⁷⁸ I am grateful to Border Engineering Co. Ltd. for permission to monitor the sewer-digging programme and to their employees on site for their interest and tolerance while the recording was under way. The City of Carlisle funded the site work through the provision they made for watching-briefs when I was with the Carlisle Archaeological Unit; unfortunately this has not extended to preparing data for publication which has been completed since leaving the Unit. Philip Cracknell drew the figure. David Breeze read a draft of this note and made many useful suggestions which have been incorporated in the final text. Finally, I would like to thank Graham Morgan of the University of Leicester for his work on the analyses of the mortar and plaster.

⁷⁹ I.D. Caruana, The Roman Forts at Carlisle : Excavations at Annetwell Street, 1973–84 (forthcoming); idem, The Early Roman Forts at Carlisle: Excavations on the BBC Radio Cumbria Site, Annetwell Street, 1990 (report in preparation).

⁸⁰ Caruana, I.D., ‘Carlisle: excavation of a section of the annexe ditch of the first Flavian fort, 1990’, Britannia xxiii (1992), 45–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁸¹ Britannia xix (1988), 438.Google Scholar The most accurate modern summary of Roman Carlisle is ‘Carlisle’ in CM. Daniels (ed.), Handbook to the Eleventh Pilgrimage of Hadrian's Wall (1989), 24–31.

⁸² A similar set of observations was published by the City Surveyor after the sewers were first constructed in Carlisle, McKie, H.U., ‘Remarks and memoranda as to the subsoil, debris, and ancient remains discovered in cutting the sewers in the city of Carlisle’, Trans. Cumb. West. Antiq. Arch. Soc. O.S. iv (1879), 337–43Google Scholar. For some reason no data were available for Abbey Street, ibid., 340.

⁸³ G.C. Morgan in Caruana, op. cit. (note 79).

⁸⁴ Hogg, R., ‘Excavations at Tullie House, Carlisle, 1954–56’, Trans. Cumb. West. Antiq. Arch. Soc. N.S. lxiv (1964), 14–62.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ J. Gillam in Hogg, op. cit. (note 84), 38.

⁸⁶ Davison, D.P., The Barracks of the Roman Army from the 1st to 3rd Centuries A.D., BAR Int. Ser. 472 (1989), 218–20.Google Scholar

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⁸⁸ ibid.

⁸⁹ Proc. Soc. Antiq. of Newcastle³ iv (1910), 136.Google Scholar

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⁹³ Charlesworth, D., ‘The hospital, Housesteads’, Arch. Ael.⁵ iv (1976), 17–19.Google Scholar

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⁹⁸ For the presence of legionaries see Britannia xvii (1986), 437, No. 11Google Scholar; Britannia xx (1989), 331Google Scholar, No. 5. Davison, op. cit. (note 86), cites the use of mortar at Caerleon, Chester, and Vindonissa without suggesting its use was a status symbol distinguishing legionary and auxiliary barracks. From experience at Carlisle the sand in foundations at Chester could well be mortar with the lime leached out.

⁹⁹ Forster, R.H. and Knowles, W.H., ‘Corstopitum: report on the excavations in 1910’, Arch. Ael.³ vii (1911), 145–65 and pl. IIIGoogle Scholar. Summarised by Birley, E., ‘Excavations at Corstopitum, 1906–1958’, Arch. Ael.⁴ xxxvii (1959), 12–20.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ See, for example, the town plan given in P. Salway, The Frontier People of Roman Britain (1965), fig. 5.

¹⁰¹ R. Birley, Vindolanda: A Roman Frontier Post on Hadrian's Wall (1977), 33, fig. 4; 70–1, figs 16–17. The longest vicus buildings appear to be XXXII and XXXIII with a maximum length of about 36 m: ibid., 46–7.

¹⁰² Higham, N.J. and Jones, G.D.B., ‘Frontier, forts and farmers: Cumbrian aerial survey 1974–5’, Arch. Journ. cxxxii (1975), fig. 2.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁶ For early Piercebridge see the aerial photograph in M. Millett, The Romanization of Britain (1990), illus. 64. The courtyard-building is shown in Britannia x (1979), 286, fig. 6.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁸ P. Bidwell in Daniels, op. cit. (note 81), 87.

¹⁰⁹ R.J. Brewer, ‘Venta Silurum: A Civitas Capital’, in B.C. Burnham and J.L. Davies (eds), Conquest, Co-existence and Change: Recent Work in Roman Wales, Trivium 25 (1990), 80–3; Britannia xxiii (1992), 225 and fig. 3Google Scholar; Britannia xxv (1994), 252.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Brewer, op. cit. (note 109), 81–3; J. Wacher, The Towns of Roman Britain (1974), 378 and fig. 7.

¹¹¹ Wacher, op. cit. (note no), 378–9.

¹¹² J. Collingwood Bruce, Handbook to the Roman Wall (13th edn, CM. Daniels, 1978), 94.

¹¹³ Birley, E., ‘Excavations at Corbridge, 1906–1958’, Arch. Ael.⁴ xxxvii (1959), 17.Google Scholar Birley's argument was that Site XI was intended for a legionary principia but the structural argument could support either principia or forum.

¹¹⁴ H. von Petrokovits, Die lnnenbauten romischer Legionslager während der Prinzipatszeit (1975), Bild 20.

¹¹⁵ Wacher, op. cit. (note no), 60 and figs 10–11.

¹¹⁶ D.J.P. Mason, Excavations at Chester: 11–15 Castle Street and Neighbouring Sites 1974–8: A Possible Roman Posting House (Mansio) (1980), 83.

¹¹⁷ Salway, op. cit. (note 100), 170–3.

¹¹⁸ Birley, op. cit. (note 101), 44–6, fig. 10.

¹¹⁹ Salway, op. cit. (note 100), figs 6–7.

¹²⁰ ‘Form, Function and Interpretation of the Excavated Plans of Some Large Secular Romano-British Buildings’, in P.J. Drury (ed.), Structural Reconstruction: Approaches to the Interpretation of the Excavated Remains of Buildings, BAR 110 (1982), 289–308. To this list can be added an aqueduct: G.R. Stephens, ‘Civic aqueducts in Britain’, Britannia xvi (1985), 199–200.Google Scholar

¹²¹ A list of mansiones in Britain is given in Mason, op. cit. (note 116), 84–5. See also P.J. Drury, The Mansio and other Sites in the South-eastern Sector of Caesaromagus (1988), 130–5; Burnham and Wacher, op. cit. (note 105), 19–21; 34–8. E.W. Black, Cursus Publicus: The Infrastructure of Government in Roman Britain, BAR Int. Ser. 241 (1995), which covers the subject in detail, appeared after this note was written.

¹²² Measurements taken from Higham and Jones, op. cit. (note 102), fig. 2; a similar plan appears in N. Higham and G.D.B. Jones, The Carvetii (1985), fig. 29, where the scale appears to be wrong.

¹²³ Mason, op. cit. (note 116), 83.

¹²⁴ Black, E.W., ‘Newstead: the buildings in the western annexe’, PSAS cxxi (1991), 215Google Scholar; Pitts, L.F. and Joseph, J.K. St, Inchtuthil: The Roman Legionary Fortress, Britannia Monograph 6 (1985), 207–22Google Scholar; Christison, D. and Buchanan, M., ‘An account of the excavation at the Roman station of Camelon near Falkirk, Stirlingshire, undertaken by the Society in 1900’, PSAS xi (1901), 371–3Google Scholar and pl. V.

¹²⁵ Caruana, I., ‘Carlisle’, Current Arch., lxxxvi (1983), 77–81.Google Scholar

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¹²⁸ JRS lv (1965), 224, No. 11; Higham and Jones, op. cit. (note 122), 9–10, suggest that the caput Carvetiorum might have been near Brougham.

¹²⁹ Millett, op. cit. (note 106), 66–85, and table 4.4. 130 Wacher, op. cit. (note no), 379, fig. 82.

¹³¹ L. Jacobi, Das Rb'merkastell Saalburg bei Homburg vor der Hohe (1897), II, Taf. XIII.

¹³² A.L.F. Rivet and C. Smith, The Place-names of Roman Britain (1979), 157–60, 162–4.

¹³³ Black, op. cit. (note 121), 23–4; Caruana, op. cit. (note 125).