¹³¹ Tacitus, Ann. xiv, 30, 3.

¹³² xiv, 33, I

¹³³ xiv, 34, I

¹³⁴ Römische Geschichte² V (1885), 165 n.I: ‘Eine schlechtere Relation als die des Tacitus über diesen Krieg 14, 31–39 ist selbst bei diesem unmilitärischten Schriftsteller kaum aufzufinden. Wo die Truppen standen und wo die Schlachten geliefert wurden, hören wir nicht, dafür aber von Zeichen und Wundern genug und leere Worte zuviel.’

¹³⁵ lxii, 8, I ό δἑ пαυλινοζ ετυχε μἑν ἤδη τἡν Μωνναν παραστηάμενοζ, πυθόμενοζ δἑ τἡν BρεττανιKἡν συμφοάράν ἀπἑπλενσεν εὐΘὐζ ἐζ αὐτᾐν ἐχ τὠζ Μὠννηζ.

¹³⁶ See Bardon, H., La Littérature Latine Inconnue II (1956), 172–73.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Pliny, NH ii, 187; the distance is short, and should rather be about 295 m.p. A.L.F. Rivet & C. Smith, The Place-Names of Roman Britain (1979), give the approximate true distance from Londinium to Camulodunum as 55 m.p. and to Deva as 180 m.p. (119) and from Caernarvon to Deva as 76 m.p. (172). We may estimate some 60 m.p. from the crossing to Mona to Deva. The Roman mile measured 1,480 metres = 1,618 yards, hence 92% of an English mile. König, R. & Winkler, G., C. Plinii Secundi Nat. Hist. II (1974), 241,Google Scholar claim that Pliny's ‘200 000 Schritte = 296 km. Die tatsächliche Entfernung ist etwas grosser, etwa 370 km.’ Anglesey is some 250 miles from London.

¹³⁸ Boudka (1978), 93, 95.

¹³⁹ ibid., 90.

¹⁴⁰ The Rebellion of Boudicca (1962), 63.

¹⁴¹ Tacitus, Agr. 16, 2.

¹⁴² Epit. rei militaris i, 9.

¹⁴³ BC iii, 76, 1–3.

¹⁴⁴ The figure which regularly appears in texts of the BC is VIII. That will not do; as Karl Nipperdey pointed out many years ago, in his commentary on Tacitus Ann. (1884), to xv, 16, 3, ‘ebenda ist in den Worten duplicatoque… procedit die lächerlich geringe Zahl, welche überdies in offenbarem Widerspruch mit dem Vorhergehenden steht, in XVIII zu ändern.’;

¹⁴⁵ Veith, G. in Kromayer, J. & Veith, G., Heerwesen und Kriegführung der Griechen und Römer (1928), 353–55Google Scholar, is much too conservative. He speaks of 20 km as a iustum iter. Riepl, W., Das Nachrichtenwesen des Altertums mitbesonderer Rücksicht auf die Römer (1913), 129–36Google Scholar, is more generous, using Vegetius'; figures as a norm. Riepl gives numerous examples of extraordinary march achievements, both in speed and length, for the Republican period and the Hellenistic, but is totally silent about the Principate.

¹⁴⁶ Cicero, ad Att. xvi, 10, 1: aiunt enim eum Caesarina uti celeritate. Caesar reports in BG vii, 40–41 that four legions without packs marched fifty miles within twenty-four hours, with a break of three hours.

¹⁴⁷ Livy, xxvii, 44–50; Riepl, op. cit. (note 145), 131.

¹⁴⁸ Livy, xxviii, 9, 12.

¹⁴⁹ Wellesley, K., The Long Year A.D. 60 (1975), 196Google Scholar ; ‘covering in some twelve hours the thirty-five miles or so to Grotta Rossa.’

¹⁵⁰ See A. Gerber & A. Greef, Lexicon Taciteum s.v.

¹⁵¹ See the sane remarks of Wellesley, K. in Dorey, T., Tacitus (1969), 64–65.Google Scholar

¹⁵² Wellesley, K., Cornelius Tacitus The Histories Book III (1972), vii.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ Tacitus, Agr. 10, 4: hanc oram novissimi maris tune prim?m Romana classis circumvecta insulam esse Britanniam adfirmavit.

¹⁵⁴ The legionary pack had a maximum weight of 60–70 pounds; see Watson, G., The Roman Soldier (1969), 62–66.Google Scholar In an emergency march they would have carried minimum rations and left behind their entrenching tools and palisade stakes; the weight would have been steadily reduced as they consumed their rations.

¹⁵⁵ Lest any reader scoff, I call attention to Neumann, C., Historia xx (1971), 196–98,Google Scholar who claims that 36 miles a day for eleven days is highly probable and 52 miles in one day by no means absurd during Alexander's pursuit of Darius.

¹⁵⁶ op. cit. (note 145), 131–32.

¹⁵⁷ Tacitus Agr. 23.