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Utilising mitochondrial barcode sequencing to evaluate phylogeographical structure and guide the release of illegally traded Amazon parrots

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2024

Luis Alejandro Arias-Sosa Open the ORCID record for Luis Alejandro Arias-Sosa [Opens in a new window] ,
Carlos Miguel Del Valle-Useche Open the ORCID record for Carlos Miguel Del Valle-Useche [Opens in a new window] ,
Claudia Brieva Open the ORCID record for Claudia Brieva [Opens in a new window] ,
Sergio Tusso Open the ORCID record for Sergio Tusso [Opens in a new window]  and
Mario Vargas-Ramírez Open the ORCID record for Mario Vargas-Ramírez [Opens in a new window]
Luis Alejandro Arias-Sosa*
Affiliation:
Grupo Biodiversidad y Conservación Genética, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Grupo Ecología de Organismos (GEO-UPTC), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
Carlos Miguel Del Valle-Useche
Affiliation:
Laboratorio de Identificación Genética Forense de Especies Silvestres de la DIJIN, Bogotá, Colombia
Claudia Brieva
Affiliation:
Faculta de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
Sergio Tusso
Affiliation:
Division of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian Universität Munich, Germany
Mario Vargas-Ramírez
Affiliation:
Grupo Biodiversidad y Conservación Genética, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Phylogeography Section, Museum of Zoology Senckenberg Dresden, Dresden, Germany
*
Corresponding author: Luis Alejandro Arias-Sosa; Email: [email protected]
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Summary

Amazon parrots stand out as one of the most illegally traded Psittacids in the neotropics. However, the lack of effective tools for determining the geographical origin of confiscated individuals has impeded the development of well-informed release programmes. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to identify phylogeographical groups and infer the origins of seized individuals across six Amazon parrot species. Through comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic analyses of 140 COI sequences from individuals with documented geographical origin, a genetic reference database was assembled. The most likely origin of 156 seized parrots was inferred by comparing their genotype to this database. Within the Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona ochrocephala species complex, our analyses revealed the presence of seven distinct phylogeographical groups, exposing a notable poaching impact in the Middle Magdalena’s river valley. For the Southern Mealy Amazon A. farinosa, three distinct genetic groups were identified, with seized individuals showing comparable proportions originating from both the Cis- and Trans-Andean regions. Noteworthy genetic differentiation was observed between individuals of Festive Amazon A. festiva from the Caquetá–Amazon Rivers and those from the Meta River, with two seized individuals assigned to the former. The Scaly-naped Amazon A. mercenaria exhibited genetic divergence between individuals from the central Andes and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. In contrast, the Orange-winged Amazon A. amazonica and Red-lored Amazon A. autumnalis did not display significant phylogeographical structure. However, analyses of seized individuals of A. amazonica suggested a potential underestimation of its genetic diversity and structure. This study illustrates the utility of mitochondrial molecular markers in determining the most probable area of origin for confiscated Amazon parrots, aiding in release programmes and enhancing the monitoring of natural populations.

Resumen

Resumen

Los loros del género Amazona se destacan como uno de los Psitácidos más comerciados ilegalmente en el Neotrópico. Sin embargo, la falta de herramientas efectivas para determinar el origen geográfico de individuos confiscados, ha obstaculizado el desarrollo de programas de liberación bien fundamentados. En este estudio, evaluamos la eficacia del gen de la subunidad I de la Citocromo Oxidasa (COI) para identificar grupos filogeográficos e inferir los orígenes de individuos incautados de seis especies de loros Amazona. A través de análisis genéticos y filogenéticos integrales de 140 secuencias de COI de individuos con origen geográfico documentado, se estableció una base de datos genética de referencia. Determinamos el origen más probable de 156 loros incautados comparando sus genotipos con esta base de datos. Dentro del complejo de especies del loro de cabeza amarilla, Amazona ochrocephala, nuestros análisis revelaron la presencia de siete grupos filogeográficos distintos, evidenciando un impacto notable de la caza furtiva en el valle Medio del río Magdalena. Para A. farinosa, se identificaron tres grupos genéticos distintos, con individuos incautados mostrando proporciones comparables de ambos lados de los Andes (Cis y Transandinos). Se observó una diferenciación genética significativa entre individuos de A. festiva de los ríos Caquetá–Amazonas y aquellos del río Meta, asignandose dos individuos incautados al primer grupo. Amazona mercenaria mostró divergencia genética entre individuos de los Andes centrales y la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. En contraste, A. amazonica y A. autumnalis no mostraron una estructura filogeográfica significativa. Sin embargo, los análisis de individuos incautados de A. amazonica sugirieron una posible subestimación de su diversidad y estructura genética. Este estudio ilustra la utilidad de los marcadores moleculares mitocondriales para determinar el área de origen más probable de loros Amazona confiscados, ayudando en programas de liberación y mejorando el monitoreo de poblaciones naturales.

Keywords

Amazona farinosaAmazona festivaAmazona ochrocephalaColombiaIllegal tradeAmazona farinosaAmazona festivaAmazona ochrocephalaColombiaTráfico ilegal
Type
Research Article
Information
Bird Conservation International , Volume 34 , 2024 , e43
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of BirdLife International

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