¹³⁴ Dumayne, L., ‘Invader or native? Vegetation clearance in northern Britain during Romano-British time’, Vegetation History and Archaeobotany ii (1993), 29–36 = Dumayne 1993aCrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dumayne, L., ‘Iron Age and Roman vegetation clearance in northern Britain: further evidence’, Botanical Journ. Scotland 46.3 (1993), 385–92 = Dumayne 1993bCrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dumayne, L., ‘The effect of the Roman occupation on the environment of Hadrian's Wall: a pollen diagram from Fozy Moss, Northumbria’, Britannia xxv (1994), 217–24 = Dumayne 1994CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dumayne, L. and Barber, K.E., ‘The impact of the Romans on the environment of northern England: pollen data from three sites close to Hadrian's Wall’, The Holocene 4.2 (1994), 165–73 = Dumayne and Barber 1994CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹³⁵ Dumayne 1994, 220–1.

¹³⁶ Dumayne and Barber 1994, 170.

¹³⁷ SRR-4539.

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¹³⁹ It is interesting to note that, when quoting the crucial dating evidence, Dumayne (1994, 220) chooses not to use the mid-point at the 68 per cent level of confidence which she uses elsewhere when quoting other dates from the same core (Dumayne and Barber 1994, 167 and 169). The equivalent date for the onset of major clearance would be A.D. 185. Where she obtains the figure of A.D. 130 is not clear, but it is not the mid-point of any of the calibrated ranges of figures which can be derived from the original date (contra Dumayne 1994, 220).

¹⁴⁰ Most of the forts on the turf wall sector of Hadrian's Wall were of timber construction. The extent to which internal buildings in other forts on the Wall may have been partly built of timber is disputed (see W.S. Hanson, ‘Building the forts and frontiers’, in D.J. Breeze (ed.), The Frontiers of the Roman Empire (forthcoming)) but the assertions that stone footings were provided for timber superstructures (e.g. D.J. Breeze and B. Dobson, Hadrians' Wall (1987), 46–7) are largely unsubstantiated.

¹⁴¹ The calculations were actually produced by this author (Britannia ix (1978), 297–8)Google Scholar, though credited by Dumayne to a secondary source.

¹⁴² Dumayne 1993a, 32–3; 1994, 220.

¹⁴³ Dumayne and Barber 1994, 169–70; Dumayne 1994, 220.

¹⁴⁴ As one of the series of papers by Dumayne (1993b) seems to acknowledge.

¹⁴⁵ The calibrated figures given are for the full range at two standard deviations, that is 95 per cent confidence.

¹⁴⁶ The dates indicated here are statistically the most probable, at 90 per cent or higher, within the range of one standard deviation.

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¹⁵⁰ W. Pennington, ‘Vegetational history in the north-west of England: a regional synthesis’, in D. Walker and R.G. West (eds), Studies in the Vegetational History of the British Isles (1970), 72–4.

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¹⁵² op. cit. (note 147).

¹⁵³ Dumayne and Barber 1994.

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¹⁵⁸ op. cit. (note 151).

¹⁵⁹ op. cit. (note 148).

¹⁶⁰ op. cit. (note 156).

¹⁶¹ op. cit. (note 149).

¹⁶² e.g. Boyd, W.E., Glasgow Arch. Journ. xi (1984), 75–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; xii (1985), 79–81; S. Butler, ‘Pollen analysis from the west rampart', in S.S. Frere and J.J. Wilkes, Strageath: Excavations within the Roman Fort (1989), 273; C. Dickson, ‘Pollen analysis’, in W.S. Hanson, Elginhaugh: A Flavian Fort and its Annexe (forthcoming); Smith, G.H., Britannia ix (1978), 54–6Google Scholar; Huntley, J.P., Britannia xix (1988), 160–2Google Scholar. A similar picture is occasionally obtained from beneath the enclosing banks of Romano-British settlements as, for example, at Kennel Hall Knowe, Davies, G., Arch. Ael.⁵ vi (1978), 23–4.Google Scholar

¹⁶³ S. Halliday, ‘Later prehistoric farming in south-east Scotland', in D.W. Harding (ed.), Later Prehistoric Settlement in South-east Scotland (1982), 84–7; Topping, P., PPS lv (1989), 161–79Google Scholar. See H. Welfare and V. Swan, Roman Camps in England: The Field Archaeology (1995), 104 and 130–1 for the camps at Greenlee Loch and Swine Hill.

¹⁶⁴ P. Hill, ‘Broxmouth hillfort excavations 1977–78', in Harding, op. cit. (note 163), 181; Jobey, G., Arch. Ael.⁵ xvi (1988), 24.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁵ e.g. M. van der Veen, Crop Husbandry Regimes: An Archaeobotanical Study of Farming in Northern England 1000BC-AD500 (1992), 29–47. See also Boyd, W.E., Circaea 5.2 (1988), 104–5.Google Scholar

¹⁶⁶ Examples are recorded from beneath the forts at Wallsend (Goodburn, R., Britannia vii (1976), 308)Google Scholar, Newcastle (Grew, F.O., Britannia xi (1980), 358)Google Scholar, Carrawburgh (Breeze, D.J., Arch. Ael.⁴ 1 (1968), 85–6)Google Scholar, Haltonchesters and Rudchester (Gillam, J.P. et al. , Arch. Ael.⁵ i (1973), 83–5)Google Scholar and sealed by other elements of the Hadrianic frontier at Tarraby Lane near Carlisle (Smith, op. cit. (note 162), 21–3), Walker (Jobey, G., Arch Ael.⁵ xlvii (1965), 80–3)Google Scholar, Wallhouses (Bennett, J. and Turner, R., Arch Ael.⁵ xi (1983), 66 and 74Google Scholar), Throckley (Bennet, J. et al. , Arch. Ael.⁵ xi (1983), 51–8)Google Scholar, Denton Burn (Frere, S.S., Britannia xix (1988), 433Google Scholar; xxi (1990), 315), and Westgate Road, Newcastle (Harbottle, B. et al. , Britannia xix (1988), 153).CrossRefGoogle Scholar Though it is disputed how much earlier than the Roman period this ploughing took place, some arguing for the second millennium (P.J. Fowler, The Farming of Prehistoric Britain (1983), 153–4), a strong case may be made for a later prehistoric context (N.J. Higham, ‘Soldiers and settlement in northern England', in R.F.J. Jones (ed.), Roman Britain: Recent Trends (1991), 96–7).

¹⁶⁷ Maxwell, G.S., Scottish Arch. Forum xii (1980), 25–54Google Scholar; Welfare and Swan, op. cit. (note 163).

¹⁶⁸ Edwards, K.J., Journ. Arch. Science vi (1979), 255–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁶⁹ e.g. Dumayne 1993a, 34, though this view has been challenged recently (R. Tipping, ‘The determination of cause in the generation of major prehistoric valley fills in the Cheviot Hills, Anglo-Scottish border', in S. Needham and M.G. Macklin (eds), Alluvial Archaeology in Britain (1992), 111–21).

¹⁷⁰ Hanson, W.S. and Macinnes, L., Scottish Arch. Forum xii (1980), 102–3.Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ I am grateful to Dr R. Housley for his helpful comments on this article.