Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:10:47.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Praetorium of Edmund Artis: A Summary of Excavations and Surveys of the Palatial Roman Structure at Castor, Cambridgeshire 1828–2010

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2011

Stephen G. Upex ,
Adrian Challands ,
Jackie Hall ,
Ralph Jackson ,
David Peacock  and
Felicity C. Wild
Stephen G. Upex
Affiliation:
[email protected]
Adrian Challands
Affiliation:
[email protected]
Jackie Hall
Affiliation:
[email protected]
Ralph Jackson
Affiliation:
[email protected]
David Peacock
Affiliation:
[email protected]
Felicity C. Wild
Affiliation:
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Antiquarian and modern excavations at Castor, Cambs., have been taking place since the seventeenth century. The site, which lies under the modern village, has been variously described as a Roman villa, a guild centre and a palace, while Edmund Artis working in the 1820s termed it the ‘Praetorium’. The Roman buildings covered an area of 3.77 ha (9.4 acres) and appear to have had two main phases, the latter of which formed a single unified structure some 130 by 90 m. This article attempts to draw together all of the previous work at the site and provide a comprehensive plan, a set of suggested dates, and options on how the remains could be interpreted.

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 42 , November 2011 , pp. 23 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2011. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agache, R. 1978: La Somme pré-romaine et romaine, Mémoires de la Société des Antiquaries de Picardie 24, AmiensGoogle Scholar
Ainsworth, C.J., and Ratcliffe-Densham, H.B.A. 1974: ‘Spectroscopy and a Roman cremation from Sompting, Sussex’, Britannia 5, 310–16CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., and Fulford, M.G. 2004: ‘Early Roman mosaic materials in Southern Britain, with particular reference to Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum): a regional geological perspective’, Britannia 35, 9–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archaeological Project Services 2006: An Archaeological Evaluation of Land at Castor Barns, Peterborough Road, Castor, Report 78/06Google Scholar
Artis, E.T. 1828: The Durobrivae of Antoninus, LondonGoogle Scholar
Ashurst, J.A., and Dimes, F.G. 1990: Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone, Vol. I, LondonGoogle Scholar
Bédoyère de la, G. 1991: The Buildings of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Bell, T. 2005: The Religious Reuse of Roman Structures in Early Medieval England, BAR British Series 390, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birley, R. 1977: Vindolanda: A Roman Frontier Post on Hadrian's Wall, LondonGoogle Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1974: ‘Counterfeit coins in Roman Britain’, in Casey, J. and Reece, R. (eds), Coins and the Archaeologist, BAR4, Oxford, 95–172Google Scholar
Boyle, A., and Precious, B. 2008: An Archaeological Evaluation of Land at Castor Barns, Peterborough Road, Castor, Archaeological Project Services ReportGoogle Scholar
Branigan, K., and Miles, D. (eds) 1989: Villa Economies: Economic Aspects of Romano-British Villas, SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Brown, P.D.C. 1971: ‘The church at Richborough’, Britannia 2, 225–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, W. 2004a: ‘Castor village – overview 1066 to 2000’, in The Five Parishes, Their People and Places. A History of the Villages of Castor, Ailsworth, Marholm with Milton, Upton and Sutton, The CAMUS Project, 57–66Google Scholar
Burke, W. 2004b: ‘Castor church: Castor and early Christianity in the area’, in The Five Parishes, Their People and Places. A History of the Villages of Castor, Ailsworth, Marholm with Milton, Upton and Sutton, The CAMUS Project, 67–74Google Scholar
Burnham, B.C., and Wacher, J. 1990: The Small Towns of Roman Britain, LeicesterGoogle Scholar
Büsing-Kolbe, A. 2001: ‘Ein römischer silbertauschierter Skalpellgriff aus Ficarolo’, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 31, 107–16Google Scholar
Camden, W. 1610: Britannia (Gough edn 1798), LondonGoogle Scholar
Cameron, F. 1996: ‘Other Roman pottery’, in Jackson and Potter 1996, 440–77Google Scholar
Challands, A. 1999: Peterborough Museum, HER 51312Google Scholar
Cherry, B. 1976: ‘Ecclesiastical architecture’, in Wilson 1976, 151–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, G. 1982: ‘The Roman villa at Woodchester’, Britannia 13, 197–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, J.R. 1991: The Houses of Roman Italy 100 BC–AD 250. Ritual, Space and Decoration, BerkeleyGoogle Scholar
Cleal, C.J., Fraser, H.E., and Lazarus, M. 2009: ‘The forest before the flood: the palaeobotanical contributions of Edmund Tyrel Artis (1789–1847)’, Earth Sciences History 28, no. 2, 245–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, A. 2004: A Watching Brief on Land at Castor Primary School, Castor, Peterborough, Archaeological Project Services, Report 111/04Google Scholar
Collingwood, R.G., and Wright, R.P. 1965: The Roman Inscriptions of Britain. I: Inscriptions on Stone, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Condron, F. 1997: ‘Iron production in Leicestershire, Rutland and Northamptonshire in antiquity’, Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society 71, 1–20Google Scholar
Cope-Faulkner, P. 2009: Archaeological Watching Brief at Castor Barns, Peterborough Road, Castor, Peterborough, Archaeological Project Services, Report 130/08Google Scholar
Courtney, P. 1979: The Early History of the Eight Hundreds of Oundle, unpub. MA dissertation, University of LeicesterGoogle Scholar
Cramp, R. 1976: ‘Monastic sites’, in Wilson 1976, 201–52Google Scholar
Cramp, R. 1977: ‘Schools of Mercian sculpture’, in Dornier, A. (ed.), Mercian Studies, Leicester, 191–232Google Scholar
Crawford, D. 1976: ‘Imperial estates’, in Finley, M.I. (ed.), Studies in Roman Property, Cambridge, 35–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1971a: Excavations at Fishbourne 1961–1969, Vol. I: The Site, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 26, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1971b: Excavations at Fishbourne 1961–1969, Vol. II: The Finds, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 27, LondonGoogle Scholar
Dakin, G.F. 1961: ‘A Romano-British site at Orton Longueville, Huntingdonshire’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 54, 50–67Google Scholar
Dallas, C.G. 1973: ‘The Nunnery of St Kyneburgha at Castor’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 1, 16–17Google Scholar
Daniels, R. 1988: ‘The Anglo-Saxon monastery at Church Close, Hartlepool, Cleveland’, Archaeological Journal 145, 158–210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dannell, G.B. 1973: ‘The potter Indixivixus’, in Detsicas, A. (ed.), Current Research in Romano-British Pottery, CBA Research Report 10, London, 139–42Google Scholar
Dannell, G.B. 1974: ‘Roman industry in Normangate Field, Castor’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 2, 7–9Google Scholar
Dannell, G.B., Hartley, B.R., Wild, J.P., and Perrin, J.R. 1993: ‘Excavations on a Romano-British pottery production site at Park Farm, Stanground 1967–8’, Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 6, 51–93Google Scholar
Davey, N. 1976: Building Stones of England and Wales, LondonGoogle Scholar
Defoe, D. 1724: A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1971 edn, Penguin Books), HarmondsworthGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, B. 2001: ‘The potters’ stamps', in Anderson, A.S., Wacher, J.S. and Fitzpatrick, A.P., The Romano-British ‘Small Town’ at Wanborough, Wiltshire, Britannia Monograph 19, London, 192–209Google Scholar
Dodds, L.J. 2005: ‘Saltmaking in Roman Cheshire pt 2: discoveries and re-discovery: excavations along King Street, 2001–2’, in Nevell and Fielding 2005, 25–30Google Scholar
Dodwell, N. 1999: An Archaeological Investigation of Test Pits in the Churchyard of St Kyneburgha, Castor, Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report 342Google Scholar
Dudley, D.R., and Webster, G. 1962: The Rebellion of Boudicca, LondonGoogle Scholar
Ellis, S.P. 1995: ‘Classical reception rooms in Romano-British houses’, Britannia 26, 163–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, E. 1994: ‘Military architects and building design’, Britannia 25, 143–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everson, P. 1977: ‘Excavations in the Vicarage Garden, Brixworth’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 130, 52–132Google Scholar
Farrar, L. 2000: Ancient Roman Gardens, StroudGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, N. 2000: The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain, StroudGoogle Scholar
Fincham, G. 2002: Landscapes of Imperialism: Roman and Native Interaction in the East Anglian Fenland, BAR British Series 338, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fincham, G. 2004: Durobrivae: A Roman Town between Fen and Upland, StroudGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1967: Britannia (1st edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1982: ‘The Bignor Villa’, Britannia 13, 135–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friendship-Taylor, R.M. and , D.E. 2007: Iron Age and Roman Piddington, 5th Interim Report, Upper Nene Archaeological SocietyGoogle Scholar
Garner, D. 2005: ‘Salt making in Roman Middlewich: Pt I. Discoveries before 2000’, in Nevell and Fielding 2005, 15–24Google Scholar
Gilson, A. 1981: ‘A group of Roman surgical and medical instruments from Corbridge’, Saalburg Jahrbuch 37, 5–9Google Scholar
Goodburn, R. 1972: The Roman Villa, Chedworth, The National TrustGoogle Scholar
Gough, R. 1819: The Parochial History of Castor (2nd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Green, C., Green, I., Dallas, C., and Wild, J.P. 1986–87: ‘Excavations at Castor, Cambridgeshire in 1957–8 and 1973’, Northamptonshire Archaeology 21, 102–48Google Scholar
Green, H.J.M. 1975: ‘Roman Godmanchester’, in Rodwell and Rowley 1975, 183–210Google Scholar
Green, M. 2005: ‘Stonea: a temple sanctuary?’, in Malim 2005, 130–2Google Scholar
Gurney, D. 1986: Settlement, Religion and Industry on the Fen-Edge: Three Romano-British Sites in Norfolk, East Anglian Archaeology 31, DerehamGoogle Scholar
Hadman, J., and Upex, S.G. 1974: ‘Roman villa at North Lodge Barnwell’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 2, 27–9Google Scholar
Hadman, J., and Upex, S.G. 1975: ‘A Roman pottery kiln at Sulehay near Yarwell’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 3, 16–18Google Scholar
Hains, B.A, and Horton, A. 1969: British Regional Geology. Central England (3rd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Hales, S. 2003: The Roman House and Social Identity, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Hartley, B.R., and Dickinson, B.M. 2008: Names on Terra Sigillata: an Index of Makers' Stamps and Signatures on Gallo-Roman Terra Sigillata (Samian Ware), Vols 1 and 2, LondonGoogle Scholar
Hatton, A. 2001: Roman Building Debris at Castor Primary School: An Archaeological Evaluation, Cambridgeshire County Council Report A198Google Scholar
Hatton, A., and Spoerry, P. 2000: Later Roman Building Remains at Castor Primary School: An Archaeological Evaluation, Cambridgeshire County Council Report A164Google Scholar
Haverfield, F. 1902: ‘Romano-British Northamptonshire’, in Adkins, W.R.D. and Serjeantson, R.M., The Victoria County History of Northamptonshire Vol. 1, London, 157–222Google Scholar
Howe, M., Perrin, J., and Mackreth, D. 1980: Roman Pottery from the Nene Valley: A Guide, PeterboroughGoogle Scholar
Hurford, J. 1976: ‘The Cedars, Castor. The home of Mr and Mrs Ian de v. Dudgeon’, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Peterborough Life (March Issue)Google Scholar
Irvine, J.T. 1894: ‘An account of the discovery of part of the Saxon Abbey church of Peterborough’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 50, 45–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, D.A., and Ambrose, T.M. 1978: ‘Excavations at Wakerley, Northants 1972–75’, Britannia 9, 115–288CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, D.A., and Tylecote, R.F. 1988: ‘Two new Romano-British iron-working sites in Northamptonshire – a new type of furnace?’, Britannia 19, 275–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R.P.J. 1986: ‘A set of Roman medical instruments from Italy’, Britannia 17, 119–67CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, R.P.J. 1990: ‘Roman doctors and their instruments: recent research into ancient practice’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 3, 5–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R.P.J. 1996: ‘Painted plaster’, in Jackson and Potter 1996, 493–501Google Scholar
Jackson, R.P.J., and Potter, T.W. 1996: Excavations at Stonea Cambridgeshire 1980–85, LondonGoogle Scholar
Johns, C. 1996: ‘Decorated colour-coated ware’, in Jackson and Potter 1996, 477–85Google Scholar
Johnson, S. 1979: The Roman Forts of the Saxon Shore, LondonGoogle Scholar
Johnston, A.G. 1987: Fineshade Abbey, unpub. report for Northamptonshire Archaeology UnitGoogle Scholar
Jones, A.H.M. 1973: The Later Roman Empire AD 284–602: A Social and Economic Survey, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Jones, B., and Mattingly, D. 1990: An Atlas of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Jones, M.J. 1986: ‘Archaeology in Lincoln’, in Heslop, T.A. and Sekules, V. (eds), Medieval Art and Architecture at Lincoln Cathedral, Transactions of the British Archaeological Association Conference for 1982, London, 4–5Google Scholar
Keay, S.J. 1988: Roman Spain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Kendrick, T.D. 1938: Anglo-Saxon Art to AD 900, LondonGoogle Scholar
Künzl, E. 1994: ‘Ein dekoriertes römisches Skalpell des 1. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. aus Vetera I’, Xantener Berichte 5, 211–17Google Scholar
Künzl, E. 2002: Medizinische Instrumente der römischen Kaiserzeit im römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseum, MainzGoogle Scholar
Lane, T. 2005: ‘The wider context of the Cheshire salt industry: Iron Age and Roman salt production around the Wash’, in Nevell and Fielding 2005, 47–54Google Scholar
Lewis, M. 1966: The Temples of Roman Britain, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Ling, R. 1997: ‘Mosaics in Roman Britain: discoveries and research since 1945’, Britannia 28, 259–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liversidge, J. 1973: Britain in the Roman Empire, LondonGoogle Scholar
Lott, G.K., and Smith, D. 2001: ‘Shining stones: Britain's native marbles’, The Building Conservation Directory 2001, 93–6Google Scholar
Lucas, G. 1998: From Roman Villa to Saxo-Norman Village: An Archaeological Evaluation at The Cedars, Castor, Cambridge Archaeological Unit Report 260Google Scholar
Ludowici, W. 1904: Stempel-Namen römischer Töpfer von meinen Ausgrabungen in Rheinzabern, Tabernae Rhenanae, 1901–1904, MunichGoogle Scholar
Mackreth, D.F. 1984: ‘Castor’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 9, 22–5Google Scholar
Mackreth, D.F. 1995: ‘Durobrivae, Chesterton, Cambridgeshire’, in Brown, A.E. (ed.), Roman Small Towns in Eastern England and Beyond, Oxbow Monograph 52, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Malim, T. 2005: Stonea and the Roman Fens, StroudGoogle Scholar
Margary, I.D. 1973: Roman Roads in Britain (3rd edn), LondonGoogle Scholar
Martins, C.B. 2005: Becoming Consumers: Looking beyond Wealth as an Explanation of Villa Variability, BAR British Series 403, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D. 2007: An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire, 54 BC–AD 409, LondonGoogle Scholar
Moll, H. 1724: A New Description of England and Wales, with the Adjacent Islands, LondonGoogle Scholar
Morris, A.M. 2004: ‘The Anglian period: the royal ladies of Castor’, in The Five Parishes, Their People and Places. A History of the Villages of Castor, Ailsworth, Marholm with Milton, Upton and Sutton, The CAMUS Project, 45–56Google Scholar
Morris, A.M. 2006: Forging Links with the Past: The Twelfth-Century Reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon Peterborough, unpub. PhD thesis, University of LeicesterGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. 1989: Churches in the Landscape, LondonGoogle Scholar
Morton, J. 1712: The Natural History of Northamptonshire, LondonGoogle Scholar
Neal, D.S. 1974: The Excavation of the Roman Villa in Gadebridge Park, Hemel Hempstead 1963–8, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 31, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, D.S. 1976: ‘Floor mosaics’, in Strong and Brown 1976, 241–52Google Scholar
Neal, D.S. 1981: Roman Mosaics in Britain, Britannia Monograph 1, LondonGoogle Scholar
Neal, D.S., and Cosh, S.R. 2002: Roman Mosaics of Britain Vol. I: Northern Britain Incorporating the Midlands and East Anglia, Society of Antiquaries of LondonGoogle Scholar
Nevell, M., and Fielding, A.P. (eds) 2005: Brine in Britannia: Recent Archaeological Work on the Roman Salt Industry in Cheshire, Archaeology North West Vol. 7 (17), ManchesterGoogle Scholar
Noel, M.J. 2000: Geophysical Survey on the Site of a Proposed Hard Play Area at Castor Primary School, Geoquest AssociatesGoogle Scholar
Painter, K.S. 1976: ‘The Water Newton silver treasure’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 4, 7–9Google Scholar
Painter, K.S. 1977: The Water Newton Early Christian Silver, LondonGoogle Scholar
Painter, K.S. 1999: ‘The Water Newton silver: votive or liturgical?’ Journal of the British Archaeological Association 152, 1–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, N. 2005: Archaeological Watching Brief at Castor Primary School, Castor, Peterborough, Archaeological Project Services Report 130/05Google Scholar
Patrick, C., and Baister, S. 2007: William le Queux: Master of Mystery, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pearson, A. 2002: The Roman Shore Forts. Coastal Defences of Southern Britain, StroudGoogle Scholar
Pearson, A. 2003: The Construction of Saxon Shore Forts, BAR British Series 349, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, A. 2006: ‘Piracy in late Roman Britain: a perspective from the Viking age’, Britannia 37, 337–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Percival, J. 1981: The Roman Villa, LondonGoogle Scholar
Percival, J. 1989: ‘The villa economy: problems and perspectives’, in Branigan and Miles (eds) 1989, 5–13Google Scholar
Perrin, J.R. 1999: Roman Pottery from Excavations at and near to the Roman Small Town of Durobrivae, Water Newton, Cambridgeshire, 1956–58, Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 8Google Scholar
Perrin, J.R. 2008: ‘The Roman pottery’, in S.G. Upex, ‘The excavation of a fourth-century Roman pottery production unit at Stibbington, Cambridgeshire’, Archaeological Journal 165, 282–313Google Scholar
Perrin, J.R., and Cameron, F. 1988: ‘Roman pottery from two pits at Werrington, Cambridgeshire’, in D.F. Mackreth, ‘Excavation of an Iron Age and Roman enclosure at Werrington’, Britannia 19, 131–41Google Scholar
Perrin, J.R., and Webster, G. 1990: ‘Roman pottery from excavations in Normangate Field, Castor, Peterborough 1962–3’, Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 3, 35–62Google Scholar
Perrin, J.R., Wild, F., and Hartley, K.F. 1996: ‘The Roman pottery’, in Mackreth, D.F., Orton Hall Farm: A Roman and Early Anglo-Saxon Farmstead, East Anglian Archaeology 76, Manchester, 114–204Google Scholar
Piggott, S. 1976: Ruins in a Landscape: Essays in Antiquarianism, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Polfer, M. (ed.) 1999: Artisanat et productions artisanales en milieu rural dans les provinces du nord-ouest de l'Empire romain: Actes du colloque d'Erpeldange, mars 1999, Monographies Instrumentum 9, MontagnacGoogle Scholar
Potter, T.W. 1981: ‘The Roman occupation of the Central Fenland’, Britannia 12, 79–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, T.W. 1989: ‘The Roman Fenland’, in Todd, M. (ed.), Research on Roman Britain, Britannia Monograph 11, London, 147–73Google Scholar
Potter, T.W. 1996: ‘Discussions and conclusions’, in Jackson and Potter 1996, 643–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, T.W., and Johns, C. 1992: Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pratt, P. 1976: ‘Wall painting’, in Strong and Brown 1976, 223–9Google Scholar
RCHM 1969: Peterborough New Town – A Survey of the Antiquities in the Area of Development, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), LondonGoogle Scholar
RCHM 1975: An Inventory of Archaeological Sites in North-East Northamptonshire, Vol. 1, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), LondonGoogle Scholar
Revell, L. 2007: ‘Military bath-houses in Britain – a comment’, Britannia 38, 230–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, M. 1996: ‘Leather footwear’, in Jackson and Potter 1996, 540–4Google Scholar
Rivet, A.L.F. 1968: Town and Country in Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rivet, A.L.F. 1969: The Roman Villa in Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Robinson, B. 1999: Castor Primary School: An Archaeological Desk Top Assessment, Peterborough City CouncilGoogle Scholar
Rodwell, W., and Rowley, T. (eds) 1975: Small Towns of Roman Britain, BAR British Series 15, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Rollo, C.J.S. 1981: Excavations at Elmlea House, Castor 1980, unpub. Ms report, Peterborough MuseumGoogle Scholar
Rollo, L., and Wild, F. 2001: ‘The Iron Age and Roman pottery’, in Mackreth, D.F., Monument 97, Orton Longueville, Cambridgeshire: A Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and Early Roman Farmstead, East Anglian Archaeology 97, Manchester, 46–77Google Scholar
Rose, E.J. 1994: ‘The church of St John the Baptist, Reedham, Norfolk: the re-use of Roman materials in a secondary context’, Journal of the British Archaeological. Association 147, 1–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. 1992: Pagan Celtic Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Salway, P. 1970: ‘The Roman Fenland’, in Phillips, C.W. (ed.), The Fenland in Roman Times: Studies of a Major Area of Peasant Colonisation with a Gazetteer Covering all Known Sites and Finds, Royal Geographical Society, Research Series 5, London, 1–21Google Scholar
Salway, P. 1981: Roman Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Schrüfer-Kolb, I. 1999: ‘Roman iron production in the East Midlands’, in Young, S.M.M., Pollard, A.M., Budd, P. and Ixer, R.A. (eds), Metals in Antiquity, BAR International Series S792, Oxford, 227–33Google Scholar
Schrüfer-Kolb, I. 2004: Roman Iron Production in Britain: Technological and Socio-Economic Landscape Development along the Jurassic Ridge, BAR British Series 380, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shotter, D. 2005: ‘Salt production in Roman Cheshire: realities and possibilities’, in Nevell and Fielding 2005, 41–6Google Scholar
Simmonds, C. 2008: Archaeological Earthwork and Geophysical Surveys and Evaluation at Sites S1, S2 and S3, Bedford Purlieus National Nature Reserve, Thornhaugh, Peterborough, Northamptonshire Archaeology, Report 08/68Google Scholar
Smith, D.J. 1973: The Great Pavement and Roman Villa at Woodchester, Gloucestershire, Woodchester Roman Pavement CommitteeGoogle Scholar
Smith, D.J., Hird, L., and Dix, B. 1988: ‘The Roman villa at Great Weldon, Northamptonshire’, Northamptonshire Archaeology 22, 23–67Google Scholar
Smith, J.T. 1997: Roman Villas. A Study in Social Structure, LondonGoogle Scholar
St Joseph, J.K. 1966: ‘The towns of Roman Britain: the contribution of aerial reconnaisance’, in Wacher, J.S. (ed.), The Civitas Capitals of Roman Britain, Leicester, 21–30Google Scholar
Stead, I.M., and Rigby, V. 1986: Baldock: The Excavation of a Roman and Pre-Roman Settlement 1968–72, Britannia Monograph 7, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stevens, C.E. 1937: ‘Gildas and the civitates of Britain’, English Historical Review 52, 193–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, D., and Brown, D. (eds) 1976: Roman Crafts, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stukeley, W. 1724: Itinerarum Curiosum, LondonGoogle Scholar
Stukeley, W. 1882: The Family Memoirs, vol. 1 (ed. by Lukis, W.C.), Surtess Society 73 (for 1880)Google Scholar
Tacitus: The Annals of Tacitus (ed. with notes Furneaux, H.; 2nd edn revised by Pelham, H.F. and Fisher, C.D. (1907)), OxfordGoogle Scholar
Thomas, C. 1993: Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500, LondonGoogle Scholar
Todd, M. 1989: ‘Villa and fundus’, in Branigan and Miles 1989, 14–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomlinson, S. 1974: ‘Edmund Artis, antiquary’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 2, 22–3Google Scholar
Tupper, J. (nd): Bignor Roman Villa, Trustees of the Bignor Roman VillaGoogle Scholar
Upex, S.G. 1976: ‘Recent aerial photography’, Durobrivae: A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology 4, 32–3Google Scholar
Upex, S.G. 1993: Excavations at a Roman and Saxon Site at Haddon, Cambridgeshire, 1991–1993, privately printed, PeterboroughGoogle Scholar
Upex, S.G. 2001: ‘The Roman villa at Cotterstock, Northamptonshire’, Britannia 32, 58–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upex, S.G. 2002: ‘Landscape continuity and the fossilization of Roman fields’, Archaeological Journal 159, 77–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upex, S.G. 2008: The Romans in the East of England. Settlement and Landscape in the Lower Nene Valley, StroudGoogle Scholar
Vitruvius: The Ten Books on Architecture, trans. Morgan, M.H. (1960), New YorkGoogle Scholar
Wacher, J. 1986: Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Walthew, C.V. 1987: ‘Length units in house planning at Silchester and Caerwent’, Britannia 18, 201–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward-Perkins, J., and Claridge, A. 1976: Pompeii AD 79, LondonGoogle Scholar
Waterer, J.W. 1976: ‘Leatherwork’, in Strong and Brown 1976, 178–93Google Scholar
Webster, G. 1989: ‘Deities and religious scenes on Romano-British pottery’, Journal of Roman Pottery Studies 2, 1–28Google Scholar
Webster, G. 1991: Archaeologist at Large, LondonGoogle Scholar
White, K.D. 1970: Roman Farming, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wightman, E.M. 1970: Roman Trier and the Treveri, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wightman, E.M. 1985: Gallia Belgica, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wild, J.P. 1974: ‘Roman settlement in the lower Nene valley’, Archaeological Journal 131, 140–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wild, J.P. 1978: ‘Villas in the lower Nene valley’, in Todd, M. (ed.), Studies in the Romano-British Villa, Leicester, 59–69Google Scholar
Wild, J.P. 2002: ‘The textile industries of Roman Britain’, Britannia 33, 1–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wild, J.P. (nd): The Romans in the Nene Valley, PeterboroughGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D.M. 1976: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D.R. 1971: ‘Roman Britain in 1970 I. Sites explored’, Britannia 2, 243–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D.R. 1972: ‘Roman Britain in 1971 I. Sites explored’, Britannia 3, 298–351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D.R. 1975: ‘The ‘Small Towns’ of Roman Britain from the air', in Rodwell and Rowley 1975, 9–49Google Scholar
Wilson, D.R. 2004: ‘The North Leigh Roman villa: its plan reconsidered’, Britannia 35, 77–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R. 1980: Roman Forts: An Illustrated Introduction to the Garrison Posts of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Winbolt, S.E., and Herbert, G. 1963: The Roman Villa at Bignor, Sussex (1963 edn), ChichesterGoogle Scholar
Woods, P.J. 1970: Excavations at Brixworth, Northants, 1965–1970 [of] the Romano-British Villa, Vol. 1: The Roman Coarse Pottery and Decorated Samian Ware (reprinted from Journal 8 of Northampton Museums and Art Gallery), NorthamptonGoogle Scholar
Zeepvat, R.J. 1991: ‘Roman gardens in Britain’, in Brown, A.E. (ed.), Garden Archaeology, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 78, 53–9Google Scholar