Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T04:19:30.133Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Sound of Magic? Bells in Roman Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2018

Hella Eckardt  and
Sandie Williams
Hella Eckardt
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of [email protected]
Sandie Williams
Affiliation:
High Wycombe, Bucks. [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bells are recorded in many published excavation reports from Roman sites, but there has been no previous study of the British material. This paper explores the significance of bells in the Roman world from both a ritual and a functional perspective. We create a first typology of Romano-British bells, provide an understanding of their chronology and examine any spatial and social differences in their use. Special attention is paid to bells from funerary or ritual contexts in order to explore the symbolic significance of these small objects. Bells from other parts of the Roman world are considered to provide comparisons with those from Roman Britain. The paper demonstrates that small bells were used as protective charms and may have been preferentially placed into the graves of children and young women. The paper identifies a new, probably Roman type of bell that has no parallels within the Empire, although similar pieces occur in first- and second-century graves in the Black Sea region.

Keywords

Roman bellsamuletsburialritualopenwork bellsBlack Sea
Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 49 , November 2018 , pp. 179 - 210
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2018. Published by The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ANCIENT SOURCES

Aeschylus, : Seven against Thebes, trans. Hutchinson, G., Oxford (1985)Google Scholar
Apuleius, : The Golden Ass, trans. Walsh, P.G., Oxford (1994)Google Scholar
Cassius Dio, : Roman History, trans. Cary, E., Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA/London (2000)Google Scholar
Juvenal, : Satires, trans. Rudd, N., Oxford (1991)Google Scholar
Martial, : Epigrams, trans. Shackleton Bailey, R., Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA/London (1993)Google Scholar
Plutarch, , Life of Aratus: Lives, trans. Perrin, B., London (1926)Google Scholar
Plutarch, : Symposiacs, https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/symposiacs/Google Scholar
Plautus, : Pseudolus, trans. Watling, E.F., London (1965)Google Scholar
Suetonius, , Life of Augustus: The Twelve Caesars, trans. Grant, Michael, London (1989)Google Scholar

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allason-Jones, L., and McKay, B. 1985: Coventina's Well: A Shrine on Hadrian's Wall, HexhamGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A.S., Wacher, J.S., and Fitzpatrick, A.P. 2001: The Romano-British Small Town at Wanborough, Wiltshire, LondonGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R.D. 1976: Catalogue of the Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum. III: Musical Instruments, LondonGoogle Scholar
Andringa, W. van, and Lepetz, S. (eds) 2013: Mourir à Pompéi: fouille d'un quartier funéraire de la nécropole romaine de Porta Nocera (2003–2007), RomeGoogle Scholar
Ashwin, T., and Tester, A. 2014: A Roman Settlement in the Waveney Valley: Excavations at Scole 1993–4, DerehamGoogle Scholar
Bagnall-Smith, J. 1999: ‘More votive finds from Woodeaton’, Oxoniensia 63, 147–85Google Scholar
Bakushev, M.A., and Ilyukov, L.S. 2012: ‘Bronze hand bells of the Albano-Sarmatian time from the territory of Dagestan’, ВЕСТНИК ЮЖНОГО НАУЧНОГО ЦЕНТРА РАН 8.3, 78–83.Google Scholar
Bekker-Nielsen, T. (ed.) 2006: Rome and the Black Sea Region: Domination, Romanisation, Resistance, Aarhus and OakvilleGoogle Scholar
Bentley, D., and Pritchard, F. 1982: ‘The Roman cemetery at St Bartholomew's Hospital’, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 33, 134–72Google Scholar
Biddle, M. 1967: ‘Two Flavian burials from Winchester’, Antiquaries Journal 47, 224–50Google Scholar
Biddulph, E., Seager Smith, R., and Schuster, J. 2011: Settling the Ebbsfleet Valley. Vol. 2: Late Iron Age to Roman Finds Reports, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Bidwell, P.T. 1985: The Roman Fort of Vindolanda at Chesterholm, Northumberland, LondonGoogle Scholar
Birbeck, V., and Moore, C. 2004: ‘Preservation and investigation of Roman and medieval remains at Hyde Street, Winchester’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeology Society 59, 77–111Google Scholar
Bishop, M.C. 1996: Finds from Roman Aldborough: A Catalogue of Small Finds from the Romano-British Town of Isurium Brigantum, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Bishop, M.C., and Dore, J.N. 1988: Corbridge: Excavations of the Roman Fort and Town, 1947–1980, LondonGoogle Scholar
Blockley, K., Blockley, M., Blockley, P., Frere, S.S., and Stow, S. 1995: Excavations in the Marlowe Car Park and Surrounding Areas, CanterburyGoogle Scholar
Blunt, R. 2005: Crotal bells http://www.ukdfd.co.uk/pages/crotal-bells.html (Accessed 20/10/2016)Google Scholar
Boon, G. 1960: ‘A temple of Mithras at Caernarvon-Segontium’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 109, 136–72Google Scholar
Boon, G. 1978: ‘More finds from Castle Collen Roman fort’, Radnorshire Society Transactions 48, 17–19Google Scholar
Booth, P., and Cool, H.E.M. 2006: The Small Finds from Pepper Hill, Southfleet, Kent, CTRL Specialist Archive Report http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-335-1/dissemination/pdf/PT2_Spec_Reps/03_Small_finds/SFS_research_reports_SmallFinds_Text/SFS_PHL_text.pdfGoogle Scholar
Borrill, H. 1981: ‘Casket burials’, in C. Partridge, Skeleton Green: A Late Iron Age and Romano-British Site, London, 304–21Google Scholar
Boucher, S., Perdu, G., and Feugère, M. 1980: Bronzes antiques du Musée de la Civilisation Gallo-Romaine à Lyon II (Instrumentum, Aegyptiaca), ParisGoogle Scholar
Bourgeois, L. (ed.) 1999: Le Sanctuaire rural de Bennecourt (Yvelines), ParisGoogle Scholar
Brailsford, J.W. 1962: Hod Hill, Volume 1: Antiquities from Hod Hill in the Durden Collection, LondonGoogle Scholar
Brindle, T. 2014: The Portable Antiquities Scheme and Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Burnham, B.C., and Wacher, J.S. 1990: The ‘Small Towns’ of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Caballero Zoreda, L. 1990: Los bronces romanos en España, MadridGoogle Scholar
Casey, J. 1986: Understanding Ancient Coins, LondonGoogle Scholar
Clarke, D.V. 1972: ‘Four Roman bells from Scotland’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 103, 228–31Google Scholar
Clauss, M. 2001: The Roman Cult of Mithras, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Cocks, A.H. 1921: ‘A Romano-British homestead in the Hambleden Valley, Bucks.’, Archaeologia 21, 141–98Google Scholar
Cojocaru, V., Coşkun, A., and Dana, M. (eds) 2014: Interconnectivity in the Mediterranean and Pontic World during the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, Cluj-NapocaGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M. 2004: The Roman Cemetery at Brougham, Cumbria. Excavations 1966–67, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cool, H.E.M., Lloyd-Morgan, G., and Hooley, A.D. 1995: Finds from the Fortress: The Archaeology of York, the Small Finds 17/10, LondonGoogle Scholar
Cowan, C. 1992: ‘A possible mansio in Roman Southwark: excavations at 15–23 Southwark Street 1980–86’, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 43, 3–193Google Scholar
Crawford, M.H. 2001: Roman Republican Coinage Vol. 2, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Crummy, N. 1983: The Roman Small Finds from Excavations in Colchester 1971–9, ColchesterGoogle Scholar
Crummy, N. 2010: ‘The iconography of protection in late Roman infant burials’, Britannia 41, 37–93Google Scholar
Crummy, N., Crossan, C., and Crummy, P. 1993: Excavations of Roman and Later Cemeteries, Churches and Monastic Sites in Colchester, 1971–88, ColchesterGoogle Scholar
Crummy, P. 1992: Excavations at Culver Street, The Gilberd School and Other Sites in Colchester, 1971–85, ColchesterGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1971: Excavations at Fishbourne 1961–1969. Volume 2: The Finds, LondonGoogle Scholar
Dasen, V. 2003: ‘Les amulettes d'enfants dans le monde gréco-romain’, Latomus 62.2, 275–89Google Scholar
Dasen, V. 2005: ‘Protéger l'enfant: amulettes et crepundia’, in Gourevitch, D., Moirin, A. and Rouquet, N. (eds), Maternité et petite enfance dans l'antiquité romaine, Bourges, 179–84Google Scholar
Dasen, V. 2015: ‘Probaskania: amulets and magic in antiquity’, in Boschung, D. and Bremmer, J. (eds), The Materiality of Magic, Paderborn, 177–203Google Scholar
Davies, J.L., and Spratling, M.G. 1976: ‘The Seven Sisters hoard: a centenary study’, in Boon, G.C. and Lewis, J.M. (eds), Welsh Antiquity: Essays Mainly on Prehistoric Topics Presented to H.N. Savory upon his Retirement as Keeper of Archaeology, Cardiff, 121–47Google Scholar
Davis, M., and Gwilt, A. 2008: ‘Material, style and identity in first-century AD metalwork, with particular reference to the Seven Sisters hoard’, in Garrow, D., Gosden, C. and Hill, J.D. (eds), Rethinking Celtic Art, Oxford, 146–84Google Scholar
Denison, S. 2000: ‘From a stolen seal to a buried Brahma’, British Archaeology 55 http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba55/ba55news.html (Accessed 20/10/2016)Google Scholar
Deschler-Erb, E. 1996: ‘Die Kleinfunde aus Edelmetall, Bronze und Blei’, in Beiträge zum römischen Oberwinterthur – Vitudurum 7. Ausgrabungen im Unteren Bühl, Egg/Zürich, 13–139Google Scholar
Dierichs, A. 1999: ‘Klingendes Kleinod. Ein unbekanntes Tintinnabulum in Dänemark’, Antike Welt 30, 145–9Google Scholar
Dierichs, A. 2009. ‘Tintinnabulum’, in Cancik, H. and Schneider, H. (eds), Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, Leiden, 720–1Google Scholar
Down, A., and Rule, M. 1971: Chichester Excavations I, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
Drescher, H. 1998: ‘Rekonstruktionen und Versuche zu frühen Zimbeln und kleinen antiken Glocken’, Saalburg Jahrbuch 49, 155–70Google Scholar
Eckardt, H. 2005: ‘The social distribution of Roman artefacts: the case of nail-cleaners and brooches in Britain’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 18, 139–60Google Scholar
Eckardt, H. 2014: Objects and Identities: Roman Britain and the North-Western Provinces, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Egan, G., and Pritchard, F. 1991: Dress Accessories c. 1150–1450. Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, LondonGoogle Scholar
Erdrich, M. 2002: Corpus der römischen Funde im Barbaricum 4 (Hansestadt Bremen und Bundesland Niedersachsen), BonnGoogle Scholar
Espérandieu, E. 1911: ‘Tintinnabula’, in Daremberg, C. and Saglio, E. (eds), Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, Paris, 341–4Google Scholar
Evans, C., and Hodder, I. 2006: Marshland Communities and Cultural Landscape: The Haddenham Project II, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Evans, D.R., and Metcalf, V.M. 1992: Roman Gates Caerleon, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Flügel, Ch. 1993: Die römischen Bronzegefässe von Kempten-Cambodunum. Materialhefte zur Bayerischen Vorgeschichte A63, Kallmünz, 53–114Google Scholar
Forrer, R. 1919: ‘Römische Mühlen-, Töpferei- und Handelsbetriebe, Metallwerkstätten und Waffenfunde in Strassburg’, Cahiers Alsaciens d'Archéologie, d'Art et d'Histoire 10, 988–1078Google Scholar
Frere, S.S. 1984: Verulamium Excavations Volume III, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Froehner, W. 1872: Les Musées de France, ParisGoogle Scholar
Furger, A.R., and Schneider, C. 1993: ‘Die Bronzeglocke aus der Exedra des Tempelareals Sichelen I’, Jahresberichte Augst und Kaiseraugst 14, 159–72Google Scholar
Gorbenko, A.A., and Kosyanenko, V.M. 2015: ‘History of research at Asov and new ancient discoveries’, Naslediye Vekov 3, 113–22 (http://heritage-magazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2015_3_Gorbenko_Kosyanenko.pdf)Google Scholar
Green, M. 1975: ‘Romano-British non-ceramic model objects in South-East Britain’, Archaeological Journal 132, 54–71Google Scholar
Gudkova, A.V. 1982: Pamiatniki rimskogo i srednevekovogo vremeni v Severo-Zapadnom Prichernomorʹe: sbornik nauchnykh trudov, KievGoogle Scholar
Harland, H. 1891: ‘Notes’, Proceedings of the Society for Antiquaries of London 13, 29–30Google Scholar
Harnecker, J. 2008: Kalkriese 4: Die römischen Funde vom Oberesch, MainzGoogle Scholar
Harward, C., Powers, N., and Watson, S. 2015: The Upper Walbrook Valley Cemetery of Roman London, LondonGoogle Scholar
Henig, M. 1978: A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Hills, C., and Lucy, S. 2013: Spong Hill Part IX: Chronology and Synthesis, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Hingley, R. 1991: ‘Past, present and future: the study of the Roman period in Britain’, Scottish Archaeological Review 8, 90–101Google Scholar
Hobley, B. 1973: ‘Excavations at the Lunt Roman military site, Baginton, 1968–71’, Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society 85, 7–92Google Scholar
Horn, H.G. 1989: ‘Ein römischer Spielturm aus Froitzheim’, Bonner Jahrbücher 189, 139–60Google Scholar
Hosler, D. 1993: The Sound and Colour of Power: The Sacred Metallurgical Technology of Ancient West Mexico, Cambridge, MAGoogle Scholar
Hosler, D. 1995: ‘Colour and meaning in the metallurgy of ancient West Mexico’, World Archaeology 27, 100–15Google Scholar
Jelski, G. 1984: ‘Pendentifs phalliques clochettes et peltae dans les tombes d'enfants de Gaule Belgique’, Revue du Nord 66, 261–79Google Scholar
Johns, C. 1989: Sex or Symbol? Erotic Images of Greece and Rome, LondonGoogle Scholar
Johnson, S. 1983: Burgh Castle: Excavations by Charles Green 1958–61, GressenhallGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann-Heinimann, A. 1998: Götter und Lararien aus Augusta Raurica, AugstGoogle Scholar
Keily, J. 2006: ‘The accessioned finds’, in Watson, S. with K. Heard, Development on Roman London's Western Hill, London, 92–107Google Scholar
Kitson Clark, M. 1935: ‘A gazetteer of Roman remains in East Yorkshire’, Roman Malton and District Report 5, 1–142Google Scholar
Kosjanenko, V.M., and Maslovskij, A.N. 2008: ‘Excavations of the necropolis of the hillfort Krepostnoe in 2005–2006’, Archaeological and Historical Investigations in Asov and the Lower Don in 2006, 331–65Google Scholar
Kostromichyov, D. 2016: ‘Openwork buckles with pelta-form loop and opposite extension’, in Pauli Jensen, X. and Grane, T. (eds), Imitation and Inspiration. Proceedings of the 18th International Roman Military Equipment Conference held in Copenhagen, Denmark, 9th–14th June 2013, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 17, 141–55Google Scholar
Künzl, E. 1993: Die Alamannenbeute aus dem Rhein bei Neupotz, MainzGoogle Scholar
Lethbridge, T.C. 1936: ‘Further excavations at the early Iron Age and Romano-British cemetery at Guilden Morden’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 36, 109–20Google Scholar
Maguire, H. 1997: ‘Magic and money in the early Middle Ages’, Speculum 72.4, 1037–54Google Scholar
Manning, W.H. (ed.) 1995: Report on the Excavations at Usk, 1965–1976: The Roman Small Finds, CardiffGoogle Scholar
Marshall, M. forthcoming: Material Culture from the Middle Walbrook Valley: Roman Small Finds, Coins, Glass and Textiles from the Bloomberg London Excavations 2010–14, LondonGoogle Scholar
Martens, M. 2004: ‘The mithraeum in Tienen’, in Martens, M. and de Boe, G. (eds), Roman Mithraism: The Evidence of the Small Finds, Brussels, 25–57Google Scholar
Martin-Kilcher, S. 2000a: ‘Eine Glocke mit Votivinschrift an Deus Mercurius aus Aventicum’, Bulletin de l'Association Pro Aventico 42, 135–42Google Scholar
Martin-Kilcher, S. 2000b: ‘Mors immatura in the Roman world – a mirror of society and tradition’, in Pearce et al. 2000, 63–77Google Scholar
Marvell, A.G., and Owen-John, H.S. 1997: Leucarum: Excavations at the Roman Auxiliary Fort at Loughor, West Glamorgan, 1982–1984 and 1987–1988, LondonGoogle Scholar
Milne, G., and Wardle, A. 1993: ‘Early Roman development at Leadenhall Court, London, and related research’, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 44, 23–171Google Scholar
Neal, D.S. 1996: Excavations on the Roman Villa at Beadlam, Yorkshire, LeedsGoogle Scholar
Nicolay, J. 2008: Armed Batavians. Use and Significance of Weapons and Horse Gear from Non-military Contexts in the Rhine Delta (50 BC–AD 450), AmsterdamGoogle Scholar
Noll, R. 1980: ‘Das Inventar des Dolichenusheiligtums von Mauer an der Url (Noricum)’, Der Römische Limes in Österreich 30, 5–126Google Scholar
Nowakowski, W. 1988: ‘Metallglocken aus der römischen Kaiserzeit im europäischen Barbaricum’, Archaeologia Polona 27, 69–146Google Scholar
Nowakowski, W. 1994: ‘Tintinnabula auf den Ostseeinseln. Die römischen Bronzeglocken in Gotland und Bornholm’, Fornvännen 89, 133–43Google Scholar
Nuzzo, D. 2000: ‘Amulet and grave in Late Antiquity: some examples from Roman cemeteries’, in Pearce et al. 2000, 249–55Google Scholar
Nylén, E., Lund Hansen, U., and Manneke, P. 2005: The Havor Hoard, StockholmGoogle Scholar
Oldenstein-Pferdehirt, B. 1984: ‘Die Geschichte der Legio VIII Augusta’, Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 31, 397–433Google Scholar
Ottaway, P.J., Qualmann, K.E., Rees, H., and Scobie, G.D. 2012: The Roman Suburbs and Cemeteries of Winchester, WinchesterGoogle Scholar
Palmer, S.C. 1999: ‘Archaeological excavations in the Arrow Valley, Warwickshire’, Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society Transactions 103, 134–42Google Scholar
Parker, A. forthcoming: ‘The bells! The bells! Approaching tintinnabula in Roman Britain and beyond’, in Parker, A. and Mckie, S. (eds), Material Approaches to Roman Magic: Occult Objects and Supernatural Substances, OxfordGoogle Scholar
PAS: The Portable Antiquities Scheme Database: https://finds.org.uk/database (Accessed 1/10/2016)Google Scholar
Pearce, J., Millett, M., and Struck, M. (eds) 2000: Burial, Society and Context in the Roman World, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Pfäffli, B. 2013: Children? Children! Searching for Clues in Augusta Raurica, AugstGoogle Scholar
Philp, K. 1991: The Roman Villa Site at Keston, Kent. Excavations 1968–1978, DoverGoogle Scholar
Philpott, R. 1991: Burial Practices in Roman Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Picker, A. 2015: Die Villa Rustica von Oberndorf a. Lech, KallmünzGoogle Scholar
Podossinov, A.V. 2002: ‘Am Rande der griechischen Oikumene’, in Fornasier, J. and Böttger, B. (eds), Das Bosporanische Reich: der Nordosten des Schwarzen Meeres in der Antike, Mainz, 21–38Google Scholar
Price, E. 2000: Frocester, StonehouseGoogle Scholar
Rees, H., Cool, H.E.M., and Crummy, N. 2008: Artefacts and Society in Roman and Medieval Winchester: Small Finds from the Suburbs and Defences, 1971–1986, WinchesterGoogle Scholar
Reiβ, R. 1995: ‘Reiter, Pferd und Glocke im Spiegel frühmittelalterlicher Grabfunde’, Acta Praehistorica et Archaeologica 25, 272–88Google Scholar
Robertson, A.S. (ed. Hobbs, R. and Butttrey, T.V.) 2000: An Inventory of Romano-British Coin Hoards, LondonGoogle Scholar
Robinson, P. 2001: ‘Religion in Roman Wiltshire’, in Ellis, P. (ed.), Roman Wiltshire and After: Papers in Honour of Ken Annable, Devizes, 147–64Google Scholar
Rolland, H. 1965: Bronzes antiques de haute Provence, ParisGoogle Scholar
Ross, A. 1968: ‘Shafts, pits and wells – sanctuaries of the Belgic Romans?’, in Coles, N.J.M. and Simpson, D.D.A. (eds), Studies in Ancient Europe: Essays Presented to Stuart Piggott, Leicester, 255–85Google Scholar
Sarnowski, T. 1988: ‘Das römische Heer im Norden des Schwarzen Meeres’, Archeologia 38, 61–98Google Scholar
Sarnowski, T. 2015: ‘Black Sea’, in Le Bohec, Y. (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, Chichester, 97–8Google Scholar
Schlüter, W. 1993: Kalkriese: Römer im Osnabrücker Land, BramscheGoogle Scholar
Schoenfelder, M., and Richards, J.D. 2011: ‘Norse bells – a Scandinavian colonial artefact’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 17, 151–68Google Scholar
Schuster, J. 2006: Die Buntmetallfunde der Grabung Feddersen Wierde, OldenburgGoogle Scholar
Schuster, J. 2011: ‘Springhead metalwork’, in Biddulph et al. 2011, 189–291Google Scholar
Schuster, J., and Watson, J. 2011: ‘Roman grave goods’, in Biddulph et al. 2011, 276–8Google Scholar
Seeley, F. 1995: ‘Roman doorbells’, Roman Finds Group Newsletter 9, 5–6Google Scholar
Sherwin, G.A. 1936: ‘A Kimmeridge shale dish’, Antiquaries Journal 16, 202–3Google Scholar
Simonenko, A.V., Marčenko, I.I., and Limberis, N.J. 2008: Römische Importe in sarmatischen und maiotischen Gräbern zwischen unterer Donau und Kuban, MainzGoogle Scholar
Stefani, G. 2003: Menander: la casa del Menandro di Pompei, MilanGoogle Scholar
Stoyanova, A. 2012: Child Burials in the Cemetery of Opushki, SimferopolGoogle Scholar
Stoyanova, A. 2016: ‘Pendants from the cemetery of Neyzats’, in Khrapurov, I. (ed.), The Crimea in the Age of the Sarmatians, 200 BC–AD 400; 20 Years of Researches at the Cemetery of Neyzats, Simferopol, 122–55Google Scholar
Sulimirski, T. 1970: The Sarmatians, LondonGoogle Scholar
Vaday, A.H. 1985: ‘Sarmatisches Gräberfeld in Törökszentmiklós-Surján-Ŭjtelep’, Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 37, 345–90Google Scholar
Vaday, A.H., and Szőke, B.M. 1983: ‘Sarmatisches Gräberfeld und gepidisches Grab in Endrőd-Szujókereszt’, Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 1983, 79–132Google Scholar
Wardle, A. 1980: ‘A Roman bell from the Thames’, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 31, 78–80Google Scholar
Wardle, A. 1981: Musical Instruments in the Roman World, unpub. PhD thesis, Institute of Archaeology, LondonGoogle Scholar
Webster, G. 2002: The Legionary Fortress at Wroxeter: Excavations by Graham Webster 1955–85, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wenham, L.P. 1968: The Romano-British Cemetery at Trentholme Drive, York, LondonGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, R.E.M. 1943: Maiden Castle, Dorset, LondonGoogle Scholar
White, R.H. 1988: Roman and Celtic Objects from Anglo-Saxon Graves: A Catalogue and an Interpretation of their Use, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. 2007: ‘Green Lane Wanborough: excavations at the Roman religious site 1999’, Surrey Archaeological Collections 93, 149–269Google Scholar
Williams, S. 2009: Ritual Sounds in Britannia: Bronze Bells in Roman Britain, unpub. MA Dissertation, University of ReadingGoogle Scholar
Wilson, P.R. 2002: Cataractonium: Roman Catterick and its Hinterland. Excavations and Research 1958–1997, Part II, YorkGoogle Scholar
York Museums Trust. n.d.: Binnington Carr Hoard http://www.yorkmuseumstrust.org.uk/collections/search/item/?id=1643&search_query=bGltaXQ9MTY%3D (Accessed 12/10/2015)Google Scholar
Zwart, A.J.M. 1998: ‘A bridled horse burial from Beuningen’, Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 9, 77–84Google Scholar