² Information from Mr. Alan Graham, who directed excavations for the Southwark Archaeological Excavation Committee and submitted the object for inspection. For the site see Trans. London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. xxvi (1975), forthcoming.Google Scholar

³ In 1.2 ITIO or NTIO probably represents the end of a nomen in the dative though there is no space between the o and the following T.

⁴ Excavations for the Department of the Environment were conducted by Nicholas Reynolds working under the general supervision of John Wacher, F.S.A.

⁵ The surviving letters on (b) and (d) (if the first reading proposed for (d) is correct) would be compatible with the word PROVINCIA, since there is space at the right end of (b) for a V, and the presence of a seating indicates that a letter is perhaps missing here; but against this is the apparent absence of a space before the P, and the possible existence of one before the preceding S.

⁶ Found by Mr John Dable anddeposiied by him in the Lincoln City and County Museum where Mr C. N. Moore and Mr Richard Higginbottom made the object available for inspection. For the relief and parallels to it see Moore, C. N., Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 10, (1975), 58–9.Google Scholar

⁷ In l.I the initial letter could be an E, in 1.2 the first letter could be an I.

⁸ During excavation of the Welbeck St. site for the Department of the Environment and Wakefield Metropolitan District, directed by Mr. Philip Mayes. The stone will probably go to Castleford Museum. Drawn by R.S.O.T.

⁹ R.S.O.T. discusses the stone, with photograph, in the forthcoming (1975) monograph on the site, to be published by the West Yorkshire Metropolitan County, edited by Miss Shelagh Grealey. The most likely nomen is Latinius; the cognomen may have been Umbro, Umbrinus, or Umber.

¹⁰ The stone remains in the possession of Mr. J. S. Slack, Brougham Castle Farm, near Penrith, who made it available. Drawn by R.S.O.T.

¹¹ A full report, with photograph, will appear probably in Cumb. and Westm² lxxvi (1976). In 1.2 Martialis is more likely than Liberalis or other names.Google Scholar

¹² During excavation directed for the Vindolanda Trust by Mr. R. E. Birley, who made it available. Drawn by R.S.O.T.

¹³ By Mr. R. E. Birley, who made it available. Drawn by R.S.O.T.

¹⁴ Drawings and information from Mr. F. H. Thompson. They are respectively items 235 and 50 in his full report.

¹⁵ Information from Mr. W. J. Rodwell, who also supplied a photo-copy of a drawing. Excavations for the West Essex Archaeological Group were conducted by Mr. R. T. Brooks and the tile was made available to Mr. Rodwell for inspection by Mr. I. G. Robertson, curator of the Passmore Edwards Museum, Newham, where it now is.

¹⁶ The final letter could be an I. The word ciss(ybium), taken into Latin from the Greek, and meaning literally a cup either of ivy-wood or adorned with ivy-wreaths, could be intended.

¹⁷ Information from Mr. Martin Millett who supplied a rubbing and also submited this and the following two items for inspection. For the site, which is being excavated for the Department of the Environment and Farnham Museum Society, under the direction of Messrs. C. Anderson and D. Graham, see reports in Britannia ii (1971), 283, iii (1972), 348, iv (1973), 317, and pp. 213–16, 278 above.Google Scholar

¹⁸ The last letter could be part of an N but the examples of the masculine MATVGENVS cited by Holder Altcelt. Sprachsch. show that it is normally spelt with a single N.

¹⁹ For VITVLA see Bös, M., ‘Aufschriften auf rheinischen Trinkgefassen der Römerzeit’, Kölner Jahrbuch für Vorund Frühgeschichte iii (1958), 22, where it is interpreted as a term of endearment, thought of as a pun on the word vitula, calf, and a diminutive ending in ulus of vita in the sense of ‘loved one’ (Lewis and Short, A Latin Dictionary, vita 11 D.) Dr. M. Henig points out that the word, used in this double sense, occurs on a gem from the colonia at Xanten, see Paul Steiner, Kat. West- und Süddeutscher Altertumssammlungen I Xanten (1911), 136 No. 193.Google Scholar

²⁰ See Bös, op. cit. (note 19), 20. For an example from Britain see JRS li (1961), 197, No. 40(a) (Verulamium).Google Scholar

²¹ Information and squeezes from Miss Christina Colyer, co-director with Mr. M. J. Jones of excavations undertaken for the Lincoln Archaeological Trust. Tiles with similar stamps have been found in the bath-house at Cottesford Place, Lincoln, in 1956-58, see JRS xlviii (1958), 153–4Google Scholar, Nos. 27 and 28, and Todd, Malcolm, ‘Roman Stamped Tiles from Lincoln’ in Lines. Hist, and Arch, i (1966), 29–31.Google Scholar

²² By Mr. A. Harrison, who through Mr. R. Goodburn made it available to R.P.W. for study. See Goodburn, , Britannia v (1974) 377, pl. XXXII A-c. He concludes from other sealings that it ‘could be of Caracalla’, but reports that Dr. R. Reece considers that no positive identification can be made.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²³ Submitted by Mr. R. Goodburn, who directed the excavation for the Department of the Environment.

²⁴ Excavations for the Museum of London directed by Messrs. M. Guterres and D. Jones. Information and drawings were supplied by Mr. Brian Hobley, chief urban archaeologist of the City of London.

²⁵ The epsilon is of the rounded form.

²⁶ During excavations on the site of St. Alban's, Wood Street, directed by Professor W. F. Grimes for the Roman and Medieval London Excavation Council. Information from Mrs. Joanna Bird, who made the sherd available for inspection.

²⁷ Found during rescue excavations conducted by Mr. H. C. Sheldon for the London Museum. We are grateful to Mr. G. D. Marsh who submitted this and the following six items for inspection.

²⁸ For details of the site see No. 20 (below).

²⁹ Excavations directed by Mr. H. C. Sheldon with Mr. G. D. Marsh for the Southwark Archaeological Excavation Committee (S.A.E.C). The site is to be publishel in Trans. London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. xxvi (1975); see p. 270 above.Google Scholar

³⁰ XVI S(EXTARII) seems unlikely, in view of the volume (one sextarius is equivalent to 0·533 of a litre or just under one pint).

³¹ Excavations conducted by Mr. H. C. Sheldon for S.A.E.C. For the site see Trans. London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. xxv (1974), 1–116.Google Scholar

³² Excavation conducted for S.A.E.C. by Mr. M. Dennis. The site is to be published in Trans. London and Middlesex Arch. Soc. xxvi (1975), forthcoming.Google Scholar

³³ FRON]TONIS or CAPI]TONIS are the most likely expansions.

³⁴ GAVDIAS or GAVDIAMVS (rather than GAVDEAMVS) are also possible; see Bös, M., ‘Aufschriften auf rheinischen Trinkgefässen der Römerzeit’, Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichtae iii (1958), 23–4.Google Scholar

³⁵ The first words are cramped together. The last word has been added at a second stage, perhaps to make the weight clearer.

³⁶ Information from Mr. C. J. S. Green, director of excavations for the Norfolk Archaeological Unit. For the site see p. 261 above.

³⁷ Cohors I Aquitanorum has been previously attested at Carrawburgh under Hadrian (RIB 1550) and Brough-on-Noe under Antoninus Pius (RIB 283).

³⁸ Excavations for the Scole Committee and the Department of the Environment were directed by Mr. T. F. C. Blagg, who submitted this and the following item for inspection. For the site see Britannia v (1974), 439, and for previous finds of graffiti ibid., 468, Nos. 52–4.Google Scholar

³⁹ Excavations for Brighton and Hove Archaeological Society were conducted by Messrs. R. Hartridge and J. Witten. Mr. Hartridge submitted this and the following item for inspection.

⁴⁰ Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction photograph in the Department of Geological Sciences, Durham University, revealed it to consist of kaolinite (china clay) and quartz. This is found only in Cornwall in the U.K., but in many places on the Continent.

⁴¹ Directed for the University of Lancaster and the Department of the Environment by Mr. T. W. Potter. Dr. D. C. A. Shotter made the stamp available. Drawn by R.S.O.T.

⁴² Excavations for the York Archaeological Trust were directed by Mr. A. B. Sumpter. Dr. Arthur MacGregor made the sherd available and provided a drawing. It will probably go to the Yorkshire Museum. See Antiq. Journ. lvi (1976) forthcoming. The foot of the first letter is lost; there is space for L.Google Scholar

⁴³ Harden, D. B., Journal of Glass Studies ii (1960), 44–81Google Scholar. Jocelyn M.C.Toynbee, Art in Britain under the Romans (1964), 376–7. Although the name Olympus is well known as a charioteer on the mould-blown cups from Colchester (CIL vii 1273, Kisa, , Glas iii, 967 No. 307, Toynbee, op cit. 377 pl. LXXXVII) and the Rhineland (CIL xii 10025, 172 and 173), the technique and the scene portrayed exclude this interpretation. Harden, op. cit. 66, fig. 25, illustrates a bowl with Apollo and Marsyas. For the young Olympos in scenes with Marsyas and others on a vase and wall paintings from Herculaneum and Pompeii see Roscher, Lexicon der… Mythologie s.v. Marsyas cols. 2458–9, s.v. Olympos cols. 862–6.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ JRS lix (1969), 209Google Scholar; information and photograph from Mr. H. G. Ramm, who directed this stage of the excavations for the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England). See Ramm, in Butler, R. M. (ed.), Soldier and civilian in Roman Yorkshire (Leicester U.P., 1971), 179.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ A large area of the plaster, extending beyond the angle of the room on to the north-east wall, was still in position. To imitate a marble inlay a group of concentric rectangles had been painted in buff alternating with chocolate and dark brown. The plaster has been conserved and is now in the Crypt Museum of York Minster.

⁴⁶ It was found at 48·6 ft. above Ordnance Datum in the building immediately north of the principia. For the York Minster Archaeology Office Mr. D. Phillips made this available, as well as Nos. 34, 35 and 36.

⁴⁷ As visible on the original and the infra-red photograph here reproduced, the letter S has peeled off, but left its stain. There is space on the slip for one or two further letters, but no trace survives. For COD PO […see CIL XV 4732 and for LIQ (VAMEN) POST ibid. 4623. For conditum (vinum) see CIL xiii 10018, 157 (ILS 8609h).

⁴⁸ The external graffito was impressed when the clay was only leather-hard. The R has a very curved tail; the first stroke of the N terminates in a tail curved round clockwise to ride over the vertical. As the diameter is approx. 0·21 m, Nocturna fits the space better than Saturna from among the names indexed by de Schaetzen, Index des terminaisons… sur terra sigillata, Brussels (1956).Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. Details and rubbings sent by Mr. T. Robertson.

⁵⁰ Now in the National Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh. See Curie, Newstead, 134. Details and rubbings sent by Messrs. T. Robertson and D. V. Clarke. For the rare nomen see Martinia in CIL xiii 2024 (ILS 7699). 6733 (JLS 7079).

⁵¹ Information from Dr. W. H. Manning, who directed the excavations for the Department of the Environment and University College, Cardiff. For the site see Britannia v (1974), 401.Google Scholar

⁵² As the drawings show, the symbol for denarii sometimes has only five, and not six strokes. In (a) obv. l.I a small S has been added as an afterthought above the initial V, to read sutores ‘shoemakers’. In (c), obv. 1.2 the upright preceding the first T may be only a duplication of the final stroke of the N, so the whole word could be iumentis ‘for baggage animals’. L.4 possibly represents q(ue) add(it)a.

⁵³ For a list and distribution-map of names with the stem Att—, in the Germanies and Belgica, see Alföldy, G., ‘Epigraphisches aus dem Rheinland II’ in Epigraphische Studien 4 (1967), 10–16. Names with this stem occur most frequently in the Cologne-Bonn region.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ For the rare nomen Mestrius see (for Italy) CIL ix 422 (ILS 6123), xi 2931 (ILS 7652), and (for northern provinces) CIL iii 7452 (ILS 2270), 3277 (ILS 3567).

⁵⁵ EE ix 1281. Dawson, PSA² xxi (1907), 410, fig. on 411. (a) The virtually complete stamp was presented to the British Museum in 1908 (Ace. no. 1908, 6–13, 1). Corporation Museum, Hastings, Catalogue of… objects discovered… at Pevensey, Hastings, 1907, p. 15, No. 552; ‘lent by Charles Dawson. Found by him in 1902 on the ground below the northern Postern gate…’. (b) The incomplete example broken into three fragments in Lewes Museum. Catalogue (cited above) p. 15 No. 553: ‘found in the excavations… about 60 yards from the north wall [of Pevensey Castle] at a depth of about 2 ft. 6 in.’Google Scholar

⁵⁶ By Dr. S. J. Fleming, of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, and in the British Museum Research Laboratory by Mr. N. Bradford, by permission of Dr. A. E. Werner. For full discussion see Dr. Peacock, D. P. S., Antiquity xlvii (1973). 138 ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵⁷ EE ix 1282. Mr. J. E. Ray, one of the directors of the excavation in 1906 and 1907 at Pevensey Castle, sent a squeeze to Haverfield.

⁵⁸ Information from Professor H. Solin, of Helsinki University.

⁵⁹ Birley, E.JRS lvi (1966) 229Google Scholar proposes Ateco as a Celtic name, here accepted. His suggestion of c(ivis) with a wide choice of place-names for Aug. seems less likely than the solution here proposed. See Wright, R. P. and Phillips, E. J., Catalogue of the Roman inscribed and sculptured stones in Carlisle Museum, Tullie House (3rd edn, Carlisle, 1975), No. 61. The help on this problem given by Professor S. S. Frere and Dr. J. C. Mann is gratefully acknowledged by R.P.W.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ See Wright and Phillips, Catalogue of… stones in Carlisle Museum (3rd edn 1975), No. 62.

⁶¹ See Wright and Phillips, Catalogue of … stones in the Carlisle Museum (3rd edn, 1975), No. 150.