Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T11:17:36.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Coastal Trade in Roman Britain: the Investigation of Crandon Bridge, Somerset, a Romano-British Trans-shipment Port beside the Severn Estuary

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2010

Stephen Rippon
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, [email protected]

Abstract

There is growing awareness of the significance of coastal trade around Roman Britain, though very few of the smaller ports and towns that were engaged in such activity have seen archaeological investigation. This paper reports on work at Crandon Bridge, in Somerset – including excavations in advance of the construction of the M5 motorway – that appears to have acted as a trans-shipment port where goods brought by road and river through Somerset were loaded onto larger vessels that could cross the Bristol Channel. Analysis of the buildings and artefacts suggests that this extensive site may also have been a small town.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Stephen Rippon 2008. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aalbersberg, G. 1999: The Alluvial Fringes of the Somerset Levels, unpub. PhD thesis, University of ExeterGoogle Scholar
Alderton, A.M. 1983: ‘The Sedgemoor Survey 1982: environmental results’, Somerset Levels Papers 9, 914Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. 1997: ‘Romano-British and early medieval pottery scatters on the alluvium at Hill and Oldbury, Severn Estuary Levels’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 8, 6784Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. 1999: ‘Magor Pill (Gwent) multiperiod site: post medieval pottery and the shipping trade’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 10, 7597Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. 2000: ‘Morphodynamics of Holocene salt marshes: a review sketch from the Atlantic and southern North Sea coasts of Europe’, Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 11551231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. 2003a: ‘Medieval pottery from Magor Pill (Abergwaitha), Caldicot Level: comparative Roman to early-modern trade around the Severn Estuary and beyond’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 14, 87110Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L. 2003b: ‘A post-Roman pottery assemblage from Hills Flats, South Gloucestershire: trade and communication by water in the Severn Estuary’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 121, 201–12Google Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., and Fulford, M.G. 1992: ‘Romano-British and later geoarchaeology at Oldbury Flats: reclamation and settlement on the changeable coast of the Severn Estuary, South West Britain’, Archaeological Journal 149, 81123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., and Fulford, M.G. 1996: ‘The distribution of South-East Dorset black burnished category 1 pottery in South-West Britain’, Britannia 27, 223–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., and Fulford, M.G. 1999: ‘Fort building and military supply along Britain's eastern Channel and North Sea coasts: the later second and third centuries’, Britannia 30, 163–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., and Fulford, M.G. 2004: ‘Early Roman mosaic material in southern Britain, with particular reference to Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum): a regional geological perspective’, Britannia 35, 938CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., Fulford, M.G., and Pearson, A.F. 2001: ‘Branodunum on the Saxon Shore (North Norfolk): a local origin for the building material’, Britannia 32, 271–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, J.R.L., Rose, E.J., and Fulford, M.G. 2003: ‘Re-use of Roman stone in the Reedham area of East Norfolk: intimations of a possible “lost” Roman fort’, Britannia 34, 129–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A.S. 1979: The Roman Pottery Industry in North Wiltshire Wiltshire, Swindon Archaeological Society, Report 2Google Scholar
Anon 1940: ‘Roman Britain in 1939’, Journal of Roman Studies 30, 174–5Google Scholar
Anon 1945: ‘Roman Britain in 1944’, Journal of Roman Studies 35, 86Google Scholar
ApSimon, A.M. 1965: ‘The Roman temple on Brean Down, Somerset’, Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 10(iii), 195258Google Scholar
Armitage, P.L., and Clutton-Brock, J. 1976: ‘A system for the classification and description of the horn cores of cattle from archaeological sites’, Journal of Archaeological Science 3, 329–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, M., and Preston, S.J. 1998: ‘The Late Iron Age and Roman settlement at Elms Farm, Heybridge, Essex, excavations 1993–5: an interim report’, Britannia 29, 85110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barton, K.J. 1964: ‘Star Roman Villa, Shipham, Somerset’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 108, 4593Google Scholar
Beckett, S.C., and Hibbert, F.A. 1979: ‘Vegetational change and the influence of prehistoric man on the Somerset Levels’, New Phytologist 83, 577600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. 1985: Sea Mills: The Roman Town of Abonae Abonae, BristolGoogle Scholar
Birbeck, V. 2002: ‘Excavations on Iron Age and Romano-British settlements at Cannard's Grove, Shepton Mallet’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 144, 41116Google Scholar
Blockley, F. forthcoming: ‘Marine molluscs’, in Blockley, K., Spicers Hall, Bristol: Excavation of a Medieval Merchant's House, 1995 1995, BristolGoogle Scholar
Boon, G.C. 1978: ‘Excavation on the site of a Roman quay at Caerleon and its significance’, in Boon, G.C. (ed.), Monographs and Collections 1: Roman Sites Sites, Cardiff, 124Google Scholar
Boyden, C.R., and Little, C. 1973: ‘Faunal distributions in soft sediments of the Severn Estuary’, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 1(iii), 203–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyden, C.R., Crothers, J.H., Little, C., and Mettam, C. 1977: ‘The intertidal invertebrate fauna of the Severn Estuary’, Field Studies 4, 477554Google Scholar
Brailsford, J.W. 1975: ‘The Polden Hill hoard, Somerset’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 41, 222–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branigan, K. 1977: Gatcombe Roman Villa Villa, BAR British Series 44, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Broomhead, R.A. 1991: Archaeological Observations on the Lympsham Sewage Treatment Works Elimination Scheme 1991, unpub. report: AC Archaeology (copy in Somerset HER, PRN 90051)Google Scholar
Broomhead, R.A. 1999: ‘Ilchester, Great Year archaeological evaluations 1995’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 142, 139–91Google Scholar
Brown, A.G., Dinnin, M., and Toogood, T. 2003: Peat Wastage in the Somerset Levels: A Study Based on Field Evidence, unpub. report, School of Geography and Archaeology, university of ExeterGoogle Scholar
Brunning, R. 1999: ‘Somerset wetland archaeology 1999’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 10, 134–5Google Scholar
Brunning, R., and Farr-Cox, F. 2005: ‘The River Siger rediscovered: LIDAR survey and the relict landscape on the Somerset Claylands’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 16, 715Google Scholar
Burnham, B.C. 1995: ‘Small towns: the British perspective’, in Brown, A.E. (ed.), Roman Small Towns in Eastern England and Beyond, Oxbow Monograph 52, Oxford, 717Google Scholar
Burnham, B.C., and Wacher, J. 1990: The ‘Small Towns' of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Chitwood, P. 1991: ‘Lincoln's ancient docklands: the search continues’, in Good, G.L., Jones, R.H. and Ponsford, M.W. (eds), Waterfront Archaeology. Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Bristol, 1988, CBA Research Report 74, York, 169–76Google Scholar
Cole, R.P. 1983: ‘A brushwood structure on King's Sedgemoor’, Somerset Levels Papers 9, 1618Google Scholar
Coles, J.M., and Orme, B.J. 1983: ‘The Sedgemoor Survey 1982’, Somerset Levels Papers 9, 68Google Scholar
Cox, P.W., and Broomhead, R.A. 1993: The Archaeological Evaluation of the Proposed Accommodation Facilities at Hinkley Point ‘C’ Power Station, Somerset, unpub. report: AC Archaeology (copy on, Somerset HER, PRN 15750)Google Scholar
Creighton, J. 1990: ‘The Humber frontier in the first century AD’, in Ellis, S. and Crowther, D.R. (eds), Humber Perspectives: A Region Through the Ages, Hull, 182–98Google Scholar
Crowson, A., Lane, T., and Reeve, J. 2000: Fenland Management Project Excavations 1991–1995, Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series No. 3, SleafordGoogle Scholar
Crummy, P. 1997: City of Victory: the Story of Colchester — Britain's First Roman City, Colchester Archaeological Trust, ColchesterGoogle Scholar
Cunliffe, B. 1979: Excavations in Bath, 1950–1979 BristolGoogle Scholar
Dannell, G., Dickinson, B., and Vernhet, A. 1998: ‘Ovolos on Dragendorff form 30 from the collections of Frédéric Hermet and Dieudonné Rey’, in Bird, J. (ed.), Form and Fabric: Studies in Rome's Material Past in Honour of B.R. Hartley Hartley, Oxbow Monograph 80, Oxford, 69109Google Scholar
Darling, M.J., and Gurney, D. 1993: Caister-on-Sea. Excavations by Charles Green 1951–1955, East Anglian Archaeology 60, DerehamGoogle Scholar
Dawson, D., Langdon, M., Murless, B., Newsom, M., Ponsford, M., and Webster, C.J. 2003: ‘Archaeology and the M5 motorway: the gazetteer of sites in Somerset’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 145, 3952Google Scholar
Dewar, H.S.L. 1950: ‘Additions to the Museum: Archaeological’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 95, 3940Google Scholar
Dickinson, B. 2001: ‘Samian ware’, in Leach, P., with Evans, C.J., Excavation of a Romano-British Roadside Settlement in Somerset: Fosse Lane, Shepton Mallet 1990, Britannia Monograph 18, London, 144–9Google Scholar
Elkington, H.D.H. 1976: ‘The Mendip lead industry’, in Branigan, K. and Fowler, P.J. (eds), The Roman West Country Country, Newton Abbot, 183–97Google Scholar
Ellis, P. 1984: Catsgore 1979. Further Excavation of the Romano-British Village, Western Archaeological, Trust Monograph 7, BristolGoogle Scholar
Ellis, P. 1987: ‘Sea Mills, Bristol: the 1965–1968 excavations in the Roman town of Abonae’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 105, 15108Google Scholar
Esmonde Cleary, S. 1990: The Ending of Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Evans, C.J. 2001: ‘The Pottery’, in P. Leach 2001b, 64111Google Scholar
Fowler, P.J. 1968: ‘Excavation of a Romano-British settlement at Butcombe, North Somerset’, Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 11(iii), 209–35Google Scholar
Fowler, P.J. 1970: ‘Fieldwork and excavation in the Butcombe area, North Somerset: second interim report, 1968–9’, Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 12(ii), 169–94Google Scholar
Fowler, P.J. 1972: ‘Field archaeology and the M5 Motorway 1969–71: some provisional results, analyses and implications’, in Fowler, E. (ed.), Field Survey in British Archaeology, London, 2838Google Scholar
Fowler, P.J. 1973: ‘Introduction’, in H.S. Green 1973, 33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, P.J. 1974: ‘Motorways and archaeology’, in Rahtz, P.A. (ed.), Rescue Archaeology, Harmondsworth, 113–29Google Scholar
Fowler, P.J. 1977: ‘Archaeology and the M5 motorway, Gloucestershire 1969–75: a summary and assessment’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 95, 40–6Google Scholar
Fowler, P.J. 1979: ‘Archaeology and the M4 and M5 motorways, 1965–78’, Archaeological Journal 136, 1226CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, P.J. et al. (eds) 1971, 1973, 1974, 1976: ‘Archaeology and the M5 motorway …, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th reports’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 90, 2263; 92, 21–81; 93, 101–30; 94, 47–91Google Scholar
Frere, S. 1974: Britannia: A History of Roman Britain Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Fulford, M.G. 2006: ‘Corvées and civitates’, in Wilson, R.J.A. (ed.), Romanitas: Essays on Roman Archaeology in Honour of Sheppard Frere on the Occasion of his Ninetieth Birthday, Oxford, 6571Google Scholar
Fulford, M.G., Allen, J.R.L., and Rippon, S.J. 1994: ‘The settlement and drainage of the Wentlooge Level, Gwent: survey and excavation at Rumney Great Wharf, 1992’, Britannia 25, 175211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulford, M.G., Champion, T.C., and Long, A. (eds) 1997: England's Coastal Heritage, LondonGoogle Scholar
Fulford, M.G., Rippon, S., Allen, J.R.L., and Hillam, J. 1992: ‘The medieval quay at Woolaston, Gloucestershire’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 110, 101–27Google Scholar
Gerrard, C., with Aston, M. 2007: The Shapwick Project, Somerset. A Rural Landscape Explored Explored, Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 25Google Scholar
Gillam, J., and Greene, K. 1981: ‘Roman pottery and the economy’, in Anderson, A.C. and Anderson, A.S. (eds), Roman Pottery Research in Britain and North-West Europe, BAR British Series 123(i), Oxford, 125Google Scholar
Green, C. 1996: ‘The Forest ports of the Severn Estuary’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 7, 107–13Google Scholar
Green, H.S. 1973: ‘Archaeology and the M5 motorway, fifth report: the excavation of a round cairn on Court Hill, Tickenham, North Somerset, 1969’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 117, 3344Google Scholar
Grove, J. 2002: ‘Reclamation and utilisation of the upper Axe valley during the Roman period’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 13, 6587Google Scholar
Grove, J., and Brunning, R. 1998: ‘The Romano-British salt industry in Somerset’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 9, 61–8Google Scholar
Hall, D., and Coles, J. 1994: Fenland Survey: an Essay in Landscape and Persistence Persistence, LondonGoogle Scholar
Hall, R.A. 1991: ‘The waterfronts of York’, in Good, G.L., Jones, R.H. and Ponsford, M.W. (eds), Waterfront Archaeology. Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Bristol, 1988 1988, CBA Research Report 74, York, 177–84Google Scholar
Harcourt, R. 1979: ‘The animal bones’, in Wainwright, G.J., Gussage All Saints: an Iron Age Settlement in Dorset, London, 150–60Google Scholar
Hartley, K. 2001: ‘Shepton Mallet mortaria’, in Leach, P., Excavation of a Romano-British Roadside Settlement in Somerset: Fosse Lane, Shepton Mallet 1990, Britannia Monograph 18, London, 130–2Google Scholar
Haverfield, J.F. 1906: ‘Romano-British Somerset’, Victoria County History of Somerset 1, 207371Google Scholar
Hearne, C.M., and Smith, R.J.C. 1991: ‘A Late Iron Age settlement and Black-Burnished Ware (BB1) production site at Worgret, near Wareham, Dorset (1986–7)’, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 113, 55106Google Scholar
Hingley, R. 1989: Rural Settlement in Roman Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Holbrook, N. 1987: ‘Trial excavations at Honeyditches and the nature of the Roman occupation at Seaton’, Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society 45, 5974Google Scholar
Holbrook, N., and Bidwell, P.T. 1991: Roman Finds from Exeter, Exeter Archaeological Report 4, ExeterGoogle Scholar
Hollinrake, C., and Hollinrake, N. 2001: ‘Walpole landfill site, Somerset’, Archaeology in the Severn Estuary 12, 119–25Google Scholar
Housley, R. 1995: ‘The environment’, in Coles, J. and Minnitt, S., ‘Industrious and Fairly Civilised’: The Glastonbury Lake Village, Taunton, 121–37Google Scholar
Housley, R.A., Straker, V., Chambers, F.M., and Lageard, J.A. 2007: ‘The post-Roman archaeology of the Somerset Moors based upon peatland investigations on Godney Moor (South West England, UK)’, Journal of Wetland Archaeology 7, 122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, K. 1993: ‘Excavations at Hamworthy in 1974’, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings 115, 101–9Google Scholar
Jones, B., and Mattingly, D. 1990: An Atlas of Roman Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Jones, M. 2002: Roman Lincoln: Conquest, Colony and Capital, StroudGoogle Scholar
Jones, M., Stocker, D., and Vince, A. 2003: The City by the Pool: Assessing the Archaeology of the City of Lincoln, Lincoln Archaeological Studies 10, LincolnGoogle Scholar
King, A. 1988: ‘Villas and animal bones’, in Branigan, K. and Miles, D. (eds), The Economies of Romano-British Villas, Sheffield, 4250Google Scholar
Langdon, M. 1981: ‘Bawdrip, Knowle Hill’, in I. Burrow, S. Minnitt and B. Murless (eds), ‘Somerset archaeology, 1980’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 125, 98Google Scholar
Langdon, M. 1988: ‘Bawdrip, Bush Marsh’, in E. Dennison (ed.), ‘Somerset archaeology, 1988’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 130, 216Google Scholar
Langdon, M., and Fowler, P.J. 1971: ‘Excavations near Crandon Bridge, Puriton, 1971’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 115, 53–5Google Scholar
Leach, P.J. 1982: Ilchester Volume 1: Excavations 1974–75 Western Archaeological Trust Monograph 3, BristolGoogle Scholar
Leach, P. 1994: Ilchester Volume 2: Archaeology, Excavations and Fieldwork to 1984, SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Leach, P. 2001a: Roman Somerset Somerset, WimborneGoogle Scholar
Leach, P.J. 2001b: Fosse Lane, Shepton Mallet 1990: Excavation of a Romano-British Roadside Settlement in Somerset, Britannia Monograph 18, LondonGoogle Scholar
Leach, P. 2003: ‘Excavations at Hillyfields, Upper Holway, Taunton’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 145, 5782Google Scholar
Leach, P., and Ellis, P. 1991: ‘Ilchester Archaeology 1985’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 135, 1384Google Scholar
Leech, R. 1976: ‘Larger agricultural settlement’, in Branigan, K. and Fowler, P. (eds), The Roman West Country, Newton Abbot, 142–61Google Scholar
Leech, R.H. 1977a: Romano-British Rural Settlement in South Somerset and North Dorset, unpub. PhD thesis, university of BristolGoogle Scholar
Leech, R.H. 1977b: ‘Late Iron Age and Romano-British briquetage sites at Quarrylands Lane, Badgworth’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 121, 8996Google Scholar
Leech, R.H. 1981: ‘The excavation of a Romano-British farmstead and cemetery on Bradley Hill, Somerton, Somerset’, Britannia 12, 177252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, R.H. 1982a: ‘The Roman interlude in the south-west: the dynamics of economic and social change in Romano-British south Somerset and north Dorset’, in Miles, D. (ed.), The Romano-British Countryside Countryside, BAR British Series 103(i), Oxford, 209–67Google Scholar
Leech, R.H. 1982b: Excavations at Catsgore 1970–73. A Romano-British Village, Western Archaeological Trust Monograph 2, BristolGoogle Scholar
Leech, R.H. 1986: ‘The excavation of a Romano-Celtic temple and a later cemetery on Lamyatt Beacon, Somerset’, Britannia 27, 259328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, R., Bell, M., and Evans, J. 1983: ‘The sectioning of a Romano-British salt-making mound at East Huntspill’, Somerset Levels Papers 9, 7480Google Scholar
Leech, R., and Leach, P. 1982: ‘Roman town and countryside’, in Aston, M. and Burrow, I. (eds), The Archaeology of Somerset: a Review to 1500 AD, Taunton, 6381Google Scholar
Lilley, D., and usher, G. 1964: ‘A Romano-British pottery kiln site at Venus Street, CongresburyProceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 108, 99112Google Scholar
Lilley, D., and usher, G. 1972: ‘Romano-British sites on the North Somerset Levels’, Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 13(1), 3740Google Scholar
Lyne, M. 2002: ‘A Late Iron Age and Romano-British pottery production site at Redcliff, Arne and Stoborough’, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 124, 4599Google Scholar
Margary, I.D. 1955: Roman Roads in Britain, volume 1: South of the Fosse Way–Bristol Channel, LondonGoogle Scholar
Mason, J.P. 2001: Roman Chester: City of the Eagles, StroudGoogle Scholar
Maxfield, V. 1999: ‘The Roman army’, in Kain, R. and Ravenhill, W. (eds), Historical Atlas of South West England, Exeter, 77–9Google Scholar
Mees, A.W. 1995: Modelsignierte Dekorationen auf südgallischer Terra Sigillata, Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg, Band 54, StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Miller, S.N. 1922: The Roman Fort at Balmuildy (Summerston, near Glasgow) on the Antonine Wall Wall, GlasgowGoogle Scholar
Millett, M. 1990: The Romanization of Britain, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Milne, G. 1985: The Port of Roman London, LondonGoogle Scholar
Milne, G. 1995: Roman London: Urban Archaeology in the Nation's Capital, LondonGoogle Scholar
Morgan, R.A. 1988: ‘Tree-ring studies on the Somerset Levels: bog oaks from the Brue Valley and Sedgemoor’, Somerset Levels Papers 14, 51–3Google Scholar
Morris, E.L. 1988: ‘The Iron Age occupation at Dibble's Farm, Christon’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 130, 2381Google Scholar
Nash, S. 1975: ‘List of locations of Romano-British (and Early Iron Age) material, mainly from the Middle Moor of Somerset, 1957–1972’, unpub. typescript report in Burnham-on-Sea Library; see Rippon 1995, 115Google Scholar
Neale, F. 1970: ‘The site of a Roman villa at Havyatt, Somerset’, Proceedings of the University Bristol Speleological Society 12(ii), 195202Google Scholar
Nesbitt, R.R. 1970: ‘Bridgwater Without/Bawdrip, Crandon Bridge’, Archaeological Review for 1970 (CBA Groups XII and XIII), 26Google Scholar
Oswald, F. 19361937: Index of Figure Types on Terra Sigillata, university of Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, SupplementGoogle Scholar
Peacock, D.P.S., and Williams, D.F. 1986: Amphorae and the Roman Economy, LondonGoogle Scholar
Pearson, A.F. 1999: ‘Building Anderita: late Roman coastal defences and the construction of the Saxon Shore fort at Pevensey’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18(i), 95117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, A.F. 2002a: The Roman Shore Forts: Coastal Defences of Southern Britain Britain, StroudGoogle Scholar
Pearson, A.F. 2002b: ‘Stone supply to the Saxon Shore Forts at Reculver, Richborough, Dover and Lympne’, Archaeologia Cantiana 122, 197220Google Scholar
Pearson, A.F. 2003: The Construction of the Saxon Shore Forts, BAR British Series 349, OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plouviez, J. 1995: ‘A hole in the distribution map: the characteristics of small towns in Suffolk’, in Brown, A.E. (ed.), Roman Small Towns in Eastern England and Beyond, Oxford, 6980Google Scholar
Rahtz, P. 1979: The Saxon and Medieval Palaces at Cheddar: Excavations 1960–62, BAR British Series 65, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Rahtz, P.A., and Greenfield, E. 1977: Excavations at Chew Valley Lake, Somerset Somerset, Department of the Environment Archaeological Reports 5, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rahtz, P., Hirst, S., and Wright, S.M. 2000: Cannington Cemetery: Excavations 1962–3 of Prehistoric, Roman, Post-Roman and Later Features at Cannington Park Quarry, near Bridgwater, Somerset, Britannia Monograph Series 17, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rahtz, P.A., and Watts, L. 1989: ‘Pagan's Hill revisted’, Archaeological Journal 146, 330–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rippon, S. 1995: ‘Roman settlement and salt production on the Somerset coast: the work of Samuel Nash’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 139, 99117Google Scholar
Rippon, S. 1997: The Severn Estuary: Landscape Evolution and Wetland Reclamation Reclamation, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rippon, S. 2000a: ‘The Romano-British exploitation of coastal wetlands: survey and excavation on the North Somerset Levels, 1993–7’, Britannia 31, 69200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rippon, S. 2000b: The Transformation of Coastal Wetlands, LondonGoogle Scholar
Rippon, S. 2004: ‘Making the most of a bad situation? Glastonbury Abbey, Meare and the medieval exploitation of wetland resources in the Somerset Levels’, Medieval Archaeology 48, 91130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rippon, S. 2006: Landscape, Community and Colonisation: The North Somerset Levels during the 1st to 2 nd Millennia AD, CBA Research Report 152, YorkGoogle Scholar
Rippon, S. 2007a: ‘Focus or frontier? The significance of estuaries in the landscape of southern Britain’, Landscapes 8(i), 2338CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rippon, S. 2007b: ‘Waterways and water transport on reclaimed coastal marshlands: the Somerset Levels and beyond’, in Blair, J. (ed.), Early Medieval Water Management, Oxford, 207–27Google Scholar
Robertson, A.S. 2000: An Inventory of Romano-British Coin Hoards (ed. Hobbs, R. and Buttrey, T.V.), LondonGoogle Scholar
Rodwell, W.J. 1982: ‘The samian pottery’, in Leach, P., Ilchester, Volume I, Excavations 1974–75, Western Archaeological Trust Excavation Monograph 3, Bristol, 129–38Google Scholar
Rogers, G.B. 1974: Poteries Sigillées de la Gaule Centrale I, les motifs non figurés figurés, Gallia Supplement 28Google Scholar
Rogers, G.B. 1999: Poteries Sigillées de la Gaule Centrale II, Les Potiers, premier Cahier du Centre Archéologique de LezouxGoogle Scholar
Russett, V. 1989: ‘A Romano-British site at Rooksbridge’, Axbridge Archaeological and Local History Society Journal 1989, 3789Google Scholar
Sage, A., and Allan, J. 2004: ‘The early Roman military defences, late Roman cemetery and later features at the Topsham School, Topsham’, Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society 62, 139Google Scholar
Salway, P. 1981: Roman Britain, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Sawyer, P.H. 1968: Anglo-Saxon Charters, LondonGoogle Scholar
Seagar Smith, R.H. 2002: Roman Pottery from the Somerset Levels: Bleak Bridge and the Huntspill River Saltern, unpub. report by Wessex Archaeology, Report 45393Google Scholar
Seagar Smith, R.H. 2003: Roman Pottery from the Somerset Levels: Material from Saltern Sites Held in the Collections of Somerset County Museum, Taunton, unpub. report by Wessex Archaeology, Report 45393Google Scholar
Silvester, R. 1991: The Fenland Project, No. 4: The Wissey Embayment and the Fen Causeway, Norfolk, East Anglian Archaeology 52, DerehamGoogle Scholar
Smith, A.H.V. 1997: ‘Provenance of coals from Roman sites in England and Wales’, Britannia 28, 297324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Somerset County Council 1992: A Palaeoenvironmental Investigation of a Field off White's Drove, Godney Moor, Near Wells, Somerset: Interim Report, unpub. report Somerset County Council Environment Section, TauntonGoogle Scholar
Stallibrass, S. 1996: ‘Animal bones’, in Jackson, R.P.J. and Potter, T.W., Excavations at Stonea, Cambridgeshire 1980–85, London, 596612Google Scholar
Stanfield, J.A., and Simpson, G. 1958: Central Gaulish Potters, LondonGoogle Scholar
Thew, N. 1994: ‘Geology and geoarchaeology in the Yeo Valley at Ilchester’, in Leach, P. (ed.), Ilchester Volume 2: Archaeology, Excavations and Fieldwork to 1984, Sheffield Excavation Reports 2, SheffieldGoogle Scholar
Thorn, C., and Thorn, F. 1980: Domesday Book, Somerset, ChichesterGoogle Scholar
Timby, J. 1987: ‘Other Roman pottery’, in P. Ellis, ‘Sea Mills, Bristol: the 1965–1968 excavations in the Roman town of Abonae’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 105, 58108Google Scholar
Timby, J. 1989: ‘The Roman pottery’, in P.E. Ellis (ed.), ‘Norton Fitzwarren hillfort: a report on the excavations by Nancy and Philip Langmaid between 1968 and 1971’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 133, 174Google Scholar
Timby, J.R. 2000: ‘The pottery’, in Rippon 2000a, 174–83Google Scholar
Timby, J.R. 2007: ‘The Late Iron Age and Roman pottery from Shapwick’, in Gerrard and Aston 2007Google Scholar
Todd, M. 1981: Roman Britain 55 BC-AD 400, LondonGoogle Scholar
Todd, M. 1994: ‘Charterhouse on Mendip: interim report on excavations in 1993’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 137, 5968Google Scholar
Todd, M. 1995: ‘Charterhouse on Mendip: interim report on excavations in 1994’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 138, 7581Google Scholar
Tomber, R., and Dore, J. 1998: The National Roman Fabric Reference Collection: A Handbook Handbook, LondonGoogle Scholar
Trows-Smith, R. 1958: History of Livestock Husbandry in Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Usher, G., and Lilley, D. 1964: ‘A Romano-British pottery site at Venus Street, Congresbury’, Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society 108, 172–4Google Scholar
Van de Noort, R., and Ellis, S. 1997: The Wetland Heritage of the Humberhead Levels: An Archaeological Survey, Humber Wetlands Project, HullGoogle Scholar
Wacher, J. 1995: The Towns of Roman Britain Britain, LondonGoogle Scholar
Waterman, D.M. 1952: ‘A group of Claudian pottery from Clausentum’, Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society 17(iii), 253–63Google Scholar
Watts, L., and Leach, P. 1996: Henley Wood Temple and Cemetery: Excavations 1962–69 by the late Ernest Greenfield and Others, CBA Research Report 99, YorkGoogle Scholar
Wedlake, W.J. 1958: Excavations at Camerton, Somerset, 1926–56, BathGoogle Scholar
Whitwell, B. 1995: ‘Some Roman small towns in north Lincolnshire and south Humberside’, in Brown, A.E. (ed.), Roman Small Towns in Eastern England and Beyond, Oxbow Monograph 52, Oxford, 95102Google Scholar
Wild, F. 1988: ‘The samian ware’, in Edwards, B.J.N. and Webster, P.V., Ribchester Excavations 3, Excavations in the Civil Settlement 1968–1980. B. Pottery and Coins, Cardiff, 950Google Scholar
Williams, D.F. 1977: ‘The Romano-British Black Burnished Ware industry: as essay on characterisation by heavy metal analysis’, in Peacock, D.P.S. (ed.), Pottery and Early Commerce: Characterisation and Trade in Roman and Later Ceramics, London, 163220Google Scholar
Williams, M. 1970: The Draining of the Somerset Levels, CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Willis, S. 2005: ‘Samian pottery, a resource for the study of Roman Britain and beyond: the results of the English Heritage funded Samian Project. An e-monograph’, Internet Archaeology 17 (http://0-intarch.ac.uk.lib.ex.ac.uk/journal/issue17/1/1.1.html)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, C.J. 1977: Oxfordshire Roman Pottery, BAR British Series 43, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Yule, B. 2005: A Prestigious Roman Building Complex on the Southwark Waterfront: Excavations at Winchester Palace, London, 1983–90, MoLAS Monograph 23, LondonGoogle Scholar