Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:35:20.610Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Verulamium: Excavations within the Roman Town 1986–88

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2010

Rosalind Niblett
Affiliation:
St Albans District Council, [email protected]

Abstract

Excavations in Insulae II, III and XIII in the southern half of Verulamium demonstrated the absence of occupation prior to the late first century and the relatively late development of the street grid in this area. This forced a re-evaluation of the date of the 1955 ditch, suggesting it was not dug until the Flavian period. The excavations also demonstrated that Watling Street had never bisected Insula XIII on the south-eastern side of the Forum-Basilica, thus negating a major argument for the presence of a Claudian fort under the centre of the later town. A restricted excavation in the northern corner of Insula XIII revealed evidence for the location of the town’s baths, while excavation in Insula XIII revealed a long sequence of industrial and domestic occupation stretching from the late first to early fifth centuries. Evidence for continued occupation into the fifth century or beyond was recovered from Insula II, and to a lesser extent, in Insula XIII.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Rosalind Niblett 2006. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allason-Jones, L. 1989: Women in Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Allen, D.A. 1986: ‘Roman glass’, in Buckland, P.C. and Magilton, J.R., The Archaeology of Doncaster, BAR 148, Oxford, 103–8Google Scholar
Anthony, I. 1961: ‘Excavation of the Roman street beneath St Michaels Bakery, Verulamium’, Trans. St Albans Architect. & Archaeol. Soc. 1961, 3643Google Scholar
Anthony, I.E. 1968: ‘Excavations in Verulam Hills Field’, Herts Arch. 1, 950Google Scholar
Anthony, I. 1970: ‘St Michaels, St Albans excavations 1966’, Herts Arch. 2, 5161Google Scholar
Betts, I., Black, E.W, and Gower, J. 1994: ‘A corpus of relief-patterned tiles in Roman Britain’, Journ. Roman Pottery Stud. 7Google Scholar
Bidwell, P.T. 1985: The Roman Fort at Vindolanda, Chesterholme, Northumberland, English Heritage Arch. Rep. 1, LondonGoogle Scholar
Bird, J. 1993: ‘3rd-century samian ware in Britain’, Journ. Roman Pottery Stud. 6, 114Google Scholar
Black, E.W. 1995: The Cursus Publicus, BAR Brit. Ser. 241, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Black, E.W. 1996: ‘Box fue-tiles in Britannia: the spread of Roman bathing in the frst and second centuries’, Arch. Journ. 153, 6078Google Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1966: ‘Roman window-glass from Wales’, Journ. Glass Stud. 8, 41–5Google Scholar
Booth, P.M., and Green, S. 1989: ‘The nature and distribution of certain pink, grog-tempered vessels’, Journ. Roman Pottery Stud. 2, 7784Google Scholar
Buckland, P., Magilton, J.R., and Hayfeld, C. 1989: The Archaeology of Doncaster, 2. The Medieval and Later Town, BAR Brit Ser. 202 (ii), OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castle, S.A. 1976: ‘Roman pottery from Brockley Hill, Middlesex, 1966 and 1972–74’, Trans. London Middlesex Arch. Soc. 27 (1976), 206–27Google Scholar
Clarke, G. 1979: Winchester Studies 3; Pre-Roman and Roman Winchester, Part II: the Roman Cemetery at Lankhills, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Cohen, A., and Serjeantson, D. 1986: A Manual for the Identifcation of Bird Bones from Archaeological Sites, LondonGoogle Scholar
Collingwood, R.G., and Myres, J.N.L 1936: Roman Britain and the English Settlements, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M., and Baxter, M.J. 2002: ‘Exploring Romano-British fnds assemblages’, Oxford Journ. Arch. 21, part 4, 365–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corder, P. 1940: ‘Excavations in the forum of Verulamium (Insula XII) 1939’, Antiq. Journ. 20, 500–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corder, P. 1941: ‘Verulamium, 1930-40’, Antiquity 15, 113–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotton, M.A., and Wheeler, R.E.M. 1953: ‘Verulamium, 1949’, Trans. St Albans & Herts Architect. & Arch. Soc., 1397Google Scholar
Crummy, N. 1983: The Roman Small Finds from Excavations in Colchester, Colchester Arch. Rep. 2Google Scholar
Cunliffe, B.W. (ed.) 1968: Fifth Report on the Excavations of the Roman Fort at Richborough, Kent, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London 23, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curle, J. 1911: A Roman Frontier Post and its People. The Fort of Newstead, GlasgowGoogle Scholar
Davey, N. 1935: ‘The Romano-British cemetery at St Stephens, near Verulamium’, Trans. St Albans & Herts. Architect. & Arch. Soc., 243–75.Google Scholar
Davies, R.W. 1971: ‘The Roman military diet’, Britannia 2, 122–42CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickinson, B. 1986: ‘Potters' stamps and signatures on samian’, in Philo, S., Schofeld, J. and Rhodes, M., The Roman Quay at St Magnus House, London, London Middlesex Arch. Soc. Spec. Paper 8, London, 186–98Google Scholar
Dickinson, B., and Hartley, B.R. 2000: ‘The samian’, in Philo, C. and Wrathmell, S. (eds), Roman Castleford: Volume III, The Pottery, West Yorkshire Archaeology Service, 588Google Scholar
Durand-Lefebvre, M. 1963: Marques des potiers gallo-romains trouvées à Paris, ParisGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, N. 1996: ‘Verulamium: interpreting decline’, Arch. Journ. 153, 79103Google Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1972: Verulamium Excavations Vol. I, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London 28, LondonGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1983: Verulamium Excavations Vol. II, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London 41, LondonGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1984: Verulamium Excavations Vol. III, Oxford Univ. Comm. for Arch. Monograph 1, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Goodburn, R. 1984: ‘The non-ferrous metal objects’, in Frere 1984, 37–9Google Scholar
Grant, A. 1989: ‘Animals in Roman Britain’, in Todd, M. (ed.), Research on Roman Britain, 1960–89, Britannia Monograph 11, London, 136–46Google Scholar
Harden, D.B. 1957: ‘Four Roman glasses from Hauxton Mill, Cambridge 1870’, Proc. Camb. Antiq. Soc. 51, 1216Google Scholar
Harden, D.B. 1979: ‘Glass vessels’, in Clarke 1979, 209–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, B.R. 1972: ‘The samian ware’, in Frere 1972, 216–62Google Scholar
Hartley, B.R. 1984: ‘Unusual forms’, in Frere 1984, 197–9Google Scholar
Hartley, B.R., Pengelly, H., and Dickinson, B. 1994: ‘Samian ware’, in Cracknell, S. and Mahany, C. (eds), Roman Alcester: Southern Extramural Area: 1964–1966 Excavations, Roman Alcester Series 1, part 2; CBA Res. Rep. 97, York, 93119Google Scholar
Hartley, K.F. 1972: ‘The mortarium stamps’, in Frere 1972, 371–81Google Scholar
Hartley, K.F. 1976: ‘The mortarium stamps’, in Castle 1976, 211–22Google Scholar
Hartley, K.F. 1984a: ‘The mortarium stamps’, in Frere 1984, 280–93Google Scholar
Hartley, K.F. 1984b: ‘A note on the mortarium potter Verecundus’, in Haupt 1984, 471–2.Google Scholar
Hartley, K.F. forthcoming: ‘The mortarium stamps’, in Seeley and Drummond-Murray forthcomingGoogle Scholar
Haupt, D. 1984: Römischer Töpfereibezirk bei Soller, Kreis Düren, Beitrage zur Archaologie des Römischen Rheinlands 4. Rheinische Ausgrabungen 23Google Scholar
Henig, M. 1978: A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites, BAR Brit. Ser. 8 (2nd edn), OxfordGoogle Scholar
Hillson, S. 1992: Mammal Bones and Teeth. An Introductory Guide to Methods of Identifcation, LondonGoogle Scholar
Holwerda, J.H. 1923: Arentsburg: een Romeinsch militair Vlootstation bij Voorburg, LeidenGoogle Scholar
Hull, M.R. 1963: The Roman Potters' Kilns of Colchester, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London 21, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunn, J.R. 1994: Reconstruction and Measurement of Landscape Change: A Study of Six Parishes in the St Albans Area, BAR Brit. Ser. 236, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaac, A., and Thompson, A. 2002: ‘The small fnds’, in Wilson 2002, 117–90Google Scholar
Jackson, R. 1986: ‘Cosmetic sets from late Iron Age and Roman Britain’, Britannia 16, 165–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. 1988: Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire, LondonGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. 1993: ‘The function and manufacture of Romano-British cosmetic grinders: two important new finds from London’, Antiq. Journ. 73, 165–9Google Scholar
G., Jahász 1935: Die Sigillaten von Brigetio, Dissertations Pannonicae, Ser. 2, No. 3, BudapestGoogle Scholar
Kenyon, K.M. 1936: ‘The Roman theatre at Verulamium, St Albans’, Archaeologia 84, 213–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, A. 1991: ‘Food production and consumption – meat in Britain in the Roman period’, in Jones, R.J.F. (ed.), Britain in the Roman Period: Recent Trends, Sheffeld, 1520Google Scholar
Knorr, R. 1919: Töpfer und Fabriken vierzierter Terra Sigillata des ersten Jahrhunderts, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Knorr, R. 1952: Terra Sigillata Gefässe des ersten Jahrhunderts mit Töpferrnamen, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Lowther, A.W.G. 1935: ‘Verulamium: Insulae XII and XIII. A note on excavations during 1934 and 1935’, Trans. Architect. & Archaeol. Soc. 1935, 312–16Google Scholar
Lyman, R.L. 1994: Vertebrate Taphonomy, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyne, M.A.B. 1994: Late Roman Handmade Wares in South-East Britain, unpub. PhD thesis, University of ReadingGoogle Scholar
Lyne, M.A.B. 1999: ‘The pottery from the lower slope’, in Niblett 1999, 233–73Google Scholar
Lyne, M.A.B. forthcoming: ‘The Roman pottery’, in R. Taylor-Wilson, Excavations at Hunt House, SouthwarkGoogle Scholar
Maaskant-Kleibrink, M. 1978: Catalogue of the Engraved Gems in the Royal Coin Cabinet, The Hague, The HagueGoogle Scholar
Macphail, R.I. 2003: ‘Soil microstratigraphy: a micromorphological and chemical approach’, in Cowen, C., Urban Development in North-West Roman Southwark, MoLAS monograph 16, London, 90105Google Scholar
Macreth, D. 2002: ‘Brooches from Catterick’, in Wilson 2002, 149–57Google Scholar
Manning, W.H. 1985: Catalogue of Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons in the British Museum, LondonGoogle Scholar
Manning, W., and Scott, I.R. 1979: ‘Roman timber military gateways in Britain and the German frontier’, Britannia 10, 1962CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, G.D. 1981: ‘London's samian supply and its relationship to the development of the Gallic samian industry’, in Anderson, A. and Anderson, A.S. (eds), Roman Pottery Research in Britain and North-West Europe, BAR 123, Oxford, 173238Google Scholar
Martin-Kilcher, S. 1983: ‘Les amphores romaines à huile de Bétique (Dressel 20 et 23) d'Augst (Colonia Augusta Rauricorum) et Kaiseraugst (Castrum Rauracense). Un rapport préliminaire’, in Blázquez, J.M. and Remesal, J. (eds), Produccián y Comercio. del Aceite en la Antigüedad. II Congresso, Madrid, 337–47Google Scholar
Mason, D.J.P. 1990: ‘The use of earthenware tubes in Roman vault construction’, Britannia 21, 215–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meates, G.W. 1987: The Roman Villa at Lullingstone, Kent; Vol. 12: The Wall Paintings and Finds, Kent Arch. Soc. Rep. 3Google Scholar
Middleton, S.H. 1991: Engraved Gems from Dalmatia, Oxford Univ. Comm. Arch. Monograph 31, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Milne, G., and Wardle, A. 1993: ‘Early Roman development at Leadenhall Court, London and related research’, Trans. London Middlesex Arch. Soc 44, 21169Google Scholar
Monckton, A. 1979: ‘Romano-British site at Lower Runhams, Lenham’, Kent Arch. Review 55, 118–21Google Scholar
Moritz, L.A. 1958: Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Neal, D.S. 2003: ‘Building 2, Insula XXVII from Verulamium: a reinterpretation of the evidence’, in Wilson, P. (ed.), The Archaeology of Roman Towns, Oxford, 195204Google Scholar
Neal, D.S., Wardle, A., and Hunn, J. 1990: The Excavation of a Prehistoric, Roman and Medieval Settlement at Gorhambury, St Albans, English Heritage Archaeological Report 14, LondonGoogle Scholar
Niblett, R. 1987a: ‘A new plan of Verulamium’, Herts Arch. 9, 22–8Google Scholar
Niblett, R. 1987b: ‘Evidence for Antonine Fire at Verulamium from the Wheelers' excavations’, Herts Arch. 9, 2978Google Scholar
Niblett, R. 1993: ‘Verulamium since the Wheelers’, in Greep, S. (ed.), Roman Towns: the Wheeler Inheritance, CBA Res. Rep. 93, York, 7892Google Scholar
Niblett, R. 1999: The Excavation of a Ceremonial Site at Folly Lane, Verulamium, Britannia Monograph 14, LondonGoogle Scholar
Niblett, R. 2001a: ‘Why Verulamium?’, in Henig, M. and Lindley, P. (eds), Alban and St Albans: Roman and Medieval Architecture, Art and Archaeology, British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions, 112Google Scholar
Niblett, R. 2001b: Verulamium, The Roman City of St Albans, StroudGoogle Scholar
Niblett, R. 2002: ‘Excavations in St Stephens cemetery at Verulamium’, Current Archaeology 182, 6875Google Scholar
Niblett, R. forthcoming: ‘Excavations in Verulamium, insula XIX’, Herts. Arch. 14Google Scholar
Niblett, R., and Thompson, I. 2005: Alban's Buried Towns, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Orton, C.J. 1975: ‘Quantitative pottery studies, some progress, problems and prospects’, Science and Archaeology 16, 30–5Google Scholar
Parker, A.J. 1988: ‘The birds of Roman Britain’, Oxford Journ. Arch. 7, no. 2Google Scholar
Payne, S. 1987: ‘Reference codes for wear states in the mandibular cheek-teeth of sheep and goats’, Journ. Arch.. Sci 14, 609–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, D.P.S., and Williams, D.F. 1991: Amphorae and the Roman Economy: An Introductory Guide, LondonGoogle Scholar
Perrin, J.R. 1999: ‘Roman pottery from excavations at or near to the Roman small town of Durobrivae, Water Newton, Cambridgeshire, 1956–58’, Journ. Roman Pottery Studies 8Google Scholar
Polak, M. 2000: South Gaulish Terra Sigillata with Potters' Stamps from Vechten: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta Supplementum 9, NijmegenGoogle Scholar
Price, J. 1977: ‘The Roman glass’, in A. Gentry et al., ‘Excavations at Lincoln Road, London Borough of Enfeld Nov 1974-March 1976’, Trans. London Middlesex Arch. Soc. 28, 154–61Google Scholar
Price, J. 1985: ‘The Roman glass’, in Pitts, L.F. and St Joseph, J.K., Inchtuthil. The Roman Legionary Fortress. Excavations 1952–65, London, 303–12Google Scholar
Riley, H.T. (ed.) 1867: Gesta Abbatum monasterii S Albani, Vols 1-3, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rogers, G.B. 1975: Poteries sigillées de la Gaule Centrale:I; Les motifs non fgurés, Gallia Supplément 28, ParisGoogle Scholar
Roller, O. 1965: Die römische Terra-Sigillata-Töpfereien von Rheinzabern, Limes-Museum Aelen, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Schmid, E. 1972: Atlas of Animal Bones for Prehistorians, Archaeologists and Quaternary Geologists, Amsterdam, London and New YorkGoogle Scholar
Seeley, F., and Drummond-Murray, J. forthcoming: Excavations at Northgate House: the Roman Pottery Industry in the Walbrook Valley, MoLAS monographGoogle Scholar
Sharpe, R. 2001: ‘The late antique Passion of St Alban’, in Henig, M. and Lindley, P. (eds), Alban and St Albans: Roman and Medieval Architecture, Art and Archaeology, British Archaeological Association Conference Transactions 24, 30–7Google Scholar
Simpson, G., and Rogers, G. 1969: ‘Cinnamus de Lezoux et quelques potiers contemporains’, Gallia 27, 314Google Scholar
Sisson, S., and Grossman, J.D. 1975: The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
Smith, P., and Halstead, P. 1989: ‘The animal bone from post-medieval Doncaster’, in Buckland, P. et al., The Archaeology of Doncaster, 2. The Medieval and Later Town, BAR Brit Ser. 202 (ii), Oxford, 432–46Google Scholar
Stace, C. 1997: New Flora of the British Isles (2nd edn), CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Stead, I.M., and Rigby, V. 1989: Verulamium: the King Harry Lane Site, English Heritage Arch. Rep. 12, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, J. (ed.) 1838: Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, English Historical SocietyGoogle Scholar
Suggett, P.G. 1954: ‘Excavations at Brockley Hill, March 1952 to May 1953’, Trans. London Middlesex Arch. Soc. New Series 11, pt. iii, 259–76Google Scholar
Tomber, R., and Dore, J.N. 1996: ‘A national Roman fabric reference collection’, Britannia 27, 368–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomber, R., and Dore, J.N. 1998: The National Roman Fabric Collection, LondonGoogle Scholar
Walters, H.B. 1926: Catalogue of the Engraved Gems and Cameos, Greek, Etruscan and Roman in the British Museum, LondonGoogle Scholar
Watson, J.P.N. 1979: ‘The estimation of the relative frequencies of mammalian species: Khirokitia 1972’, Journ. Arch. Sci. 6, 187–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.M., and Wheeler, T.V. 1936: Verulamium, a Belgic and Two Roman Cities, Res. Rep. Soc. Antiq. London 11, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, R., and Barker, P. 1998: Wroxeter: Life and Death of a Roman City, StroudGoogle Scholar
Willis, S. 1998: ‘Samian pottery in Britain: exploring its distribution and archaeological potential’, Arch. Journ. 155, 82133Google Scholar
Wilson, M.G. 1968: ‘Other objects of bronze, iron, silver, lead, bone and stone’, in Cunliffe 1968, 93110Google Scholar
Wilson, P.T. 2002: Cataractonium: Roman Catterick and its Hinterland. Excavations and Research, 1958-97: Part II, CBA Res. Rep. 129, YorkGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A., and Leach, P. 1993: The Uley Shrines, Excavation of a Ritual Complex on West Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire: 1977–9, English Heritage Arch. Rep. 17, LondonGoogle Scholar