Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T22:29:05.129Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Origin of Romano-British Glass Bangles: Forgotten Artefacts from the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age

In memory of Professor Jennifer Price

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2020

Tatiana Ivleva
Tatiana Ivleva*
Affiliation:
School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article reviews the emergence and development of Romano-British glass bangles in southern Britain by providing a fresh analysis of finds that also considers recent theoretical and historical advances in interpreting the transition from the late Iron Age to the Roman period. By analysing the emergence of bangles in terms of technological and stylistic transfer, it suggests that the technology used in their production and their visual elements have continental lineage. It also situates bangles amid indigenous developments in bodily adornments in southern Britain before a.d. 43. By reconnecting British bangles with their continental European counterparts and contextualising them within political, social and cultural processes in south-western England during the late pre-Roman Iron Age, the article argues that the emergence of bangles in Britain did not occur in a vacuum after the Claudian invasion in a.d. 43 but formed an integral part of globalising networks of cross-Channel trade and connections with the European mainland in the early first century a.d.

Keywords

glass bangleslate pre-Roman Iron Agesouth-western Britainglass-workingbody adornmentcross-Channel connectivityglobalisation
Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 51 , November 2020 , pp. 7 - 52
Copyright
Copyright © The Author, 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

During the preparation of this paper, the sad news reached me that Professor Jennifer Price had passed away. Professor Price provided invaluable support to me during my two-year postdoctoral study of glass bangles and discussed the hypotheses expressed in this paper with me on various occasions. I have benefited greatly from her input and critical interventions. It was always a pleasure to visit her in York to discuss bangles and to share our enthusiasm for these artefacts.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allason-Jones, L. 2009: ‘Some problems of the Roman Iron Age in N England’, in Hanson, W.S. (ed), The Army and Frontiers of Rome: Papers Offered to David Breeze on the Occasion of his Sixty-Fifth Birthday and his Retirement from Historic Scotland, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 74, Portsmouth, RI, 218–24Google Scholar
Allen, D. 1992: ‘Glass’, in Evans, D.R. and Metcalf, V.M. (eds), Roman Gates, Caerleon, Oxford, 179–87Google Scholar
Bersu, G. 1977: Three Iron Age Round Houses in the Isle of Man, DouglasGoogle Scholar
Bertini, M., Mokso, R., and Krupp, E.M. 2014: ‘Unwinding the spiral: discovering the manufacturing method of Iron Age Scottish glass beads’, Journal of Archaeological Science 43, 256–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1978: ‘Glass’, in James, H., ‘Excavations at Church Street, Carmarthen, 1976’, in Boon, G.C. (ed.), Cambrian Archaeological Association Monographs and Collections 1, 84–5Google Scholar
Bradley, R. 2007: The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bride, A.-S. 2005: ‘Le mobilier de verre des fouilles anciennes et récentes de Bibracte’, in Guillaumet, J.-P. and Szabó, M. (eds), Études sur Bibracte 1, Glux-en-Glenne, 81–161Google Scholar
Brindle, T. 2018: ‘Personal appearance in the countryside of Roman Britain’, in Smith, A., Allen, M., Brindle, T., Fulford, M., Lodwick, L. and Rohnbogner, A. (eds), Life and Death in the Countryside of Roman Britain, Britannia Monograph 31, London, 6–44Google Scholar
Campbell, R. 2008: ‘Manufacturing evidence of Romano-British glass bangles from Thearne, near Beverley, East Yorkshire’, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Roman Antiquities Section Bulletin 24, 12–18Google Scholar
Champion, T. 2016: ‘Britain before the Romans’, in Millett et al. 2016, 150–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlesworth, D. 1971: ‘The glass’, in Rennie, D.M., ‘Excavations in the Parsonage Field, Cirencester, 1958’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 90, 84–8Google Scholar
Charlesworth, D. 1981: ‘The Roman glass’, in Down, A. (ed.), Chichester Excavations 5, Chichester, 293–8Google Scholar
Charlesworth, D. 1982: ‘The glass’, in Wacher, J. and McWhirr, A. (eds), Early Roman Occupation at Cirencester, Cirencester Excavations 1, Cirencester, 106–7Google Scholar
Charlesworth, D. 1986: ‘Glass objects’, in Stead, I.M. and Rigby, V. (eds), Baldock: The Excavation of a Roman and Pre-Roman Settlement, 1968–72, Britannia Monograph 7, London, 195Google Scholar
Charlesworth, D., and Price, A.J. 1987: ‘The Roman and Saxon glass’, in Frere, S.S., Bennett, P., Rady, J. and S. Stow (eds), Canterbury Excavations: Intra- and Extra-Mural Sites 1949–55 and 1980–84, The Archaeology of Canterbury 8, Gloucester, 220–31Google Scholar
Coles, J.M. 1987: Meare Village East: The Excavations of A. Bulleid and H.St. George Gray, 1932–1956, Somerset Levels Papers 13, ExeterGoogle Scholar
Collins, R. 2017: ‘Soldiers in life and death: material culture, the military, and mortality’, in van Oyen, A. and Pitts, M. (eds), Materialising Roman Histories, Oxford, 31–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Compton, J., Price, J., and Worrell, S. 2015: ‘The Roman glass’, in M. Atkinson and S.J. Preston, Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement: Excavations at Elms Farm 1993–5, Internet Archaeology 40, http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.compton2 (accessed February 2020)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2007a: ‘Metal and glass small finds’, in Miles et al. 2007, 80–4Google Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2007b: ‘The glass vessels,’ in Crummy et al. 2007, 340–6Google Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2012: ‘Other small finds’, in Jackson 2012, 134–57Google Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2018: ‘The vessel glass’, in Fulford et al. 2018, 145–9Google Scholar
Cool, H.E.M., and Price, J. 1995: Roman Glass Vessels from Excavations in Colchester, 1971–85, Colchester Archaeological Report 8, ColchesterGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M., and Price, J. 2008: ‘Digital chapter 11: the small finds. Part 4: beads, bangles and other objects made of glass’, in Cool, H.E.M. and Mason, D.J.P. (eds), Roman Piercebridge, Durham, 223–9, https://doi.org/10.5284/1000057 (accessed February 2020)Google Scholar
Creighton, J. 2000: Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creighton, J. 2001: ‘The Iron Age–Roman transition’, in James, S. and Millett, M. (eds), Britons and Romans: Advancing an Archaeological Agenda, CBA Research Report 125, York, 4–11Google Scholar
Creighton, J. 2006: Britannia: The Creation of a Roman Province, AbingdonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creighton, J. 2016: Silchester: Changing Visions of a Roman Town. Integrating Geophysics and Archaeology: The Results of the Silchester Mapping Project, 2005–10, Britannia Monograph 28, LondonGoogle Scholar
Crew, P. 1989: ‘A glass bangle’, in Britnell, J. (ed.), Caersws Vicus, Powys: Excavations at the Old Primary School, 1985–86, Oxford, 49–51Google Scholar
Crew, P. 2009: Iron Working in Merioneth from Prehistory to the 18th Century, MaentrwogGoogle Scholar
Crew, P., and Rehren, T. 2002: ‘High-temperature workshop residues from Tara: iron, bronze and glass’, Discovery Programme Reports 6, 83–102Google Scholar
Crummy, N. 2007: ‘The identities of the “Doctor” and the “Warrior”’, in Crummy et al. 2007, 444–7Google Scholar
Crummy, P. 2007: ‘Aspects of the Stanway cemetery’, in Crummy et al. 2007, 423–56Google Scholar
Crummy, P., Benfield, S., Crummy, N., Rigby, V., and Shimmin, D. (eds) 2007: Stanway: An Élite Burial Site at Camulodunum, Britannia Monograph 24, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1971: Fishbourne: A Roman Palace and its Garden, BaltimoreCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1984: ‘Relations between Britain and Gaul in the first century BC and early first century AD’, in Macready, S. and Thompson, F.H. (eds), Cross-Channel Trade Between Gaul and Britain in the Pre-Roman Iron Age, Society of Antiquaries of London Occasional Papers (new series) 4, London, 3–23Google Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Mattingly, D.J., Chenery, S., and Smith, V.C. 2016: ‘End of the line? Glass bangles, technology, recycling, and trade in Islamic North Africa’, Journal of Glass Studies 58, 135–69Google Scholar
Dudley, D. 1968: ‘Excavations on Nor'nour in the Isles of Scilly, 1962–6’, Archaeological Journal 124, 1–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckardt, H. 2008: ‘Technologies of the body: Iron Age and Roman grooming and display’, in Garrow, D., Gosden, C. and Hill, J.D. (eds), Rethinking Celtic Art, Oxford, 113–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckardt, H., and Crummy, N. 2008: Styling the Body in Late Iron Age and Roman Britain: A Contextual Approach to Toilet Instruments, MontagnacGoogle Scholar
Ellis, P., and Leach, P. 2011: ‘The Roman settlement at Fosse Lane, Shepton Mallet: the Tesco excavation, 1996–7’, Somerset Archaeology and Natural History 155, 1–38Google Scholar
Evans, G. 2007: The Distribution of Romano-British Glass Bangles in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire with a Comparative Look at Size, Manufacture and Distribution, unpub. MA thesis, University of HullGoogle Scholar
Farley, J.M.-A., Parfitt, S.A., and Richardson, A. 2014: ‘An Iron Age helmet burial from Bridge near Canterbury, Kent’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80, 379–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzpatrick, A. 1985: ‘The Iron Age glass bracelets from Castle Dore’, Cornish Archaeology 24, 133–40Google Scholar
Foster, J. 1986: The Lexden Tumulus: A Re-Appraisal of an Iron-Age Burial from Colchester, Essex, BAR British Series 156, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Foster, J. 1999: ‘Metal finds’, in Niblett 1999, 133–71Google Scholar
Foulds, E. 2014: ‘Personal adornments in Iron Age Britain: the case of the missing glass beads’, in Popa, C.N. and Stoddart, S. (eds), Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to Identity in the European Iron Age: Integrating South-Eastern Europe into the Debate, Oxford, 223–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulds, E. 2017: Dress and Identity in Iron Age Britain: A Study of Glass Beads and Other Objects of Personal Adornment, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Foy, D., and Jézégou, M.-P. 1998: ‘Commerce et technologie du verre antique: le témoignage de l’épave “Ouest Embiez 1”’, in Rieth, E. (ed.), Méditerranée antique: pêche, navigation, commerce, Nice, 121–34Google Scholar
Fulford, M.G., Clarke, A., Durham, E., and Pankhurst, N. 2018: Late Iron Age Calleva: The Pre-Conquest Occupation at Silchester Insula IX, Britannia Monograph 32, LondonGoogle Scholar
Fulford, M.G., and Timby, J. 2000: Silchester: Excavations on the Site of the Forum-Baslica, 1977, 1980–86, Britannia Monograph 15, LondonGoogle Scholar
Gaborieau, M. 1989: ‘Bracelets et grosses perles de verre, fabrication et vente en Inde et au Népal’, Objets et Mondes 17.1, 111–30Google Scholar
Gam, T. 1990: ‘Prehistoric glass technology: experiments and analyses’, Journal of Danish Archaeology 9, 203–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardi, R. 1967: ‘Bei den letzen afrikanischen Glasmachern’, Kosmos 63, 45–51Google Scholar
Gardi, R. 1974: Unter afrikanischen Handwerkern: Begegnungen und Erlebnisse in Westafrika, GrazGoogle Scholar
Garrod, A.P. 1984: ‘Site reports’, Glevensis: Gloucester and District Archaeological Research Group Review 18, 46–52Google Scholar
Garrow, D., and Gosden, C. 2012: Technologies of Enchantment? Exploring Celtic Art: 400 BC to AD 100, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gebhard, R. 1989: Der Glasschmuck aus dem Oppidum von Manching, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Gilkes, O.J. 1993: ‘Iron Age and Roman Littlehampton’, Sussex Archaeological Collections 131, 1–20Google Scholar
Gosden, C. 2004: Archaeology and Colonialism: Cultural Contact from 5000 BC to the Present, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Gosden, C. 2006: ‘What do objects want?’, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12.3, 193–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosden, C., Crawford, S., and Ulmschneider, K. (eds) 2014: Celtic Art in Europe: Making Connections, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guido, M. 1978: The Glass Beads of the Prehistoric and Roman Periods in Britain and Ireland, LondonGoogle Scholar
Gwilt, A. 2007: ‘Silent Silures? Locating people and places in the Iron Age of south Wales’, in Haselgrove and Moore 2007a, 297–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haevernick, T. 1960: Die Glasarmringe und Ringperlen der Mittel- und Spätlatènezeit auf dem europäischen Festland, BonnGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, S. 2007: ‘Cultural choices in the “British Eastern Channel Area” in the late pre-Roman Iron Age’, in Haselgrove and Moore 2007a, 81–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harden, D.B., and Price, J. 1971: ‘The glass’, in Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Excavations at Fishbourne, 1961–1969 2: The Finds, Leeds, 317–69Google Scholar
Haselgrove, C.C., and Moore, T. (eds) 2007a: The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Haselgrove, C.C., and Moore, T. 2007b: ‘New narratives of the later Iron Age’, in Haselgrove and Moore 2007a, 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haughton, C., and Powlesland, D. 1999: West Heslerton: The Anglican Cemetery 2: Catalogue of the Anglican Graves and Associated Assemblages, NottinghamGoogle Scholar
Hawkes, C.F.C., and Dunning, G.C. 1931: ‘The Belgae of Gaul and Britain’, Archaeological Journal 87, 150–335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, J. 1985: ‘The glass from Castle Dore: archaeological and chemical significance’, Cornish Archaeology 24, 141–7Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1987a: ‘The archaeology and technology of glass from Meare Village East’, in Coles 1987, 170–82Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1987b: ‘Glass’, in Cunliffe, B. (ed.), Hengistbury Head, Dorset 1: Prehistoric and Roman Settlement, 3500 BC – AD 500, Oxford, 160–3Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1989: ‘The evidence for regional production of Iron Age glass in Britain’, in Feugère, M. (ed.), La verre préromain en Europe occidentale, Montagnac, 63–72Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1991: ‘The glass artefacts’, in Padley, T.G. (ed.), The Metalwork, Glass and Stone Objects from Castle Street, Carlisle: Excavations 1981–2, Carlisle, 177–80Google Scholar
Hill, J.D. 1995: ‘The pre-Roman Iron Age in Britain and Ireland (ca. 800 B.C. to A.D. 100): an overview’, Journal of World Prehistory 9, 47–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J.D. 1997: ‘“The end of one kind of body and the beginning of another kind of body”? Toilet instruments and “Romanization” in southern England during the first century AD’, in Gwilt, A. and Haselgrove, C. (eds), Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, Oxford, 96–107Google Scholar
Hill, J.D. 2007: ‘The dynamics of social change in later Iron Age eastern and south-eastern England, c. 300 BC–AD 43’, in Haselgrove and Moore 2007a, 16–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J.D., Spence, A.J., La Niece, S., and Worrell, S. 2004: ‘The Winchester Hoard: a find of unique Iron Age gold jewellery from southern Britain’, The Antiquaries Journal 84, 1–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoecherl, M. 2015: Controlling Colours: Function and Meaning of Colour in the British Iron Age, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Hoffmann, B. 2003: ‘Roman glass from Newstead and Vindolanda’, in Annales du 15e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Nottingham, 41–4Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B. 2009: ‘Defining identity: analysing the glass objects from the Roman fort of Newstead, Scotland’, in Morillo, A., Hanel, N. and Martín, E. (eds), Limes XX: estudios sobre la frontera Romana/Roman Frontier Studies 3, Madrid, 1183–90Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B. 2011: ‘The glass’, in Ellis, P. and Leach, P. (eds), ‘The Roman settlement at Fosse Lane, Shepton Mallet: the Tesco excavation, 1996–7’, Somerset Archaeology and Natural History 155, W14–18Google Scholar
Holbrook, N. 2010: ‘Kingsholm and Gloucester’, in Burnham, B.C. and Davies, J.L. (eds), Roman Frontiers in Wales and the Marches, Aberystwyth, 184–7Google Scholar
Hunter, F. 2006: ‘New light on Iron Age massive armlets’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 136, 135–60Google Scholar
Hunter, F. 2008: ‘Celtic art in Roman Britain’, in Garrow, D., Gosden, C. and Hill, J.D. (eds), Rethinking Celtic Art, Oxford, 129–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, F. 2010: ‘Changing objects in changing worlds: dragonesque brooches and beaded torcs’, in Worrell, S., Egan, G. and Naylor, J. (eds), A Decade of Discovery: Proceedings of the Portable Antiquities Scheme Conference 2007, BAR British Series 520, Oxford, 91–107Google Scholar
Hunter, F. 2014: ‘Art in context: the massive metalworking tradition of north-east Scotland’, in Gosden et al. 2014, 325–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, F. 2016: ‘Iron Age swords and Roman soldiers in conquest-period Britain’, in Jansen, X.P. and Grane, T. (eds), Imitation and Inspiration: Proceedings of the 18th International Roman Military Equipment Conference, Copenhagen 2013/Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 17, 11–23Google Scholar
Ingold, T. 2013: Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture, AbingdonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivleva, T. 2016: ‘Ongoing research: GLOBALGLASS: “Global Glass Adornments Event Horizon in the late Iron Age and Roman Period Frontiers (100 BC – AD 250)”’, Lucerna 51, 15–16Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. 2018a: ‘Romano-British glass bangles’, Roman Finds Group Datasheet 9Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. 2018b: ‘Multifunctionality of a Romano-British glass bangle: between theory and practice’, in Ivleva, T., de Bruin, J. and Driessen, M. (eds), Embracing the Provinces: Society and Material Culture of the Roman Frontier Regions, Oxford, 71–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ivleva, T. forthcoming: ‘On bangles and horses: the use and abuse of Romano-British glass bangles on military and indigenous sites in Roman-period Britain’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 19, 103–12Google Scholar
Ivleva, T. in preparation a: Romano-British Glass Bangles: Typology, Distribution and FunctionGoogle Scholar
Ivleva, T. in preparation b: ‘The curious case of type 1 glass bangles in Roman Iron Age Scotland: re-assessment of typology, manufacture and function’Google Scholar
Jackson, C.M., and Cottam, S. 2015: ‘“A green thought in a green shade”: compositional and typological observations concerning the production of emerald green glass vessels in the 1st century AD’, Journal of Archaeological Science 61, 139–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. 2010: Cosmetic Sets of Late Iron Age and Roman Britain, British Museum Research Publication 181, LondonGoogle Scholar
Jackson, R. 2012: Ariconium, Herefordshire: An Iron Age Settlement and Romano-British ‘Small Town’, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, F.T. 1906: ‘Roman remains: Penydarren park, Merthyr Tydfil’, Archaeologica Cambrensis (6th series) 6, 193–208Google Scholar
James, S. 2001: ‘Romanization and the peoples of Britain’, in Keay, S. and Terrenato, N. (eds), Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization, Oxford, 187–209Google Scholar
Joy, J. 2014: ‘Brit-art: Celtic art in Roman Britain and on its frontier’, in Gosden et al. 2014, 315–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jundi, S., and Hill, J.D. 1998: ‘Brooches and identities in first century AD Britain: more than meets the eye?’, in Forcey, C., Hawthrone, J. and Witcher, R. (eds), TRAC 97: Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Nottingham 1997, Oxford, 125–37Google Scholar
Karwowski, M. 2004: Latènezeitlicher Glasringschmuck aus Ostösterreich, ViennaCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karwowski, M. 2012: ‘Die Glastechnik und ihre Entwicklung in der Latene-Kultur: fremder Einfluss oder eigene Kreativität?’ in Kern, A., Koch, J.K., Balzer, I., Fries-Knoblach, J., Kowarik, K., Later, C., Ramsl, P.C., Trebsche, P. and Wiethold, J. (eds), Technologieentwicklung und -transfer in der Hallstatt- und Latènezeit: Beiträge zur internationalen Tagung der AG Eisenzeit und des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien, Prähistorische Abteilung, Hallstatt 2009, Langenweissbach, 243–52Google Scholar
Keller, D. 2005: ‘Social and economic aspects of glass recycling’, in Bruhn, J., Croxford, B. and Grigoropoulos, D. (eds), TRAC 2004: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Durham 2004, Oxford, 65–78Google Scholar
Kilbride-Jones, H.E. 1938: ‘Glass armlets in Britain’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 72, 366–9Google Scholar
Korfmann, M. 1966: ‘Zur herstellung nahtloser Glasringe’, Bonner Jahrbücher 166, 48–61Google Scholar
Krämer, W. 1985: Die Grabfunde von Manching und die latènezeitlichen Flachgräber in Südbayern, Die Ausgrabungen in Manching 9, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Krzyżanowska, M., and Frankiewicz, M. 2015: ‘An archaeological experiment with early medieval glass bead production in an open hearth: the results’, Slavia Antiqua 56, 109–27Google Scholar
Küçükerman, Ö. 1988: Glass Beads: Anatolian Glass Bead Making: The Final Traces of Three Millennia of Glass Making in the Mediterranean Region, IstanbulGoogle Scholar
Kunkel, O. 1961: ‘Zur Frage keltischer Glasindustrie: nach einer Manchinger Fundgruppe’, Germania 39.3–4, 322–9Google Scholar
Leblond, C. 2018: Les verres antique d'Alésia, Monographies Instrumentum 57, Drémil-LafageGoogle Scholar
Leins, I., and Farley, J. 2015: ‘A changing world, c. 150 BC–AD 50’, in Farley, J. and Hunter, F. (eds), Celts: Art and Identity, London, 108–28Google Scholar
Lierke, R., Birkhill, F., and Molnar, P. 1995: ‘Experimental reproduction of spiral beads’, in Rasmussen, M., Lund Hansen, U. and Näsman, U. (eds), Glass Beads: Cultural History, Technology, Experiment and Analogy, Lejre, 117–19Google Scholar
Manley, J., and Rudkin, D. 2003: ‘Fishbourne before the conquest: royal capital of a client kingdom?’ Current Archaeology 187, 292–8Google Scholar
Manley, J., and Rudkin, D. 2005a: ‘A pre-AD 43 ditch at Fishbourne Roman palace, Chichester’, Britannia 36, 55–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manley, J., and Rudkin, D. 2005b: Facing the Palace: Excavations in Front of Fishbourne Roman Palace (Sussex, UK) 1995–1999, Sussex Archaeological Collections 141, LewesGoogle Scholar
Manley, J., and Rudkin, D. 2006: ‘More buildings facing the palace at Fishbourne’, Sussex Archaeological Collections 144, 69–113Google Scholar
Manning, W.H. 2010: ‘Usk’, in Burnham, B.C. and Davies, J.L. (eds), Roman Frontiers in Wales and the Marches, Aberystwyth, 187–92Google Scholar
Miles, D., Palmer, S., Smith, A., and Perpetua Jones, G. 2007: Iron Age and Roman Settlement in the Upper Thames Valley: Excavations at Claydon Pike and Other Sites within the Cotswold Water Park, Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 26, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Millett, M., Revell, L., and Moore, A. (eds) 2016: The Oxford Handbook of Roman Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Moore, T. 2006: Iron Age Societies in the Severn-Cotswolds: Developing Narratives of Social and Landscape Change, BAR British Series 421, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, T. 2007: ‘Life on the edge? Exchange, community, and identity in the later Iron Age of the Severn-Cotswolds’, in Haselgrove and Moore 2007a, 41–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, T. 2011: ‘Detribalizing the later prehistoric past: concepts of tribes in Iron Age and Roman studies’, Journal of Social Archaeology 11, 334–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, T. 2012: ‘Beyond the oppida: polyfocal complexes and late Iron Age societies in southern Britain’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 31.4, 391–417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, T. 2016: ‘Britain, Gaul, and Germany: cultural interactions’, in Millett et al. 2016, 262–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, T., and Armada, X.-L. 2011: ‘Crossing the divide: opening a dialogue on approaches to western European first millennium BC studies’, in Moore, T. and Armada, X.-L. (eds), Atlantic Europe in the First Millennium BC: Crossing the Divide, Oxford, 3–77Google Scholar
Nash, D. 1984: ‘The basis of contact between Britain and Gaul in the late pre-Roman Iron Age’, in Macready, S. and Thompson, F.H. (eds), Cross-Channel Trade Between Gaul and Britain in the Pre-Roman Iron Age, Society of Antiquaries of London Occasional Papers (new series) 4, London, 92–107Google Scholar
Nash-Williams, V.E. 1969: The Roman Frontier in Wales, CardiffGoogle Scholar
Ngan-Tillard, D., Huisman, D.J., Corbella, F., and Van Nass, A. 2018: ‘Over the rainbow? Micro-CT scanning to non-destructively study Roman and early medieval glass bead manufacture’, Journal of Archaeological Science 98, 7–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niblett, R. 1999: The Excavation of a Ceremonial Site at Folly Lane, Verulamium, Britannia Monograph 14, LondonGoogle Scholar
Paynter, S., and Jackson, C. 2016: ‘Re-used Roman rubbish: a thousand years of recycling glass’, European Journal of Post Classical Archaeologies 6, 31–52Google Scholar
Perring, D. 2013: ‘Town and country in Roman Britain: current perspectives’, in Perring, D. and Pitts, M., Alien Cities: Consumption and the Origins of Urbanism in Roman Britain, Portslade, 1–13Google Scholar
Pitts, M. 2008: ‘Globalizing the local in Roman Britain: an anthropological approach to social change’, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27, 493–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M. 2010: ‘Re-thinking the southern British oppida: networks, kingdoms and material culture’, European Journal of Archaeology 13.1, 32–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M. 2017: ‘Gallo-Belgic wares: objects in motion in the early Roman northwest’, in van Oyen, A. and Pitts, M. (eds), Materialising Roman Histories, Oxford, 47–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M. 2019: The Roman Object Revolution, AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Pitts, M., and Perring, D. 2006: ‘The making of Britain's first urban landscapes: the case of late Iron Age and Roman Essex’, Britannia 37, 189–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, J. 1986: ‘Roman glass’, in Rahtz, P., Hayfield, C. and Bateman, J. (eds), Two Roman Villas at Wharram Le Street, York, section 26.12Google Scholar
Price, J. 1988: ‘Romano-British glass bangles from East Yorkshire’, in Price, J. and Wilson, P.R. (eds), Recent Research in Roman Yorkshire, Oxford, 339–66Google Scholar
Price, J. 1990: ‘Glass bangles from northern Britain: a partial and prejudiced view’, unpub. paper, presented at the Roman Finds Group meeting ‘Find from the Frontier’, 24 September 1990Google Scholar
Price, J. 1995: ‘Glass bangles’, in Manning, W.H., Price, J. and Webster, J. (eds), The Roman Small Finds: Report on the Excavations at Usk, 1965–1976, Cardiff, 100–4Google Scholar
Price, J. 1996: ‘A ribbed bowl from a late Iron Age burial at Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire’, in Annales du 13e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Amsterdam, 47–54Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1984: La Tène in Ireland: Problems of Origin and Chronology, MarburgGoogle Scholar
Rolland, J. 2017a: L'artisanat du verre dans le monde celtique au second âge du Fer: approches archéométriques, technologiques et sociales, unpub. PhD thesis, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-SorbonneGoogle Scholar
Rolland, J. 2017b: ‘Tracing the skills and identifying masterpieces in Celtic glass-making: specialization through Haevernick group 15’, in Kysela, J., Danielisová, A. and Militký, J. (eds), Stories that Made the Iron Age: Studies in Iron Age Archaeology Dedicated to Natalie Venclová, Prague, 101–9Google Scholar
Rolland, J. 2019: Bling-Bling: le verre gaulois s'affiche! AlésiaGoogle Scholar
Rolland, J., and Clesse, J. 2014: ‘Filer le verre, porter le bleu: enjeux techniques et sociaux de la production de parures en verre dans le monde celtique du second âge du Fer’, Bulletin Association Française pour l'Archéologie du Verre 2014, 9–12Google Scholar
Rolland, J., Le Bechennec, Y., Clesse, J., and Rivoal, S. 2012: ‘Des parures celtiques aux verriers du Népal: un projet d'expérimentation des techniques de fabrication des bracelets en verre’, Bulletin Association Française pour l'Archéologie du Verre 2012, 6–10Google Scholar
RCHM 1983: ‘West Park Roman villa, Rockbourne, Hampshire’, Archaeological Journal 140, 129–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RCHME 1976: ‘Bisley with Lypiatt’, in Ancient and Historical Monuments in the County of Gloucester: Iron Age and Romano-British Monuments in the Gloucestershire Cotswolds, London, 14–16, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/ancient-glos/pp14-16 (accessed February 2020)Google Scholar
Roymans, N., Huisman, H., van der Laan, J., and van Os, B. 2014: ‘La Tène glass armrings in Europe: interregional connectivity and local identity construction’, Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 44.2, 215–28Google Scholar
Roymans, N., and Verniers, L. 2013: ‘Glass Latène bracelets in the Lower Rhine region: typology, chronology and social interpretation’, Germania 88, 195–221Google Scholar
Score, V. 2011: Hoards, Hounds and Helmets: A Conquest-Period Ritual Site at Hallaton, Leicestershire, Leicester Archaeology Monograph 21, LeicesterGoogle Scholar
Seiffert, S. 2012: ‘Eine kurze Geschichte des Glasses’, Blickpunkt Hunnenring 33, 8–22Google Scholar
Sennett, R. 2008: The Craftsman, LondonGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, J., and Wardle, A. 2009: The Glassworkers of Roman London, LondonGoogle Scholar
Smith, A. 2007a: ‘The Cotswold Water Park project’, in Miles et al. 2007, 1–10Google Scholar
Smith, A. 2007b: ‘The late Iron Age and Roman landscape’, in Miles et al. 2007, 373–90Google Scholar
Smith, H.P. 1935: ‘The story of an early Iron Age and Romano-British settlement at Hamworthy, Dorset’, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 56Google Scholar
Sode, T. 1997: ‘Contemporary Anatolian glass beads: an ethnotechnological study’, in van Freeden, U. and Wieczorek, A. (eds), Perlen: Archäologie, Techniken, Analysen, BonnGoogle Scholar
Sode, T., and Kock, J. 2001: ‘Traditional raw glass production in northern India: the final stage of an ancient technology’, Journal of Glass Studies 43, 155–69Google Scholar
Stead, I. 1967: ‘A La Tène III burial at Welwyn Garden City’, Archaeologia, or, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity 101, 1–62Google Scholar
Stevenson, R.B.K. 1953–55: ‘Native bangles and Roman glass’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 88, 208–21Google Scholar
Stevenson, R.B.K. 1976: ‘Romano-British glass bangles’, Glasgow Archaeological Journal 4, 45–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trow, S., James, S., and Moore, T. 2009: Becoming Roman, Being Gallic, Staying British: Research and Excavations at Ditches ‘Hillfort’ and Villa, 1984–2006, OxfordGoogle Scholar
van Lith, S. 1978–79: ‘Römisches Glass aus Valkenburg, Z.H.’, Oudheidkundige Mededelingen 59–60, 1–151Google Scholar
Venclová, N. 2000: ‘La production du verre’, Dossiers d'Archéologie 258, 76–85Google Scholar
Viner, L. 1998: ‘The finds evidence’, in Holbrook, N. (ed.), Cirencester: The Roman Town Defences, Public Buildings and Shops, Cirencester Excavations 5, Cirencester, 294–324Google Scholar
Wagner, H. 2006: Glasschmuck der Mittel- und Spätlatènezeit am Oberrhein und in den angrenzenden Gebieten, RemshaldenGoogle Scholar
Wainwright, G.J. 1979: Gussage All Saints: An Iron Age Settlement in Dorset, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wallace, L. 2016: ‘The early Roman horizon’, in Millett et al. 2016, 117–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, H. 1950: ‘A collection of Romano-British pottery, glass and objects’, Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club 33, 185–99Google Scholar
Wardle, A. 2013: ‘Registered finds’, in Perring, D. and Pitts, M., Alien Cities: Consumption and the Origins of Urbanism in Roman Britain, Portslade, 189–231Google Scholar
Wardle, A. 2014: ‘Roman vessel glass and glass working’, in Casson, L., Drummond-Murray, J. and Francis, A. (eds), Romano-British Round Houses to Medieval Parish: Excavations at 10 Gresham Street, City of London, 1999–2002, Museum of London Archaeology Monograph 67, London, 178–86Google Scholar
Wardle, A., Freestone, I., McKenzie, M., and Shepherd, J. 2015: Glass Working on the Margins of Roman London: Excavations at 35 Basinghall Street, Museum of London Archaeology Monograph 70, LondonGoogle Scholar
Webly, L. 2015: ‘Rethinking Iron Age connections across the Channel and North Sea’, in Anderson-Whymark, H., Garrow, D. and Sturt, F. (eds), Continental Connections: Exploring Cross-Channel Relationships from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age, Oxford, 122–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.M., and Wheeler, T.V. 1936: Verulamium: A Belgic and Two Roman Cities, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wick, S. 2008: ‘Ein Rätsel der Glasgeschichte: keltische Glasarmringe’, Archäologie Schweiz 31, 30–3Google Scholar
Woolf, G. 1998: Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul, CambridgeCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zepezauer, M.A. 1993: Glasperlen der vorrömischen Eisenzeit 3, HitzerothGoogle Scholar