south-west Lancashire. His open support for the Tory cause was considered by Lord Granville to have been instrumental in explaining the failure of the Liberals there. Ripon personally wrote to Weld-Blundell asking him to return to the Liberal camp but was unsuccessful in his efforts. Ripon Papers, British Museum, Add. MSS. 43626, Mgr John Fisher to Ripon, 4 April 1880.

¹⁴² Mr Gladstone on the Budget.

¹⁴³ Giovanni, Battista Arnaudo, Le Nihilisme et les Nihilistes (Paris, 1880)Google Scholar, translated by Henri Bellenger, 2nd ed.

¹⁴⁴ Sir Henry Thompson's election for Knaresborough was challenged early in 1880 and he was unseated.

¹⁴⁵ Two Liberals, Sir Arthur Hayter and Edward Wodehouse, were returned for Bath.

¹⁴⁶ Joseph, Butler, The analogy of religion … with introduction, life, etc by Malleson, F. A., (London, 1878).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ Francisco Arias (1533-1605) Jesuit author of devotional works. The Charity of JesusChrist, with a preface by Henry J. Coleridge, (London, 1880). John, Henry Cardinal Newman, Discourses Addressed to Mixed Congregations (London, 1849).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Goschen defeated the Conservative candidate, Francis Darwin, very handily.

¹⁴⁹ Justin, McCarthy, History of Our Own Times, From William IV to the Rise of Disraeli (London, 1879).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ Arnold, A., Free Land (London, 1880).Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ Tennyson's famous poem.

¹⁵² In the South Lincolnshire election, the two Conservative candidates J. C. Lawrence and Sir William Welby-Gregory easily outpolled the Liberal candidate Mr Sharpe. Their majorities were between 700 and 1000 votes.

¹⁵³ George, Joachim Goschen, Reports and Speeches on Local Taxation (London, 1874).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ The vote in the Cork election was William Shaw, 5354; Col. Colthurst, 3584; Mr Kettle, 3430.

¹⁵⁵ Lawson's resolutions called for legislation that would allow each locality by a two-thirds majority to stop the public sale of intoxicating drinks.

¹⁵⁶ Augusta, Theodosia Drane, The History of St Catherine of Siena and her companions (London, 1880).Google Scholar (Mother Francis Raphael, O.P., of Stone).

¹⁵⁷ Lord Henry was an old friend of Disraeli's and he badgered the Prime Minister for this important post. Disraeli submitted his name but ultimately had to withdraw it because of opposition to Lord Henry as not being competent for this post. Buckle, , Disraeli, vol. 6, p. 532.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ Henry, Reeve, ‘Plain Whig Principles’, Edinburgh Review, January, 1880, pp. 257–80.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Abraham Hayward (1801-84), a literary figure who was well versed on political and social gossip.

¹⁶⁰ Donald James Mackay, 11th Lord Reay, was a Dutchman who became a naturalized British subject in 1877.

¹⁶¹ Marquis of Bath, Observations on Bulgarian Affairs (London, 1880).Google Scholar

¹⁶² Sir, Theodore Martin, The Life of the Prince Consort, vol. 5 (London, 1880).Google Scholar