Hostname: page-component-669899f699-ggqkh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-29T09:02:54.345Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Genetic differentiation, taxonomy and conservation of Australasian teals Anas spp.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2010

Charles H. Daugherty ,
Murray Williams  and
Jennifer M. Hay
Charles H. Daugherty
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
Murray Williams
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
Jennifer M. Hay
Affiliation:
Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Australasian teal consist of five taxa (Anas gracilis, A. castanea, A. chlorotis, A. aucklandica and A. nesiotis) whose taxonomic identities and relationships have been uncertain. Analysis of variation at 14 allozyme loci indicates limited but clear divergence of New Zealand taxa (A. chlorotis, A. aucklandica, A. nesiotis), in agreement with previous studies of morphological variation. The New Zealand taxa are “terminal and evolutionarily independent units” that clearly meet the criteria for specific recognition in line with the phylogenetic species concept (PSC). Because each is also geographically restricted and has small world population size, specific recognition supports increased conservation status for each. The three New Zealand species do not form a sister group with A. castanea, as previously hypothesized; instead, A. castanea and A. gracilis are sister taxa.

Type
Research Article
Information
Bird Conservation International , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , March 1999 , pp. 29 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © Birdlife International 1999

References

Allendorf, F.W., Mitchell, N., Ryman, N. and Stahl, G. (1977) Isozyme loci in Brown Trout Salmo trutta L.: detection and interpretation from population data. Hereditas 86:179–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avise, J.C. (1989) A role for molecular genetics in the recognition and conservation of endangered species. TREE 4:279–281.Google ScholarPubMed
Avise, J.C. and Aquadro, C.F. (1982) A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates: patterns and correlations. Evol. Biol. 15:151–185.Google Scholar
Avise, J.C. and Zink, R. (1988) Molecular genetic divergence between avian sibling species: King and Clapper Rails, Long-billed and Short-billed Dowitchers, Boat-tailed and Greattailed Grackles, and Tufted and Black-crested Titmice. Auk 105: 516–528.Google Scholar
Baker, A.J., Daugherty, C.H., Colbourne, R. and McLennan, J.L. (1995) Flightless brown kiwis of New Zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8254–8258.Google Scholar
Bell, B.D., Daugherty, C.H. and Hay, J.M. (1998) Leiopelma pakeka, n.sp. (Anura: Leiopelmatidae), a cryptic species of frog from Maud Island, New Zealand, and a reassessment of the conservation status of Leiopelma hamiltoni from Stephens Island. J. R. Soc. N.Z. 28: 39–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, L. and Boles, W.E. (1994) The taxonomy and species of birds of Australia and its territories. Melbourne: Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (Monograph 2).Google Scholar
Clayton, J.W. and Tretiak, D.N. (1972) Amine-citrate buffers for pH control in starch gel electrophoresis. J. Fish. Res. Board. Canada 29:1169–1172.Google Scholar
Collar, N.J. (1996) Species concepts and conservation: a response to Hazevoet. Bird Conserv. Internatn 6: 197–200.Google Scholar
Condon, H.T. (1975) Checklist of the birds of Australia, 1 Non-passerines. Melbourne: RAOU.Google Scholar
Cracraft, J. (1983) Species concept and speciation analysis. Pp.159–187 in Johnston, R.F., ed. Current ornithology,1. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Daugherty, C.H., Cree, A., Hay, J.H. and Thompson, M.B. (1990a) Neglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (Sphenodon). Nature 347: 177–179.Google Scholar
Daugherty, C.H., Patterson, G.B., Thorn, C.J. and French, D.C. (1990b) Differentiation of members of the New Zealand Leiolopisma nigriplantare complex (Sauria: Scincidae). Herpetol. Monogr. 4: 61–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daugherty, C.H. and Triggs, S.J. (1991) Population differentiation in New Zealand birds. Ada XX Congr. Internatn Orn.: 525–533.Google Scholar
Delacour, J. (1956) Waterfowl of the world, 2. London: Country Life.Google Scholar
Delacour, J. and Mayr, E. (1945) The family Anatidae. Wilson Bull. 57: 3–55.Google Scholar
Dumbell, G.S. (1986) The New Zealand Brown Teal 1845–1985. Wildfowl 37:71–87.Google Scholar
Falla, R.A. (1953) The Australian element in the avifauna of New Zealand. Emu 53:36–46.Google Scholar
Fleming, C.A. (1953) Checklist of New Zealand birds. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed.Google Scholar
Fleming, C.A. (1982) George Edward Lodge—The unpublished New Zealand bird paintings. Wellington: Nova Pacifica PublishingGoogle Scholar
Foggo, M.N., Hitchmough, R.A. and Daugherty, C.H. (1997) Systematic and conservation implications of geographic variation in Pipits (Anthus: Motacillidae) in New Zealand and some offshore islands. Ibis 139:366–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, D.R. and Hillis, D.M. (1990) Species in concept and practice: herpetological applications. Herpetologica 46:87–101.Google Scholar
Gorman, G.C. and Renzi, J. (1979) Genetic distance and heterozygosity estimates in electrophoretic studies: effects of sample size. Copeia 1979: 242–249.Google Scholar
Hazevoet, C.J. (1996) Conservation and species lists: taxonomic neglect promotes the extinction of endemic birds, as exemplified by taxa from eastern Atlantic islands. Bird Conserv. Internatn 6: 191–196.Google Scholar
Highton, R. (1990) Taxonomic treatment of genetically differentiated populations. Herpetologica 46:114–121.Google Scholar
Johnsgard, P.A. (1965) Handbook of waterfowl behavior. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Johnsgard, P.A. (1978) Ducks, geese and swans of the world. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Kim, J., Rohlf, J. and Sokal, R.R. (1993) The accuracy of phylogenetic estimation using the neighbour-joining method. Evolution. 47:471–486.Google Scholar
King, M. C. and Wilson, A.C. (1975) Evolution at two levels: molecular similarities and biological differences between humans and chimpanzees. Science 188:107–118.Google Scholar
Kinsky, F.C. (1970) Annotated checklist of the birds of New Zealand. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed.Google Scholar
Kumar, S., Tamura, K. and Nei, M. (1993) MEGA: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis, version 1.0. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1974) The genetic basis of evolutionary change. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Livezey, B.C. (1990) Evolutionary morphology of flightlessness in the Auckland Islands Teal. Condor 92: 639–673.Google Scholar
McClelland, P. (1993) Subantarctic teal recovery plan. Wellington: Department of Conservation.Google Scholar
McKitrick, M.C. and Zink, R.B. (1988) Species concepts in ornithology. Condor 90: 1–14.Google Scholar
Madge, S. and Burn, H. (1988) Wildfowl: an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. London: Christopher Helm.Google Scholar
Marchant, S., AND Higgins, P., eds. (1990) Handbook of Australian, Antarctic and New Zealand birds, 1 (part B). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1970) Populations, species, and evolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Molloy, J. and Davis, A. (1992) Setting priorities for the conservation of New Zealand's plants and animals. Wellington: Department of Conservation.Google Scholar
Murphy, R.W. and Crabtree, C.B. (1985) Evolutionary aspects of isozyme patterns, number of loci, and tissue-specific gene expression in the prairie rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis viridis. Herpetologica 41: 451–470.Google Scholar
Nei, M. (1978) Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89: 583–590.Google Scholar
Nei, M. (1991) Relative efficiencies of different tree-making methods for molecular data. Pp. 90–128 in Miymoto, M.M. and Cracraft, J., eds. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Oliver, W.R.B. (1955) New Zealand birds. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed.Google Scholar
Ota, T. (1993) DISPAN: Genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis, version 1.1. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.Google Scholar
Prawiradilaga, D.M. (1985) A comparative study of the courtship behaviour of the Grey Teal Anas gibberifrons and the Chestnut Teal Anas castanea. Unpubl. M.Rural Sci. thesis, University of New England.Google Scholar
Preddy, J. (1995) Campbell Island Teal Anas aucklandica nesiotis bred in captivity. Wildfowl 46:69–71.Google Scholar
Ripley, S.D. (1942) A review of the species Anas castanea. Auk 59:90–99.Google Scholar
Rojas, M. (1992) The species problem and conservation: what are we protecting?. Conserv. Biol. 6: 170–178.Google Scholar
Ryttman, H. and Tegelstrom, H. (1981) Low degree of isozyme variation within and between Herring Gull Larus argentatus, Lesser Black-backed Gull L. fuscus and their British and Swedish subspecies. Hereditas 94:161–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarich, V. M. (1977) Rates, sample sizes, and the neutrality hypothesis for electrophoresis in evolutionary studies. Nature 265: 24–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saitou, N. and Imanishi, T. (1989) Parsimony, maximum-likelihood, minimum-evolution and neighbour-joining methods of phylogenetic tree construction in obtaining the correct tree. Mol. Biol. Evol. 6:514–525.Google Scholar
Saitou, N. and Nei, M. (1987) The neighbour-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:406–425.Google Scholar
Selander, R.K., Smith, M.H., Yang, S.Y., Johnson, W.E., and Gentry, J. B.. (1971) Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus. I. Variation in the old-field mouse (Peromyscus polionotus). Stud. Genet. VI: 49–90 (University of Texas publ. 7103).Google Scholar
Sneath, P.H.A. and Sokal, R.R. (1973) Numerical taxonomy. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Swofford, D.L. and Selander, R.B. (1981) BIOSYS-I: a Fortran program for the comprehensive analysis of electrophoretic data in population genetics and systematics. J. Hered. 72:281–283.Google Scholar
Tegelstrom, H., Jannson, H. and Rytrman, H. (1980) Isozyme differences among three related Larus species (Aves). Hereditas 92:117–122.Google Scholar
Thorpe, J.P. (1983) Enzyme variation, genetic distance, and evolutionary divergence in relation to levels of taxonomic separation. Pp. 131–152 in Oxford, G.S. and Rollinson, D., eds. Protein polymorphism: adaptive and taxonomic significance. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Todd, F.S. (1996) Natural history of the waterfowl. Vista, Calif.: Ibis Publishing.Google Scholar
Triggs, S.J., and Daugherty, C.H.. (1996) Conservation and genetics of New Zealand parakeets. Bird Conserv. Internatn 6: 89–101.Google Scholar
Turbott, E.G. (1968) Buller's birds of New Zealand. Wellington: Whitcombe & Tombs.Google Scholar
Turbott, E.G. (1990) Checklist of the birds of New Zealand. Auckland: Random Century.Google Scholar
Westerskov, K.E. (1960) Birds of Campbell Island. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs.Google Scholar
Williams, M. and Robertson, C.J.R. (1996) The Campbell Island Teal Anas aucklandica nesiotis: history and review. Wildfowl 47: 134–165Google Scholar
Williams, M., McKinney, F. and Norman, F.I. (1991) Ecological and behavioural responses of Austral teal to island life. Acta XX Congr. Int. Orn.: 876–884.Google Scholar
Young, H.G., Sorenson, M.D. and Johnson, K.P. (1997) A description of the Madagascar Teal Anas bernieri and an examination of its relationships with the Grey Teal A. gracilis. Wildfowl 48:174–180.Google Scholar
Zink, R.M. and McKitrick, M.C. (1995) The debate over species concepts and its implications for ornithology. Auk 112:701–719.Google Scholar