Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T15:30:40.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Lexical category differences in bilingual picture naming: Implications for models of lexical representation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2021

Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah Open the ORCID record for Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah [Opens in a new window] ,
Yanni Kevas  and
Ran Li
Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah*
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Yanni Kevas
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, College Park, USA
Ran Li
Affiliation:
Boston University, Boston, USA
*
Address for correspondence: Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences University of Maryland, 7251 Preinkert Drive, College Park, Maryland 20904 USA, Yasmeen Faroqi-Shah, E-mail:[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Bilingual speakers are less accurate and slower than monolinguals in word production. This bilingual cost has been demonstrated primarily for nouns. This study compared verb and noun retrieval to better understand bilingual lexical representation and test alternate hypotheses about bilingual cost. Picture naming speeds from highly proficient English–Spanish bilinguals showed a smaller bilingual cost for verbs compared to nouns. In Experiment 1, picture naming speeds were influenced by name agreement, age-of-acquisition and word length. Additionally, noun (but not verb) naming speed was predicted by word frequency. Experiment 2 examined two potential explanations for the smaller bilingual cost for verbs: verbs experience weaker cross-language interference (measured by translation speed) and smaller frequency effects. Both these predictions were confirmed, showing crucial differences between verbs and nouns and suggesting that cross-language facilitation rather than interference influences bilingual lexical retrieval, and that the frequency lag account of bilingual cost is more applicable to nouns than to verbs. We propose a Bilingual Integrated Grammatical Category model for highly proficient bilinguals to represent lexical category differences.

Keywords

bilingualnounpicture namingtranslationverb
Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 24 , Issue 5 , November 2021 , pp. 849 - 863
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ameel, E, Malt, BC, Storms, G and Van Assche, F (2009) Semantic convergence in the bilingual lexicon. Journal of Memory and Language 60, 270–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baayen, R, Piepenbrock, R and van Rijn, H (1993) The CELEX lexical database (Release 1) [CD-ROM]. Phildelphia, Linguistic Data Consortium: University of Pennsylvania [Distributer].Google Scholar
Baayen, RH, Davidson, DJ and Bates, DM (2008) Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Journal of Memory and Language 59, 390–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basnight-Brown, DM (2014) Models of Lexical Access and Bilingualism. In Heredia, RR and Altarriba, J (eds), Foundations of Bilingual Memory. New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, E, D'Amico, S, Jacobsen, T, Szekely, A, Andonova, E, Devescovi, A, Herron, D, Lu, CC, Pechmann, T, Pléh, C, Wicha, N, Federmeier, K, Gerdjikova, I, Gutierrez, G, Hung, D, Hsu, J, Iyer, G, Kohnert, K, Mehotcheva, T, Orozco-Figueroa, A, Tzeng, A and Tzeng, O (2003) Timed picture naming in seven languages. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 10, 344–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bialystok, E, Craik, FIM and Luk, G (2008) Lexical access in bilinguals: Effects of vocabulary size and executive control. Journal of Neurolinguistics 21, 522–538. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2007.07.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdsong, D, Gertken, LM and Amengual, M (2012) Bilingual Language Profile: An Easy-to-Use Instrument to Assess Bilingualism. Retrieved 08 April, 2012, from COERLL, University of Texas at Austin https://sites.la.utexas.edu/bilingual/Google Scholar
Bonin, P, Boyer, B, Méot, A, Fayol, M and Droit, S (2004) Psycholinguistic norms for action photographs in French and their relationships with spoken and written latencies. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 36, 127–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brysbaert, M and New, B (2009) Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: a critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English. Behavior Research Methods 41, 977–990. doi: 10.3758/brm.41.4.977CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brysbaert, M and Duyck, W (2010) Is it time to leave behind the Revised Hierarchical Model of bilingual language processing after fifteen years of service? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, 359–371. doi:10.1017/S1366728909990344CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bylund, E, Abrahamsson, N, Hyltenstam, K and Norrman, G (2019) Revisiting the bilingual lexical deficit: The impact of age of acquisition. Cognition 182, 45–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A and Hillis, AE (1991) Lexical organization of nouns and verbs in the brain. Nature 349, 788–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, S and Gor, K (2015) Lexical access in L2. The Mental Lexicon 10, 247–270. doi:10.1075/ml.10.2.04CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A, Miozzo, M and Caramazza, A (1999) Lexical Selection in Bilinguals: Do Words in the Bilingual's Two Lexicons Compete for Selection?, Journal of Memory and Language 41, 365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A, Caramazza, A and Sebastian-Galles, N (2000) The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, 1283–1296. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1283Google ScholarPubMed
Costa, A, Santesteban, M and Cano, A (2005) On the facilitatory effects of cognate words in bilingual speech production. Brain and Language 94, 94–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuetos, F and Alija, M (2003) Normative data and naming times for action pictures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 35, 168–177. doi:10.3758/BF03195508CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuetos, F, Alvarez, B, Gonzalez-Nosti, M, Meot, A and Bonin, P (2006) Determinants of lexical access in speech production: role of word frequency and age of acquisition. Memory & Cognition 34, 999–1010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuetos, F, Glez-Nosti, M, Barbon, A and Brysbaert, M (2011) SUBTLEX-ESP: Spanish word frequencies based on film subtitles. Psicologica 32, 133–143.Google Scholar
de Groot, AM (1992) Determinants of word translation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18, 1001–1018. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.18.5.1001Google Scholar
Diependaele, K, Lemhofer, K and Brysbaert, M (2013) The word frequency effect in first- and second-language word recognition: a lexical entrenchment account. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 66, 843–863. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.720994CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, TON, Wahl, A, Buytenhuijs, F, Van Halem, N, Al-Jibouri, Z, De Korte, M and RekkÉ, S (2019) Multilink: a computational model for bilingual word recognition and word translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22, 657–679. doi:10.1017/S1366728918000287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dijkstra, T and Van Heuven, WJB (2002) The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 5, 175–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dong, Y, Gui, S and MacWhinney, B (2005) Shared and Separate Meanings in the Bilingual Mental Lexicon. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, 221–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duyck, W, Vanderelst, D, Desmet, T and Hartsuiker, RJ (2008) The frequency effect in second-language visual word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 15, 850–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dylman, AS and Barry, C (2018) When having two names facilitates lexical selection: Similar results in the picture-word task from translation distractors in bilinguals and synonym distractors in monolinguals. Cognition 171, 151–171. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.09.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, AW and Lambon Ralph, MA (2000) Age of acquisition effects in adult lexical processing reflect loss of plasticity in maturing systems: Insights from connectionist networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26, 1103–1123. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1103Google ScholarPubMed
Ellis, AW and Morrison, CM (1998) Real age-of-acquisition effects in lexical retrieval. Journal Experimental Psychology Learning, Memory and Cognition 24, 515–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faroqi-Shah, Y and Waked, A (2010) Grammatical category dissociation in multilingual aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 27, 181–203. doi: 10.1080/02643294.2010.509340CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faroqi-Shah, Y, Sebastian, R and van der Woude, A (2018) Neural representation of word categories is distinct in the temporal lobe: An activation likelihood analysis. Human Brain Mapping 39, 4925–4938. doi:10.1002/hbm.24334CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenson, L, Dale, P, Reznick, J, Bates, E, Thal, D and Pethick, S (1994) Variability in early communicative development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Serial No. 242 59.Google ScholarPubMed
Ferretti, TR, McRae, K and Hatherell, A (2001) Integrating Verbs, Situation Schemas, and Thematic Role Concepts. Journal of Memory and Language 44, 516–547. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2000.2728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forster, KI and Forster, JC (2003) DMDX: A windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 35, 116–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gentner, D (1981) Some interesting differences between nouns and verbs. Cognition and Brain Theory 4, 161–178.Google Scholar
Gentner, D (1982) Why nouns are learned before verbs: linguistic relativity versus natural partitioning. In Kucszaj, S (ed), Language Development (Vol. 2: Language, thought and culture). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 301–334.Google Scholar
Gollan, TH and Acenas, LA (2004) What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish–English and Tagalog–English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30, 246–269.Google ScholarPubMed
Gollan, TH, Montoya, RI, Fennema-Notestine, C and Morris, SK (2005a) Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Memory and Cognition 33, 1220–1234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollan, TH, Bonanni, MP and Montoya, RI (2005b) Proper names get stuck on bilingual and monolingual speakers’ tipof- the-tongue equally often. Neuropsychology 19, 278–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollan, TH, Montoya, RI, Cera, C and Sandoval, TC (2008) More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language 58, 787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollan, TH, Slattery, TJ, Goldenberg, D, Van Assche, E, Duyck, W and Rayner, K (2011) Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 140, 186–209. doi: 10.1037/a0022256CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grainger, J (1993) Visual word recognition in bilinguals. The bilingual lexicon. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 11–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D (1998) Mental Control of the Bilingual Lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, 67–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, ML (2011) Bilingual picture-word studies constrain theories of lexical selection. Frontiers in Psychology 2, 381. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00381CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haman, E, Luniewska, M, Hansen, P, Simonsen, HG, Chiat, S, Bjekic, J, . . . Armon-Lotem, S (2017) Noun and verb knowledge in monolingual preschool children across 17 languages: Data from cross-linguistic lexical tasks (LITMUS-CLT). Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 1–26. doi: 10.1080/02699206.2017.1308553Google Scholar
Hermans, D, Bongaerts, T, de Bot, K and Schreuder, R (1998) Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language?. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, 213–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernandez, M, Cano, A, Costa, A, Sebastian-Galles, N, Jucandella, M and Gascon-Bayarri, J (2008) Grammatical category -specific deficits in bilingual aphasia. Brain and Language 107, 68–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, A, Cowell, PE and Varley, RA (2017) Word frequency predicts translation asymmetry. Journal of Memory and Language 95, 49–67. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2017.02.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Indefrey, P and Levelt, WJM (2004) The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition 92, 101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanova, I and Costa, A (2008) Does bilingualism hamper lexical access in speech production? Psychologica 127, 277–288.Google ScholarPubMed
Kambanaros, M and van Steenbrugge, W (2006) Noun and verb processing in Greek-English bilingual individuals with anomic aphasia and the effect of instrumentality and verb-noun name relation. Brain and Language 97, 162–177. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2005.10.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kambanaros, M, Grohmann, KK and Michaelides, M (2013) Lexical retrieval for nouns and verbs in typically developing bilectal children. First Language 33, 182–199. doi: 10.1177/0142723713479435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kauschke, C and Stenneken, P (2008) Differences in Noun and Verb Processing in Lexical Decision Cannot be Attributed to Word Form and Morphological Complexity Alone. Journal of Psycholinguistic research 37, 443–452. doi:10.1007/s10936-008-9073-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kauschke, C and von Frankenberg, J (2008) The differential influence of lexical parameters on naming latencies in German. A study on noun and verb picture naming. J Psycholinguist Res 37, 243–257. doi: 10.1007/s10936-007-9068-5Google ScholarPubMed
Klassert, A, Gagarina, N and Kauschke, C (2014) Object and action naming in Russian- and German- speaking monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohnert, KJ, Hernandez, AE and Bates, E (1998) Bilingual performance on the Boston naming test: preliminary norms in Spanish and English. Brain & Language 65, 422–440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroll, JF and Stewart, E (1994) Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections Between Bilingual Memory Representations. Journal of Memory and Language 33, 149–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, JF, Bobb, SC, Misra, M and Guo, T (2008) Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica 128, 416–430. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.02.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroll, JF, van Hell, JG, Tokowicz, N and Green, DW (2010) The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Biling (Camb Engl) 13, 373–381. doi: 10.1017/S136672891000009XGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lachman, R, Shaffer, JP and Hennrikus, D (1974) Language and cognition: Effects of stimulus codability, name-word frequency, and age of acquisition on lexical reaction time. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 13, 613–625. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80049-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, M.-W. and Williams, JN (2001) Lexical access in spoken word production by bilinguals: evidence from the semantic competitor priming paradigm. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4, 233–248. doi: 10.1017/S1366728901000426CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lemhöfer, K and Broersma, M (2012) Introducing LexTALE: A quick and valid Lexical Test for Advanced Learners of English. Behavior Research Methods 44, 325–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemhöfer, K, Dijkstra, T, Schriefers, H, Baayen, RH, Grainger, J and Zwisterlood, P (2008) Native language influences on word recognition in a second language: A megastudy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition 34.Google Scholar
Li, R, Faroqi-Shah, Y and Wang, M (2019) A comparison of verb and noun retrieval in Mandarin–English bilinguals with English-speaking monolinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–24. doi: 10.1017/S1366728918000913Google Scholar
Lo, S and Andrews, S (2015) To transform or not to transform: using generalized linear mixed models to analyse reaction time data. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1171–1171. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marian, V and Spivey, M (2003) Competing activation in bilingual language processing: Within- and between-language competition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6, 97–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matzig, S, Druks, J, Masterson, J and Vigliocco, G (2009) Noun and verb differences in picture naming: Past studies and new evidence. Cortex 45, 738–758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Misra, M, Guo, T, Bobb, SC and Kroll, JF (2012) When bilinguals choose a single word to speak: Electrophysiological evidence for inhibition of the native language. Journal of Memory and Language 67, 224–237. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.05.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morrison, CM, Hirsh, KW and Duggan, GB (2003) Age of acquisition, ageing, and verb production: Normative and experimental data. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, 705–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Grady, W (1997) Syntactic Development. Chicago: Chicago Univeristy Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oldfield, RC and Wingfield, A (1965) Response latencies in naming objects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 17, 273–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, SD and Havelka, J (2010) Age of acquisition effects in vocabulary learning. Acta Psychologica 135, 310–315. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.08.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prior, A, Kroll, JF and Macwhinney, B (2012) Translation ambiguity but not word class predicts translation performance. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, 458–474. doi: 10.1017/S1366728912000272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prior, A, MacWhinney, B and Kroll, JF (2007) Translation norms for English and Spanish: The role of lexical variables, word class, and L2 proficiency in negotiating translation ambiguity. Behavior Research Methods 39, 1029–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roelofs, A (1996) Serial order in planning the production of successive morphemes of a word. Journal of Memory and Language 35, 854–876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadat, J, Martin, CD, Magnuson, JS, Alario, FX and Costa, A (2016) Breaking Down the Bilingual Cost in Speech Production. Cognitive Science 40, 1911–1940. doi: 10.1111/cogs.12315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandoval, TC, Gollan, T, Ferreira, VS and Salmon, DP (2010) What causes the bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency? The dual-task analogy. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, 231–252. doi: doi:10.1017/S1366728909990514CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shao, Z, Roelofs, A and Meyer, AS (2012) Sources of individual differences in the speed of naming objects and actions: The contribution of executive control. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, 1927–1944. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.670252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silveri, MC and Ciccarelli, N (2007) The deficit for the word-class “verb” in corticobasal degeneration: Linguistic expression of the movement disorder? Neuropsychologia 45, 2570–2579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, MD, Poarch, GJ and Bialystok, E (2018) Why is lexical retrieval slower for bilinguals? Evidence from picture naming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21, 479–488. doi: 10.1017/S1366728917000694CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swender, E, Conrad, D and Vicars, R (2012) ACTFL proficiency guidelines 2012. Retrieved from www.actfl.org website:Google Scholar
Szekely, A, D'Amico, S, Devescovi, A, Federmeier, K, Herron, D, Iyer, G, Jacobsen, T and Bates, E (2005) Timed action and object naming. Cortex 41, 7–25. doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70174-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van Hell, JG and de Groot, AMB (1998) Conceptual representation in bilingual memory: Effects of concreteness and cognate status in word association. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, 193–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warrington, EK and Shallice, T (1984) Category specific semantic impairments. Brain 107, 829–853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, P and Ventura, T (2009) When Russians learn English: How the semantics of causation may change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12, 153–176. doi: doi:10.1017/S1366728909004040.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, J, Shu, H, Bi, Y, Liu, Y and Wang, X (2011) Dissociation and association of the embodied representation of tool-use verbs and hand verbs: An fMRI study. Brain and Language 119, 167–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Faroqi-Shah et al. supplementary material

Faroqi-Shah et al. supplementary material

Download Faroqi-Shah et al. supplementary material(File)
File 57.1 KB