Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T06:33:06.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

North African Amphorae in Roman Britain: a Re-appraisal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

David Williams  and
César Carreras
David Williams
Affiliation:
English Heritage Ceramic and Lithic Petrology Project, Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton
César Carreras
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Almost two decades ago, David Peacock documented for the first time on a systematic basis the presence of North African amphorae in Roman Britain. Since then, additional finds of similar material from recent excavations of Romano-British sites have greatly increased the initial number of examples listed by Peacock, bringing about a more complete picture of these imports.

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 26 , November 1995 , pp. 231 - 252
Copyright
Copyright © David Williams and César Carreras 1995. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Peacock, D.P.S., Coll. de L'École française de Rome XXXII (1972), 261–78.Google Scholar

2 Atlante, Atlante delle forme ceramica fine romana nel bacino del Mediterraneo (medio e tardo impero) (1981).

3 Panella, C., Ostia III (1973), 460–633Google Scholar; Keay, S.J., Late Roman Amphorae in the Western Mediterranean. A Typology and Economic Study: the Catalan Evidence, BAR Int. Ser. 136 (1984).Google Scholar

4 S.J. Keay in J.M. Blazquez and J. Remesal (eds), Produccion y Comercio del Aceite en la Antiguedad. II Congresso (1983), 551–68; D.P.S. Peacock and D.F. Williams, Amphorae and the Roman Economy (1986); Keay, N. in Dore, J. and Keay, N. (eds Fulford, M. and Hall, M.), Excavations at Sabratha 1948–1951, II(i) (1989).Google Scholar

5 Keay, op. cit. (note 3); Card, M.D. and Evans, J. in Tyers, P., London Arch, iv (1984), 367–74.Google Scholar

6 D.F. Williams and D.P.S. Peacock in Blazquez and Remesal, op. cit. (note 4), 263–80; C. Carreras Monfort and D.F. Williams, Journ. Roman Pottery Studies vi (forthcoming); P. Funari, ‘Olive-oil consumption in Roman Britain’ (forthcoming).

7 Williams and Peacock, op. cit. (note 6); C. Carreras Monfort, A Spatial and Economic Analysis of Long-distance Exchange: The Evidence of the Amphorae Distribution in Roman Britain (forthcoming).

8 D.F. Williams and D.P.S. Peacock in A. Fitzpatrick and E. Morris (eds), The Iron Age in Wessex: Recent Work (1994), 29–32.

9 Williams and Peacock, op. cit. (note 6); see also Bidwell, P. in Bidwell, P. and Speak, S., Excavations at South Shields Roman Fort I (1994), 214–17.Google Scholar

10 Ponsich, M., Implantation rurale antique sur le Bas-Guadalquivir I (1974); II (1979); III (1991).Google Scholar

11 Condamin, J., Formenti, F., Metais, M.O., Michel, M. and Blond, P., Archaeometry xviii (1976), 195–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Rodriguez-Almeida, E., Los Tituli Picti de las anforas olearias de la Betica (1989)Google Scholar; Liou, B., and Gassend, J.M., Archaeonautica x (1991), 157–269.Google Scholar

12 J. Baudoux in F. Laubenheimer (ed.), Les amphores en Gaule: production et circulation (1992), 59–69.

13 Rodriguez-Almeida, op. cit. (note 11); Liou and Gassend, op. cit. (note 11).

14 Mattingly, D.J., JRA i (1988), 33–56.Google Scholar

15 Werff, J.H. Van der, Babesch lii–liii (1978), 171–200; Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4), Class 32.Google Scholar

16 Arthur, P., Britannia xvii (1986), 239–58, fig. 6, no. 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17 See Appendix.

18 Tyers, P., London Arch, iv (1984), 367–74. An almost complete Africana I in a central Tunisian fabric, fig. 2, no. 3.Google Scholar

19 Wheeler, R.E.M. and Wheeler, T.V., ‘The Roman amphitheatre at Caerleon, Monmouthshire’, Archaeologia lxxviii (1928), 111–218, fig. 23, no. 81. Unfortunately now lost.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20 D.P.S. Peacock, S.J. Keay and P.T. Bidwell in N. Holbrook and P.T. Bidwell, Roman Finds from Exeter (1991), 215–19. A single bodysherd.

21 J. Bird in J. Dore and K. Greene (eds), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond, BAR Int. Ser. 30 (1977), 269–77.

22 G. Pucci in P. Garnsey, K. Hopkins and C.R. Whittaker (eds), Trade in the Ancient Economy (1983), 105–17.

23 Williams, D.F. in Holbrook, N. and Bidwell, P.T., ‘Roman pottery from Exeter 1980–1990’, Journ. Roman Pottery Stud, v (1992), 56–62. An Africana II.Google Scholar

24 Peacock, op. cit., (note 1), 271. A bodysherd.

25 Williams, D.F. in Whytehead, R., LAMAS xxxvii (1986), 72 and 84–5. An Africana II.Google Scholar

26 Carreras, op. cit. (note 7). A bodysherd.

27 D.F. Williams in J.R. Perrin and D.F. Williams, Roman Pottery from the Colonia 2: General Accident and Rougier Street (1990), 346. An Africana II.

28 Jessup, R.F., Arch. Cant, lxviii (1954), 1–61.Google Scholar

29 C M. Green in L. Miller, J. Schofield and M. Rhodes, The Roman Quay at St. Magnus House, London (1986), 100–6.

30 Carreras, op. cit. (note 7).

31 Williams, op. cit. (note 27), plus unpublished information; op. cit. (note 18).

32 D.P.S. Peacock in P.T. Bidwell, The Legionary Bath-House and Basilica and Forum at Exeter (1979), table facing p. 187; op. cit. (note 20), 217; op. cit. (note 23), 60.

33 E. Rodriguez-Almeida, II Monte Testaccio: ambiente, storia, materiali (1984); J. Remesal Rodriguez, La Annona militaris y la exportacion de aceite betico a Germania (1986).

34 Dressel, H., Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XV pars I (1899).Google Scholar

35 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

36 Panella, C., Opus ii (1983), 53–73; in A. Giardina (ed.), Società romanae impero tardo-antico (1986); L. Anselmino, CM. Coletti, M.L. Ferrantini and C. Panella in A. Giardina (ed.), Società romana e impero tardo-antico (1986), 45–81; L. Anselmino, C. Panella, R. Santagneli-Valenzani and S. Tortorella, in idem, 163–85.Google Scholar

37 Wickham, C., JRS lxxviii (1988), 183–93.Google Scholar

38 Anselmino et al., op. cit. (note 36); Fulford, M., Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum, Acta XXV/XXVII (1987), 161–74.Google Scholar

39 CIL II. 1180; J. Remesal Rodriguez in Arte, sociedad, economica y religion durante el bajo imperio y la antiguedad tardia (1991), 355–61.

40 Cod. Theo. XIII.5.4.

41 Rodriguez-Almeida, op. cit. (note 33).

42 Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4), table I.

43 These two figures are averages listed by Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 42), but without the extreme values quoted, see C. Carreras Monfort, Una reconstruccion del comercio en ceramicas: la red de transportes en Britannia (1994).

44 Remesal, op. cit. (note 33); Rodriguez-Almeida, op. cit. (note 11); Keay, S.J., Antiq. Journ. lxxi (1991), 289–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

45 Funari, op. cit. (note 6); Carreras, op. cit. (note 7).

46 Williams and Peacock, op. cit. (note 6).

47 Tomber, R.S., JRA vi (1993), 142–66.Google Scholar

48 Remesal, op. cit. (note 33); Rodriguez, J. Remesal, Ariadna vi (1989), 121–53Google Scholar; Rodriguez, J. Remesal in Alimenta. Estudios en homenaje al Dr Michael Ponsich, Gerion Anejos III (1991), 281–96.Google Scholar

49 idem; Carreras and Williams, op. cit. (note 6).

50 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

51 Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4), Class 26.

52 Carreras and Williams, op. cit. (note 6); D.R Williams in Excavations at York Minster Volume I (forthcoming).

53 Funari, op. cit. (note 6).

54 See Appendix.

55 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1).

56 See Appendix.

57 By weight 17,003 gms (8.8% of the total), Williams, op. cit. (note 52).

58 Information Dr Brenda Heywood.

59 See Appendix.

60 See for example, Bidwell, op. cit. (note 9).

61 A.P. Fitzpatriek in Laubenheimer, op. cit. (note 12), 179–83.

62 S.S. Frere, Britannia (1987), ch. 10.; M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain (1990), 157–64.

63 idem.

64 Swan, V.G., Journ. Roman Pottery Stud, v (1993), 1–33.Google Scholar

65 See Appendix.

66 Peacock, op. cit. (note I); J.L. Naveiro Lopez, El comercio antiguo en la NW Peninsular (1991).

67 C. Carreras Monfort and D.F. Williams, ‘Roman amphorae from Leicester' (forthcoming).

68 Carreras, op. cit. (note 43).

69 Carreras, op. cit. (note 7).

70 Carreras and Williams, op. cit. (note 6).

71 Frere, op. cit. (note 62), ch. 16.

72 M. Fulford in D.P.S. Peacock (ed.), Pottery and Early Commerce (1977), 35–84; and in M. Todd (ed.), Research on Roman Britain 1960–89 (1989), 175–201.

73 Frere, op. cit. (note 62).

74 D.E. Johnston, The Saxon Shore (1977); see Cotterill, J., Britannia xxiv (1993), 228–39 for another view of these forts.Google Scholar

75 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1).

76 Thomas, A.C., Cornish Arch, xxvii (1988), 7–25.Google Scholar

77 Fulford, M., Med. Arch, xxxiii (1989), 1–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

78 Williams, D.F. in Rahtz, P. et al. , Cadbury Congresbury 1968–73: a Late/Post-Roman Hilltop Settlement in Somerset, BAR Brit. Ser. 223 (1992), 169–79.Google Scholar

79 E. Campbell in N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds), Early Mediaeval Settlements in Wales A.D. 400–1100 (1988), 124–32.

80 Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4), Classes 43 and 44; A.C. Thomas, A Provisional List of Imported Pottery in Post-Roman Western Britain and Ireland (1981); op. cit. (note 77).

81 Fulford, op. cit. (note 77).

82 Panella, C., Coll. de L'Ecole française de Rome X (1972), 69–106; Panella, op. cit. (note 3).Google Scholar

83 Zevi, F. and Tchernia, A., Ant. Africaines iii (1969), 173–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

84 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

85 Peacock, D.P.S., Bejaoui, F. and Belazreg, N. in Amphores romaines et historie économique: dix ans de recherche, MEFR 114 (1989), 179–222Google Scholar; Peacock, D.P.S., Bejaoui, F. and Belazreg, N., JRA iii (1990), 59–85; Keay, op. cit. (note 4).Google Scholar

86 M. Beltran Lloris, Las anforas romanas en Espana (1970).

87 Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4).

88 J.M. Mana in A. Beltran (ed.), Cronica del VI Congreso Arqueologico del Sudeste, Alcoy 1950 (1951), 203–10.

89 van der Werff, op. cit. (note 15).

90 ibid.; Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4), Class 32.

91 van der Werff, op. cit. (note 15); M. Sciallano and P. Sibella, Amphores. Comment les identifier? (1991).

92 Arthur, op. cit. (note 16).

93 Unpublished.

94 Unpublished.

95 Naveiro, op. cit. (note 66).

96 CIL XV.2634, EX OF IVLI/HONOR PMC TVB(usuctu); CIL XV.2635, EX PROVINC/MAVRETAN/CAES TVB(usuctu); op. cit. (note 83); Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Mayet, F., MEFRA xc (1978), 357–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

97 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1); Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4).

98 idem; Keay, op. cit. (note 4).

99 Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Rodriguez-Almeida, op. cit. (note 33).

100 Boube, J., Bull. d'Arch. Marocaine ix (1973), 163–225Google Scholar; Mayet, op. cit. (note 96); Riley, J.A. in Lloyd, J.A. (ed.), Sidi Khrebish Excavations, Benghazi [Berenice] II (1979), 91–497.Google Scholar

101 Keay, op. cit. (note 3); B. Liou and M. Scilliano, SFECAG, Actes du Congrès de Lezoux (1989), 153–67.

102 Baudoux, op. cit. (note 12).

103 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

104 Martin-Kilcher, S., Caesarodunum xxiv (1990), 175–203.Google Scholar

105 Naveiro, op. cit. (note 66).

106 Jessup, op. cit. (note 28), fig. 13, right.

107 Peacock, op. cit. (note 32), fig. 68, no. 210.

108 Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Manacorda, D., Ostia IV (1977), 117–254Google Scholar; Fentress, E.W.B., Numidia and the Roman Army, BAR Int. Ser. 53 (1979).Google Scholar

109 Lequement, R., Rev. d'Arch. Narbonnaise ix (1976), 177–88; F. Laubenheimer, Le temps les amphores en Gaule (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

110 Liou and Scilliano, op. cit. (note 101); op. cit. (note 104).

111 Heron, C. and Pollard, A.M. in Slater, E.A. and Tate, J.O. (eds), Science and Archaeology: Glasgow 1987, BAR Brit. Ser. 196 (1988), 429–47.Google Scholar

112 Gibbins, D.J. and Parker, A.J., Int. Journ. Nautical Arch, xv.4 (1986), 267–304CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Parker, A.J., Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces, BAR Int. Ser. 580 (1992).Google Scholar

113 Basile, B., Int. Journ. Nautical Arch, xvii.2 (1988), 133–42; Parker, op. cit. (note 112).Google Scholar

114 Manacorda, op. cit (note 108); Keay, op. cit. (note 4); Panella, op. cit. (note 36), 1986.

115 Zevi and Tchernia, op. cit. (note 83).

116 Panella, op. cit. (note 82, 1972).

117 Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4).

118 Keay, op. cit. (note 4); Dore and Keay, op. cit. (note 4).

119 Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4).

120 Goodchild, R.G., PBSR xix (1951), 43–77Google Scholar; Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Arthur, P., Libyan Stud, xiii (1982), 61–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

121 Arthur, op. cit. (note 120); Mattingly, D.J. in Buck, D.J., and Mattingly, D.J. (eds), Town and Country in Roman Tripolitania, BAR Int. Ser. 274 (1985), 27–46.Google Scholar

122 Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Carandini, A. and Panella, C. in King, A. and Henig, M. (eds), The Roman West in the Third Century, BAR Int. Ser. 109 (1981), 487–503Google Scholar; op. cit. (note 14); Mattingly, D.J., Libyan Stud, xix (1988), 21–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fulford, M., Libyan Stud, xx (1989), 169–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

123 D. Manacorda in Blazquez and Remesal, op. cit. (note 4), 483–500; Vita-Euard, G. Di, Bull. Arch, du Com. Trev. Hist, et Soc. xix (1985), 147–59; Rodriguez-Almeida, op. cit. (note 33).Google Scholar

124 op. cit. (note 34); op. cit. (note 83); Rodriguez-Almeida, op. cit. (note 11).

125 Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108); Ciotola, A., Picciola, S., Santagneli-Va lenzani, R. and Volpe, L. in Amphores romaines et histoire économique: dix ans de recherche, MEFR 114 (1989), 604–9.Google Scholar

126 Riley, op. cit. (note 100).

127 Mayet, op. cit. (note 96).

128 Riley, op. cit. (note 100).

129 D.F. Williams and C. Carreras Monfort, ‘Roman amphorae from Lincoln' (forthcoming).

130 Keay, op. cit. (note 4).

131 Ciotola et al, op. cit. (note 125).

132 Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Carandini and Panella, op. cit. (note 122).

133 ibid.

134 Riley, op. cit. (note 100).

135 Naveiro, op. cit. (note 66).

136 Panella, op. cit. (note 3).

137 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

138 Bonifay, M., Cougnes, G. and Leguilloux, M. in Amphores romaines et histoire économique: dix ans de recherche, MEFR 114 (1989), 660–1.Google Scholar

139 Atlante, op. cit. (note 2); Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

140 Peacock et al, op. cit. (note 85).

141 op. cit. (note 83).

142 Panella, op. cit. (note 3).

143 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

144 D.P.S. Peacock in M.G. Fulford and D.P.S. Peacock, Excavations at Carthage:The British Mission 1.2 (1984), 6–28; Peacock and Williams, op. cit. (note 4).

145 Peacock et al, op. cit. (note 85); D.P.S. Peacock and R. Tomber in A. Middleton and I. Freestone (eds), Recent Developments in Ceramic Petrology (1991), 289–304; N. Ben Lazreg and D.J. Mattingly, Leptiminus (Lamta): a Roman Port City in Tunisia (1992), 115–56.

146 Zevi and Tchernia, op. cit. (note 83); Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108).

147 LEPMI from Ostia, Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108), 199, 63a.

148 FAN FORT/COL HADR from Ostia, Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108), 197, 34a.

149 Zevi and Tchernia, op. cit. (note 83).

150 Ciotola et al., op. cit. (note 125).

151 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

152 Zevi and Tchernia, op. cit. (note 83); Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108); Riley, op. cit. (note 100); A. Carignani in Giardina, op. cit. (note 36), 273–7; Liou and Scilliano, op. cit. (note 101).

153 Tyers, op. cit. (note 18), fig. 2, no. 3.

154 Wheeler and Wheeler, op. cit. (note 19).

155 M. Cotton and P. Gathercole, Excavations at Clausentum, Southampton 1951–1954 (1958), fig. 26, no. 8.

156 Carignani, op. cit. (note 152); Naveiro, op. cit. (note 66).

157 Zevi and Tchernia, op. cit. (note 83); Panella, op. cit. (note 3); Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108).

158 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

159 Ciotola et al, (note 125).

160 Atlante, op. cit, (note 2).

161 LEPMI/DOME from Ostia, CIL XV.3449.

162 FAN FORT/COL HADR from Ostia, Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108), 197, 34b.

163 FELIC/ASYLL from Ostia, Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108), 200, 83a.

164 Zevi and Tchernia, op. cit. (note 83); op. cit. (note 86).

165 Riley, op. cit. (note 100).

166 Panella, op. cit. (note 3).

167 Riley, op. cit. (note 100); Carignani, op. cit. (note 152).

168 Baudoux, op. cit. (note 12); Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108).

169 Bonifay et al., op. cit. (note 138).

170 Peacock et al., op. cit. (note 20), fig. 89, nos 7, 8, and 10; op. cit. (note 23), fig. 9, no. 20.

171 Williams and Carreras, op. cit. (note 129).

172 Carreras Montfort and Williams, op. cit. (note 67).

173 Green, op. cit. (note 29), 102, 1.8–1.9.

174 Jessup, op. cit. (note 28), fig. 13, left.

175 ibid.

176 Keay, op. cit. (note 3); Carignani, op. cit. (note 152).

177 Naveiro, op. cit. (note 66).

178 Gibbins and Parker, op. cit. (note 112); J.P. Bost, M. Campo, D. Colls, V. Guerrero, and F. Mayet, L'épave Cabrera III(Majorque) (1992).

179 M. Beltran Lloris, Ceramica romana: tipologia y clasificacion (1978); Carandini and Panalla, op. cit. (note [22); Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

180 Lequemont, op. cit. (note 109).

181 Guerrero, V.M., Colls, D., and Mayet, F., Rev. de Arqueologia lxxiv (1987), 14–24.Google Scholar

182 Keay, op. cit. (note 3); op. cit. (note 4).

183 Keay, op. cit. (note 3).

184 Keay, op. cit. (note 3); op. cit. (note 145).

185 Baudoux, op. cit. (note 12); Manacorda, op. cit. (note 108).

186 Peacock et al., op. cit. (note 20), fig. 89, no. 9.

187 D.F. Williams in P.J. Woodward, S.M. Davies and A. Graham, Excavations at the Old Methodist Chapel and Greyhound Yard, Dorchester, 1981–1984 (1993), 214–21.

188 Campbell, op. cit. (note 79), fig. 27, no. 6.

189 Unpublished HBMC report.

190 Wheeler and Wheeler, op. cit. (note 19), fig. 23, no. 81.

191 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), 271.

192 D.F. Williams in M.J. Darling and D. Gurney, Caister-on-Sea. Excavations by Charles Green, 1951–55 (1993), microfiche.

193 Arthur, op. cit. (note 16), 252 and 254.

194 Unpublished HBM C report on St Johns Lane.

195 Unpublished interim report on Castle Street.

196 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), fig. 5.

197 Unpublished HBMC report.

198 Carreras, op. cit. (note 7).

199 ibid.

200 Cotton and Gathercole, op. cit. (note 155).

201 Campbell, op. cit. (note 79), fig. 27, no. 6.

202 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), fig. 5.

203 Williams, op. cit. (note 187).

204 Unpublished HBMC report from County Hall.

205 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), fig. 5.

206 Peacock, op. cit (note 32, 1979), table 10.

207 Peacock et al, op. cit. (note 20).

208 Williams, op. cit. (note 23).

209 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), 271.

210 Jessup, op. cit. (note 28), fig. 13.

211 Carreras Montfort and Williams, op. cit. (note 67).

212 Williams and Carreras Montfort, op. cit. (note 129).

213 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), 271.

214 Tyers, op. cit. (note 18), fig. 2, no. 3.

215 Williams, op. cit. (note 25), fig. 24, no. 1.

216 Green, op. cit. (note 29), 102.

217 Information Dr Roberta Tomber.

218 Unpublished HBMC report.

219 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), 271.

220 Unpublished HBMC report.

221 D.F. Williams in C.S. Green, Excavations at Poundbury. I. The Settlements (1987), 117–19.

222 Unpublished HBMC report.

223 Thomas, op. cit. (note 80), 15.

224 Thomas, op. cit. (note 76), 12.

225 Fulford, op. cit. (note 77), 2.

226 Peacock, op. cit. (note 1), fig. 5.

227 Unpublished HBMC reports from various sites.

228 Carreras, op. cit. (note 7).

229 J.R. Perrin, Roman Pottery from the Colonia: Skeldergate and Bishophill (1991), 61.

230 Williams, op. cit. (note 27).

231 Williams, op. cit. (note 52).

232 Unpublished HBMC report on various sites, stratification details lacking.