Religion and education have been inseparably involved ever since the Church was founded. Just as the two Cities and the two Citizenships are inextricable : and here their jurisdictions meet. The right to teach is part of the Church’s charter, everywhere claimed. In the last struggle between the Church and Paganism, there was a curious episode connected with education—the Julianic persecution.

Julian had never been a Catholic, and when he ceased to be an Arian he became an enthusiast for Paganism. He exhibits the same sort of anti-quarianism raised to a passion and an enthusiasm, as was often found in the Renaissance. Julian forbade any Christian to teach literature, on the ground that nobody should teach what he does not believe: ancient literature is full of heathen gods and goddesses : therefore Christianity must not teach it. The principle would have interesting modern applications . . .

Paganism became intellectually and morally bankrupt. The philosophy stripped off, nothing but a devil-worship was left, which obscurely lingered on in holes and corners, where doubtless they talked of their ‘grand old independence,’ &c. But the Church discovered a part of her mission hitherto unsuspected. It became evident when the forms of Roman Civilization were flooded with barbaric material; then the only life within those forms and the only civilizing power was the Church. While Pagans were still prating about the disloyalty of Catholics as the cause of the downfall, the Church was setting about a new task.