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Describing bilinguals: A systematic review of labels and descriptions used in the literature between 2005–2015

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 December 2017

SARAH SURRAIN Open the ORCID record for SARAH SURRAIN [Opens in a new window]  and
GIGI LUK
SARAH SURRAIN
Affiliation:
Harvard Graduate School of Education
GIGI LUK*
Affiliation:
Harvard Graduate School of Education
*
Address for correspondence: Gigi Luk, Ph. D., Harvard Graduate School of Education, 14 Appian Way, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.[email protected]
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Abstract

Recent years have seen a surge in research comparing bilinguals to monolinguals, yet synthesizing this literature is complicated by the diversity of language and social backgrounds behind these dichotomous labels. The current study examines the labels and descriptions reported in 186 studies comparing bilinguals and monolinguals published between 2005–2015 in order to understand how bilingualism has been operationalized and to describe the degree to which different facets of bilingual experience are reported. Proficiency and usage were the most frequently reported features (77% and 79%), followed by language history (67%) and the language of schooling (60%). However, less than half of the studies measured proficiency objectively or reported proportional usage, and even less – 30% – described the sociolinguistic context from which the sample was drawn. Given the increase in language contact due to globalization, more transparent and comprehensive reporting of participant characteristics is critical to building our understanding of how bilingualism affects experience.

Keywords

bilingualismmultilingualismsystematic reviewheterogeneitycontextual factors
Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , March 2019 , pp. 401 - 415
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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Footnotes

We acknowledge Sarah Howard, Carolynn Ianello, Analiese Reigstad and Valerie Woxholdt for their assistance in coding the database for this project. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions to an earlier version of the manuscript.

Supplementary material can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000682

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