The global picture

The promotion of EBP in mental health across the world has been a very important development of recent decades. The first significant milestone in this direction has been the landmark World Health Report 2001, Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope (WHO, 2001), where the vision for a global mental health agenda came to the forefront. Subsequently, the identification of gaps in both research and service provision between HICs and LMICs was further pursued. It was highlighted that only 10% of the world's medical research addressed the health needs of the 90% of the global population residing in LMICs, with 3–6% of mental health research in high-impact and indexed medical journals coming from these countries (Thornicroft et al, Reference Thornicroft, Cooper and Bortel2012). In addition, of the funding allocated to mental health research over a 10-year period by two of the largest funders, the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the UK Wellcome Trust, only 5% was spent on global mental health (Chisholm et al, Reference Chisholm, Flisher and Lund2007). At the same time, large differences were identified in the numbers of mental health professionals between HICs and LMIC; for example, there were 6.6 psychiatrists per 100 000 population in HICs, compared with fewer than 0.5 in low- and lower-middle-income countries, and more than 30 mental health nurses per 100 000 population in HICs, compared with 0.4 in low-income countries, 2.5 in lower-middle-income countries and 7.1 in upper-middle income countries (WHO, 2015). This is translated in inequitable access to care, with 76–85% of patients in LMICs compared with 30–50% in HICs not receiving treatment for their mental health needs. The quality of treatment in LMICs is also likely to be poorer compared to that in HICs (WHO, 2013).

Several initiatives and large-scale international collaborations have emerged to accurately measure and work towards closing this gap. With the Lancet series on global mental health, the evidence base for scaling up of services worldwide has been given very high visibility (Chisholm et al, Reference Chisholm, Flisher and Lund2007). The Movement for Global Mental Health, a coalition of individuals and institutions committed to act in this direction, was launched in 2008 (Patel et al, Reference Patel, Collins and Copeland2011), while in the same year, the World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse launched the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). The mhGAP was aimed at scaling up services for mental, neurological and substance use disorders, especially in LMICs. It asserted that, with proper care, psychosocial assistance and medication, tens of millions could be treated for depression, schizophrenia and epilepsy, be prevented from suicide and begin to lead normal lives – even where resources are scarce (WHO, 2008). Two years later, it released the first version of its Intervention Guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialised health settings (WHO, 2010), which was subsequently updated following additional evidence, feedback and evaluation in 2016 (WHO, 2016). Both guides were informed by the limited but emerging evidence from LMICs and evidence from HICs, all adapted according to feasibility, acceptability to patients and availability of services in different counties. In parallel, the NIMH established the Collaborative Hubs for International Research on Mental Health, aiming to increase the evidence base for mental health interventions in LMICs through expansion of research activities with the goal of developing knowledge, tools, and sustainable research-based strategies which could be used by local stakeholders. The WHO Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020 further highlighted the importance of strengthening information systems, evidence and research at a global level by including this as one of its four objectives (WHO, 2013).

A number of large research collaborations have also been particularly influential in building the evidence base for implementation of large-scale interventions in LMICs. Currently active programmes include the PRogramme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME), a consortium of research institutions working collaboratively with Ministries of Health in five countries (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda), led from the University of Cape Town with partners in the UK and the WHO, and funded by the UK Department for International Development (Lund et al, Reference Lund, Tomlinson and De Silva2012); and the Emerald (Emerging mental health systems in low- and middle-income countries) programme, a consortium consisting of 12 institutions from five European countries and six partners in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda, funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme (Semrau et al, Reference Semrau, Evans-Lacko and Alem2015). PRIME aims to develop the evidence base for scaling up integrated packages of care for priority mental disorders in primary and maternal healthcare settings, while Emerald targets health systems and seeks to identify barriers to, and solutions for, the scaled-up delivery of mental health services in LMICs.

Barriers and solutions to developing and implementing EBP in LMICs

One of the main issues affecting the development of evidence-based mental health practices, policies and systems in LMICs is the limited research specifically exploring the applicability and sustainability of such interventions in these countries. Although funding is indeed a significant constraint, capacity to conduct, manage, disseminate and apply high-quality research is also a key challenge, affected by weak research training, staffing limitations, lack of research culture and collaborations, and suboptimal infrastructure (Thornicroft et al, Reference Thornicroft, Cooper and Bortel2012). In addition, the implementation of EBP on a large scale in LMICs is related to a number of other barriers. The absence of mental health from the public health priority agenda has been suggested to be the greatest barrier of all (WHO, 2008), as the political will of decision makers is directly linked to financial resource allocation and development of services (Eaton et al, Reference Eaton, McCay and Semrau2011). The organisation of mental health services, with their concentration around big cities and tertiary centres, and lack of integration with primary care, also hinders patient access, leads to isolation of patients from their families and wider community, and increases stigma (WHO, 2008; Eaton et al, Reference Eaton, McCay and Semrau2011). Systems-related barriers, poor community participation and lack of ownership have also posed significant challenges to establishing integrated mental health service provision (Semrau et al, Reference Semrau, Evans-Lacko and Alem2015). Finally, the lack of effective public health leadership has been identified as a major barrier in most LMICs (WHO, 2008).

As a result of all these large-scale research initiatives and collaborations, significant progress has been made not only towards identifying barriers to scaling up services in LMICs but also towards strategies to address these barriers. The commitment to promote, facilitate the implementation of, and scale up effective interventions has permeated the aims, objectives and principles of all these initiatives. Training local researchers, supporting institutions, advising on research infrastructure, devising collaborative projects, and addressing funding through investment in building research capacity are positive steps in this direction (Thornicroft et al, Reference Thornicroft, Cooper and Bortel2012). The unprecedented productivity of high-quality research papers in the past decade with the direct involvement of research institutions in LMICs is a testament to this outstanding effort. In addition, targeting local stakeholders is paramount to improving the care and delivery of EBP in LMICs. A number of stakeholders who take on responsibilities to scale up services for mental disorders in LMICs have been identified; these include governments, mental health groups, patients and their families, public health professional groups, social sector stakeholders, human right groups, United Nations agencies, research funding agencies and world banks including donor agencies (Chisholm et al, Reference Chisholm, Flisher and Lund2007). Sustainable strategies for integrated large-scale coverage through simple packages of care delivered in non-hospital settings, and broadening of the role of clinicians in planning, training and advising decision makers in their area of expertise will allow more people in LMICs to have access to mental healthcare (Eaton et al, Reference Eaton, McCay and Semrau2011). Finally, the development of tools to assess local needs, systems and costs; strategies to engage decision makers; involvement of patients and their carers; feasible, fair and sustainable resourcing; and evaluation of processes and scaled-up interventions are all likely to assist with transformations in the mental health services of LMICs (Semrau et al, Reference Semrau, Evans-Lacko and Alem2015).