¹ Eamon, Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, 1400–1580 (New Haven: Yale UP, 1992).Google Scholar

² Walsham, Church Papists.

³ Allison, A.F. and Rogers, D.M., The Contemporary Printed Literature of the English Counter-Reformation between 1558 and 1640 (2 vols., Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1989 Google Scholar and 1994).

⁴ Nicholas, Tyecke, ed., England's Long Reformation: 1500—1800 (London: UCL Press, 1998).Google Scholar

⁵ Walsham, Church Papists, p, 16.

⁶ See for example Alison Shell's graphic account of the prohibition, burning and expurgation of Catholic texts in ‘Anti-Catholic Prejudice in the 17th-Century Book Trade’, in Robin, Myers and Michael, Harris, eds., Censorship and the Control of Print in England and France, 1600—1910 (Winchester: St. Paul's Bibliographies, 1992, 33–58),Google Scholar p. 35.

⁷ Lisa, McClain, Lest We Be Damned: Practical Innovation and Lived Experience Among Catholics in Protestant England, 1559—1642 (New York and London: Routledge, 2004), p. 53.Google Scholar McClain goes on to say that ‘Some individuals sold such works privately from their homes or bequeathed them in their wills… Priests also delivered books… Catholics frequently lent their own books to others, and copied printed books by hand… Books were sent into prisons and across the country to friends and relatives… And often, when…searchers found Catholic books…they would fine the Catholic for possessing the books but then sell the books back to the Catholic and pocket the profit’ (ibid.).

⁸ Ibid., p. 53.

⁹ Maximilian, Von Habsburg, Catholic and Protestant Translations of the Imitatio Christi, 1425—1650: From Late Medieval Classic to Early Modern Bestseller (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2011), p. 10.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Christopher, Haigh, ‘The Continuity of Catholicism in the English Reformation’, Past &Present, 93 (1981), p. 66.Google Scholar

¹¹ Alexandra, Walsham, ‘“Domme Preachers”? Post-Reformation English Catholicism and the Culture of Print’, Past and Present (2000) 168 (1): pp. 72–123;Google Scholar see also Walsham, Church Papists.

¹² Richard, Rogers, Seuen Treatises (London: Felix Kyngston, for Thomas Man and Robert Dexter, 1603).Google Scholar

¹³ Bozeman, The Precisianist Strain, pp. 66–7. See the final section of this paper for evidence that Rogers and his editors were very much in a minority in seeing Catholic writers such as these as a ‘danger’.

¹⁴ Robert, Persons, The First Booke of the Christian Exercise Appertayning to Resolution (Rouen: Robert Persons’ Press, 1582),Google Scholar fo. 9^r. While I refer to him (following ODNB) as Persons throughout, he is also known as Parsons, and where I cite from sources that refer to him as such I have retained the original spelling.

¹⁵ Hudson, E.K., ‘The Catholic Challenge to Puritan Piety, 1580–1620’, The Catholic Historical Review, 77.1 (1991): pp. 8–9.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Bozeman, The Precisianist Strain, pp. 67 and 76.

¹⁷ For English Protestants, John Jewel's ‘Challenge Sermon’ (November, 1559) was obviously crucial in this respect.

¹⁸ Jean-Louis, Quantin, in Irena, Backus and Antoinina, Bevan, eds., The Reception of the Church Fathers in the West: From the Carolingians to the Maurists (2 vols., Leiden: Brill, 1996), pp. 987–1007.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Mary, Arshagouni Papazian, ‘How a “Second S. Augustine”?’, in Mary, Arshagouni Papazian, ed., John Donne and the Protestant Reformation: New Perspectives (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2003), pp. 66–89;Google Scholar p. 73.

²⁰ See, e.g., Madeleine, Gray, The Protestant Reformation: Belief, Practice, and Tradition (Brighton, Sussex: Sussex Academic Press, 2003), p. 31,Google Scholar Arnoud, S. Q. Visser, Reading Augustinein the Reformation: The Flexibility of Intellectual Authority in Europe, 1500—1620 (0xford and New York: OUP, 2011), p. 76,Google Scholar Jesse, Couenhoven, ‘Augustine, Saint’, The Encyclopedia of Ethics (Wiley Online Library, 2013),Google Scholar and Kate, Narveson, ‘Publishing the Sole-talk of the Soule: Genre in Early Stuart Piety’, in Daniel, W. Doerksen and Christopher, Hodgkins, eds., Centeredon the Word: Literature, Scripture, and the Tudor-Stuart Middle Way (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004), pp. 110–125;Google Scholar p. 112.

²¹ Alexander, Cooke, Saint Austins Religion. Wherein is Manifestly Proued…that he Dissented from Poperie and Agreed with the Religion of the Protestants, in all the Maine Poynts of Faithand Doctrine. (London: A. Mathewes, 1624), p. 1.Google Scholar

²² For a bibliographical list of some 200 Protestant works that could be described as basically Augustinian, see John, R. Yamamoto-Wilson, ‘An Annotated Catalogue of Protestant Editions in English of Works by and Relating to Saint Augustine of Hippo, 1529–1700’, Reformation and Renaissance Review, 13.1 (2011), pp. 93–132.Google Scholar

²³ Kate, Narveson, ‘Publishing the Sole-talk of the Soule: Genre in Early Stuart Piety’, in Daniel, W. Doerksen and Christopher, Hodgkins, eds., Centered on the Word: Literature, Scripture, and the Tudor-Stuart Middle Way (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004), pp. 110–125;Google Scholar p. 112.

²⁴ ‘Quis denegabit, & Bernardum, & Bonaventuram, & Thaulerum, & Thomam a Kempis, cete-rosque complures de divino amore gustaste, & divini Spiritus virtutem in seipsis ad salutem suam operantem sensisse? Debemus ne igitur istas superstitiones non abnegare, repudiare & derelinquere, quibus ii utebantur?’ Robert, Barclay, Roberti Barclaii Theologiae vere Christianae apologia (Amsterdam: for J. Claus, 1676), p. 225.Google Scholar

²⁵ Stephen, Strehle, The Catholic Roots of the Protestant Gospel: Encounter between the Middle Ages and the Reformation (Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1995).Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid., 41–45. Even then, Strehle relates Perkins to pre-Reformation writings only indirectly, via the influence of such European Protestants as Beza and Zanchi.

²⁷ Bozeman, The Precisianist Strain, p. 75.

²⁸ Ibid., p. 76.

²⁹ Hudson, Notably Elizabeth K., ‘English Protestants and the Imitatio Christi 1580–1620’, The Sixteenth Century Journal, 19.4, 1988, pp. 541–58,CrossRefGoogle Scholar and, more recently, Nandra, Perry, ‘The Imitation of Christ in English Reformation Writing’, Literature Compass, 8.4, (2011), pp. 195–205,Google Scholar and ‘The Place of the Imitatio Christi in the Protestant World’, chapter 8 of Von, Habsburg, Catholic and Protestant Translations of the Imitatio Christi, pp. 145–77.Google Scholar

³⁰ Robert, Abbot, The Second Part of the Defence of the Reformed Catholicke (London, 1607), 982,Google Scholar cited in Milton, Catholic and Reformed, p. 235.

³¹ Bozeman, The Precisianist Strain, p. 75.

³² Judith, Maltby, Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 12.Google Scholar

³³ See, e.g., Patrick, McGrath, Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I (London: Blandford Press, 1967), p. 188,Google Scholar Ceri, Sullivan, ‘Cannibalizing Persons's Christian Directorie, 1582’, Notes and Queries, 41.4 (1994), pp. 445–6,Google Scholar Jeremy Gregory, ‘The Making of a Protestant Nation: “Success” and “Failure” in England's Long Reformation’, in Tyacke, N., ed., England's Long Reformation: 1500—1800 (London: University College, 1998), pp. 209–32; p. 224,Google Scholar Alexandra, Walsham, Church Papists, p. 252,Google Scholar William, W.E. Slights, Managing Readers: Printed Marginalia in English Renaissance Books (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001), p. 252,Google Scholar and Victor, Houliston, ‘Why Robert Persons would not be Pacified: Edmund Bunny's Theft of The Book of Resolution' ’, in McCoog, T.M., ed., The Reckoned Expense: Edmund Campion and the Early English Jesuits (revised edition, Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2007).Google Scholar

³⁴ Carl, Trueman, ‘The Impact of the Reformation and Emerging Modernism’, in Paul, Ballard and Stephen, R. Holmes, eds., The Bible in Pastoral Practice: Readings in the Place and Function of Scripture in the Church (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 2005), pp. 78–95;Google Scholar p. 89.

³⁵ Louis, L. Martz, The Poetry of Meditation (Newhaven: Yale University Press, 1954).Google Scholar

³⁶ Alec, Ryrie, Being Protestant in Reformation Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 284–92.Google Scholar

³⁷ Milton, Catholic and Reformed, pp. 150–57.

³⁸ Robert, Crowley, A Deliberat Answere Made to a Rash Offer, which a Popish Antichristian Catholique, Made to a Learned Protestant (London: I. Charlwood, 1588),Google Scholar title page.

³⁹ Milton, Catholic and Reformed, p. 142.

⁴⁰ Joseph, Hall, The Olde Religion (London: W. Stansby, 1628),Google Scholar chapter headings. For Hall, as for a number of Protestant writers, the ‘old religion’ was the faith of the early Church, before it had been corrupted by ‘popery’.

⁴¹ Hall, The Olde Religion, p. 62, p. 71 and p. 73.

⁴² Heinrich, Bullinger, The Olde Fayth, translated from the Latin by Miles, Coverdale ([Antwerp: M. Crom?], 1541),Google Scholar title page.

⁴³ Baxter is of particular significance in this context, since it was Bunny's edition of Robert Persons’ work which first touched his heart ‘with a livelier feeling of things Spiritual’ (Richard, Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae, London, 1696, p. 3).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ William, Nicholls, ‘A Discourse of the Rise and Progress of the Spiritual Books in the Romish Church’, in Francis, de Sales, An Introduction to a Devout Life (London: E. Holt, 1701),Google Scholar sigs. A4^r–a4^v; sig. A8^r.

⁴⁵ Maria, Hagedorn, Reformation and Spanische Andachtsliteratur: Luis de Granada in England (Leipzig: Kölner anglistische Arbeiten, 1934).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Bozeman, The Precisianist Strain, p. 76.

⁴⁷ Alison, Shell, Catholicism, Controversy and the English Literary Imagination, 1558—1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 7.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ John, Craig, in Patrick, Collinson, John, Craig and Brett, Usher, eds, Conferences and Combination Lectures in the Elizabethan Church: Dedham and Bury St Edmunds, 1582—1590 (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2003), Introduction, pp. cv–cvi.Google Scholar Craig's account is reproduced, almost verbatim, in ODNB. Anthony à Wood, Athence Oxonienses, vol. 1 (London: for Tho. Bennet, 1691), pp. 341–2,Google Scholar also gives details of Rogers’ life and career.

⁴⁹ John, Joseph Collins, Bernard, McGinn and Stephen, J. Stein, The Origins of Apocalypticism in Judaism and Christianity, vol. 3 (New York: Continuum Publishing, 2000), Introduction, p. ix.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Rogers, in à Kempis, Of the Imitation of Christ (London: by Henrie Denham, 1580),Google Scholar sig. A9^r-v.

⁵¹ Thomas, Rogers, in Diego, de Estella, A Methode vnto Mortification (London: J. Windet, 1586),Google Scholar epistle dedicatory, sig. A5^r.

⁵² Ibid., sig. A6^r–7^v.

⁵³ Thomas, Rogers, The English Creede, Consenting with the True, Auncient, Catholique, and Apostolique Church in al the Points, and Articles of Religion (London: J. Windet, 1585),Google Scholar part one, title page.

⁵⁴ Rogers, An Historical Dialogue, preface, sig. Aiii^r.

⁵⁵ Rogers, Miles Christianus, p. 34 and p. 4.

⁵⁶ Rogers, in à Kempis, Of the Imitation of Christ (London: Henrie Denham, 1580),Google Scholar sig. A8^v–9^r.

⁵⁷ ODNB.

⁵⁸ ODNB.

⁵⁹ Edmund, Bunny, The Whole Summe of Christian Religion (London: Purfoote, T. for Harrison, L. and Bishop, G., 1576),Google Scholar sig. *3^v.

⁶⁰ ODNB.

⁶¹ Hagedorn, Reformation and Spanische Andachtsliteratur: Luis de Granada in England (Leipzig: Kölner anglistische Arbeiten, 1934), p. 52, pp. 72–3 and p. 80.Google Scholar

⁶² Friancis, Meres, in Luis, de Granada, Granados Spirituall and Heauenlie Exercises (London: J. Roberts, 1598),Google Scholar epistle dedicatory, sig. A4^r-v.

⁶³ Francis, Meres, in Luis, de Granada, The Sinners Guyde (London: J. Roberts, 1598),Google Scholar epistle dedicatory, sig. A3^v.

⁶⁴ In Luis, de Granada, Of Prayer and Meditation (Paris: T. Brumeau, 1582),Google Scholar epistle dedicatory, sig. ¶4^r–v.

⁶⁵ Francis, Meres, The Sinners Guyde (London: J. Roberts, 1598),Google Scholar epistle dedicatory, sig. Aii^v.

⁶⁶ ODNB.

⁶⁷ Arber, E., A Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, 1554—1640, 5 vols. (London: privately printed, 1875–94), vol. 1, pp. 791–2.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Ibid., p. 561.

⁶⁹ Gary, Taylor, ‘The Cultural Politics of Maybe’, in Richard, Dutton, Alison, Findlay, and Richard, Wilson, eds., Theatre and Religion: Lancastrian Shakespeare (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), pp. 242–58; p. 250,Google Scholar has uncovered evidence indicating that Mabbe was actually imprisoned on suspicion of being a Catholic spy, and Geraldine Hodgson, E., English Mystics (London: Maubray, 1922), p. 226,Google Scholar famously remarks of Vaughan that, ‘if ever an Anglo-Catholic mystic existed after the Reformation, Henry Vaughan was one’.

⁷⁰ Richard, Baxter, Against the Revolt to a Foreign Jurisdiction (London: for Thomas Parkhurst, 1691), 538.Google Scholar

⁷¹ PLRE 149.199.

⁷² PLRE 154.96. This is catalogued as ‘Resolut. pars ultraque’, and the PLRE entry comments, ‘It is assumed that by pars utraque the compiler means both Persons’ original and Edmund Bunny's Protestant adaptation’.

⁷³ PLRE Ad4.278.

⁷⁴ PLRE 3.129, volume entry (http://plre.folger.edu/booksDetail.php?id=544).

⁷⁵ PLRE 3.129, 3.131, 3.147, and 3.201.

⁷⁶ Townsend, J.C. et al., Townsend-Townshend, 1066–1909, revised by Margaret, Townsend (New York: s.n., 1909), p. 13.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ PLRE 225.2. Inventoried on Slade's imprisonment in 1583.

⁷⁸ PLRE 251.5. Inventoried on seizure in 1584.

⁷⁹ PLRE 242.15. Inventoried on seizure in 1586.

⁸⁰ PLRE 244.5. Inventoried on seizure in 1586.

⁸¹ PLRE 251.3, 251.6.

⁸² PLRE 244.8.

⁸³ PLRE 3.148.

⁸⁴ PLRE 3.179.

⁸⁵ PLRE 259.41. Inventoried in 1626.

⁸⁶ PLRE 149.248.

⁸⁷ PLRE Ad4.290.

⁸⁸ Birrell, ‘English Catholic Mystics in Non-Catholic Circles’, The Downside Review, 94 (1976), pp. 60–81, 99–117 and 213–28;CrossRefGoogle Scholar p. 65.

⁸⁹ See Greg, W.W., A Companion to Arber (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp. 347–8.Google Scholar

⁹⁰ ODNB.

⁹¹ PLRE 4.173, 4.178, 4.226, 4.239, 4.260.

⁹² PLRE 4.34, 4.354.

⁹³ PLRE 154.20, 154.63, 154.59.

⁹⁴ PLRE 154.49–54, 154.91–2, 154.117.

⁹⁵ PLRE 154.5, 154.116, and 154.13, 154.14, 154.90.

⁹⁶ PLRE 154.15, 154.192.

⁹⁷ PLRE 149.184, 149.194, 149.205.

⁹⁸ PLRE 149.54, 149.6.

⁹⁹ In addition to Robert Southwell, Saint Peters Complaint (PLRE Ad3.97), Sibthorp probably owned a Catholic edition of Augustine's Confessions (PLRE Ad3.76) and perhaps John Cosin, A Collection of Private Devotions (PLRE Ad3.99), an adaptation for Protestant consumption of the post-Tridentine Primer.

¹⁰⁰ PLRE 3.11, 3.161, 3.172.

¹⁰¹ PLRE 3.119.

¹⁰² Houliston in Robert, Persons, Robert Persons S.J.: The Christian Directory (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. xi–xiv.Google Scholar Harington's name is perhaps inappropriate here; Gerard, Kilroy, Edmund Campion: Memory and Transcription (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005),Google Scholar makes a strong case for him being a crypto-Catholic.

¹⁰³ See Christopher, Devlin, Hamlet's Divinity and Other Essays (London: Hart-Davis, 1963), 36–41,Google Scholar Peter, Milward, Shakespeare's Religious Background (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973), 44–52,Google Scholar Donna, Hamilton, ‘Shakespeare and Religion’, in The Shakespearean International Yearbook, I (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), 187–202,Google Scholar and John, R. Yamamoto-Wilson, ‘Shakespeare and Catholicism’, Renaissance and Reformation Review 7.2–3 (2005): pp. 347–361;Google Scholar p. 354.

¹⁰⁴ Houliston in Robert, Persons, Robert Persons S.J.: The Christian Directory (Leiden: Brill, 1998), p. xi.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Maria, Hagedorn, Reformation and Spanische Andachtsliteratur: Luis de Granada in England (Leipzig: Kölner anglistische Arbeiten, 1934), pp. 136–47.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ Francis, Trigge, The True Catholique Formed According to the Truth of the Scriptures (London: Peter Short, 1602),Google Scholar epistle to the reader, sig. ¶4^r–v.

¹⁰⁷ Ibid., p. 16.

¹⁰⁸ Stephen, Egerton, in Richard, Rogers, Seuen Treatises (London: Felix Kyngston, 1603),Google Scholar ‘To the Christian Reader’, sig. A3^r.

¹⁰⁹ Richard, Rogers, A Commentary vpon the VVhole Booke of Iudges (London: Felix Kyngston, 1615), p. 199.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Richard, Sheldon, The Motiues of Richard Sheldon (London: William Hall and William Stansby for Nathaniel Butter, 1612), p. 11 and p. 155.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Thomas, Barlow, Autoschediasmata, de studio theologiae (Oxford: Leonard Lichfield, 1699), pp. 40–41.Google Scholar

¹¹² Ibid., pp. 10–14.

¹¹³ Thomas, Cranmer, A Defence of the True and Catholike Doctrine of the Sacrament (Reginald Wolfe, 1550),Google Scholar fo. 48^r.

¹¹⁴ George, Abbot, The Reasons vvhich Doctour Hill hath Brought, for the Vpholding of Papistry (Oxford: Joseph Barners, 1604), p. 84.Google Scholar

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¹¹⁶ Thomas, Barlow, Autoschediasmata, de studio theologiae (Oxford: Leonard Lichfield, 1699), p. 48.Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Heinrich, Bullinger, Questions of Religion (London: Henrie Bynneman, 1572),Google Scholar fo. 23^v.

¹¹⁸ Richard, Baxter, A Key for Catholicks (London: R.W., 1659), p. 124.Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ William, Perkins, A Golden Chaine (Cambridge: John Legat, 1600), p. 104.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ William, Nicholls, ‘A Discourse of the Rise and Progress of the Spiritual Books in the Romish Church’, in Francis, de Sales, An Introduction to a Devout Life (London: E. Holt, 1701),Google Scholar sigs. A4^r–a4^tv.

¹²¹ Charles, Ripley Gillett, Burned Books; Neglected Chapters in British History and Literature (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), p. 133.Google Scholar

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¹²³ Thomas, Rogers, in Diego, de Estella, A Methode vnto Mortification (London: J. Windet, 1586), epistle dedicatory, p. iii.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ Sheldon would have his readers believe that Catholicism forces all its adherents to receive the mark of the Beast, in the form, not of ‘corporall signes’, but of ‘flagitious mysticall ceremonies’, and that no one who does not bear these marks is allowed to enter into any form of buying or selling (A Sermon Preached at Pauls Cross. Upon the 14 of Revelations, London: W. Jones, 1625, pp. 32–3).Google Scholar Walsham notes that by airing such views Sheldon spelled his ‘professional suicide’ (Church Papists, p. 117).

¹²⁵ Berniéres, Louvigny, The Interiour Christian (Antwerp: s.n., 1684).Google Scholar

¹²⁶ Richard, Baxter, Against the Revolt to a Foreign Jurisdiction (London: for Thomas Parkhurst, 1691), pp. 538–9.Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Henry, Smith, Gods Arrowe against Atheists (London: Felix Kingston for Thomas Pavier, 1609).Google Scholar I am indebted to Peter Milward for pointing this out to me.

¹²⁸ Christian Exercise, pp. 41–2.

¹²⁹ Daniel, Featley, in Thråenoikos the House of Mourning…Delivered in LIII Sermons (London: G. Dawson, 1660).Google Scholar This work is an anthology of sermons by Featley, Martin Day, John Preston, Richard Holdsworth, Richard Sibbs, Thomas Taylor, Thomas Fuller and others (title page).

¹³⁰ Birrell, T.A., ‘English Catholic Mystics in Non-Catholic Circles’, The Downside Review, 94 (1976), pp. 99–117,CrossRefGoogle Scholar Blom, J.M., ‘A German Jesuit and his Anglican Readers. The Case of Jeremias Drexelius (1581–1632)’, in Janssens, G.A.M. and Aarts, F.G.A.M., editors, Studies in Seventeenth Century Literature, History and Bibliography (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1984), pp. 41–51,Google Scholar and Allison, A.F., ‘The “Mysticism” of Manchester Al Mondo. Some Catholic Borrowing in a Seventeenth-Century Anglican Work of Devotion’, in Janssens, G.A.M. and Aarts, F.G.A.M., editors, Studies in Seventeenth Century Literature, History and Bibliography (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1984), pp. 1–11.Google Scholar Cited in Milton, Catholic and Reformed, p. 234.