Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:19:29.291Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Emotion regulation therapy for social anxiety disorder: a single case series study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2021

Imaneh Abasi ,
Abbas Pourshahbaz ,
Parvaneh Mohammadkhani ,
Behrouz Dolatshahi ,
Latif Moradveisi Open the ORCID record for Latif Moradveisi [Opens in a new window]  and
Douglas S. Mennin
Imaneh Abasi
Affiliation:
Former Affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Current Affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abbas Pourshahbaz*
Affiliation:
Former Affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Parvaneh Mohammadkhani
Affiliation:
Former Affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Behrouz Dolatshahi
Affiliation:
Former Affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Latif Moradveisi*
Affiliation:
Research Center for Behavioral Disorders and Substance Abuse, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Douglas S. Mennin
Affiliation:
Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, United States of America
*
*Corresponding authors. Emails: [email protected] and [email protected]
*Corresponding authors. Emails: [email protected] and [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Despite the vast majority of evidence indicating the efficacy of traditional and recent cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) therapies in treating social anxiety disorder (SAD), some individuals with SAD do not improve by these interventions, particularly when co-morbidity is present.

Aims:

It is not clear how emotion regulation therapy (ERT) can improve SAD co-morbid with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression. This study investigated this gap.

Method:

Treatment efficacy was assessed using a single case series methodology. Four clients with SAD co-occurring with GAD and depression symptoms received a 16-session version of ERT in weekly individual sessions. During the treatment, self-report measures and clinician ratings were used to assess the symptom intensity, model-related variables, and quality of life, work and social adjustment of participants every other week throughout the treatment. Follow-up was also conducted at 1, 2 and 3 months after treatment. Data were analysed using visual analysis, effect size (Cohen’s d) and percentage of improvement.

Results:

SAD clients with depression and GAD symptoms demonstrated statistically and clinically significant improvements in symptom severity, quality of life, work, social adjustment and model-related measures (i.e. negative emotionality/safety motivation, emotion regulation strategies). The improvements were largely maintained during the follow-up period and increased for some variables.

Conclusion:

These findings showed preliminary evidence for the role of emotion dysregulation and motivational factors in the aetiology and maintenance of SAD and the efficacy of ERT in the treatment of co-morbid SAD.

Keywords

co-morbiditydepressionemotion regulation therapygeneralized anxietysocial anxiety
Type
Main
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 49 , Issue 6 , November 2021 , pp. 658 - 672
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abasi, I., Mohammadkhani, P., Pourshahbaz, A., & Dolatshahi, B. (2017a). The psychometric properties of Attentional Control Scale and its relationship with symptoms of anxiety and depression: a study on Iranian population. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 12, 109.Google Scholar
Abasi, I., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P., & Dolatshahi, B. (2017b). Mediation role of emotion regulation strategies on the relationship between emotional intensity, safety and reward motivations with social anxiety symptoms, rumination and worry: a structural equation modeling [Original Article]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, e9640. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.9640 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acarturk, C., de Graaf, R., Van Straten, A., Ten Have, M., & Cuijpers, P. (2008). Social phobia and number of social fears, and their association with comorbidity, health-related quality of life and help seeking. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 273–279.10.1007/s00127-008-0309-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Applebaum, A., Buda, K., O’Toole, M., Hoyt, M., & Mennin, D. (2017). Adaptation of emotion regulation therapy for cancer caregivers (ERT-C). PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H., & Nock, M. K. (2009). Why can’t we be more idiographic in our research? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 19–21.10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01088.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, S. E., Yonkers, K. A., Otto, M. W., Eisen, J. L., Weisberg, R. B., Pagano, M., Shea, M. T., & Keller, M. B. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1179–1187.10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1179CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cairney, J., McCabe, L., Veldhuizen, S., Corna, L. M., Streiner, D., & Herrmann, N. (2007). Epidemiology of social phobia in later life. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 224–233.10.1097/01.JGP.0000235702.77245.46CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety.10.1002/da.22728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craske, M. G., Rauch, S. L., Ursano, R., Prenoveau, J., Pine, D. S., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2009). What is an anxiety disorder? Depression and Anxiety, 26, 1066–1085.10.1002/da.20633CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cristea, I. A., Kok, R. N., & Cuijpers, P. (2015). Efficacy of cognitive bias modification interventions in anxiety and depression: meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206, 7–16.10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146761CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 225.10.1037/0021-843X.111.2.225CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erwin, B. A., Heimberg, R. G., Juster, H., & Mindlin, M. (2002). Comorbid anxiety and mood disorders among persons with social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 19–35.10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00114-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezpeleta, L., Domènech, J. M., & Angold, A. (2006). A comparison of pure and comorbid CD/ODD and depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 704–712.10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01558.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fehm, L., Beesdo, K., Jacobi, F., & Fiedler, A. (2008). Social anxiety disorder above and below the diagnostic threshold: prevalence, comorbidity and impairment in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 257–265.10.1007/s00127-007-0299-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, E., Salem, D., Swift, J. K., & Ramtahal, N. (2015). Meta-analysis of dropout from cognitive behavioral therapy: magnitude, timing, and moderators. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 1108.10.1037/ccp0000044CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). User’s Guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders: SCID-II. American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Franken, I. H., & Muris, P. (2006). Gray’s impulsivity dimension: a distinction between reward sensitivity versus rash impulsiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1337–1347.10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Ritter, M. (2013). Emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 282–300.10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.02.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Initial psychometric properties of the experiences questionnaire: validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Therapy, 38, 234–246.10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gadermann, A. M., Alonso, J., Vilagut, G., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2012). Comorbidity and disease burden in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Depression and Anxiety, 29, 797–806.10.1002/da.21924CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, J., & Weersing, V. R. (2010). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: implications for treatment and prevention. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 293–306.Google ScholarPubMed
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348.10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach to Behavior Change. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Heimberg, R. G., Mueller, G. P., Holt, C. S., Hope, D. A., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1992). Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Behavior Therapy, 23, 53–73.10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80308-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 169.10.1037/a0018555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jazaieri, H., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The role of emotion and emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17, 531.10.1007/s11920-014-0531-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazantzis, N., Whittington, C., & Dattilio, F. (2010). Meta-analysis of homework effects in cognitive and behavioral therapy: a replication and extension. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 144–156.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. (1982). Single-Case Experimental Designs: Strategies for Studying Behavior Change. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, M. (2003). The lifelong course of social anxiety disorder: a clinical perspective. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 85–94.10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s417.6.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kertz, S. J., Stevens, K. T., & Klein, K. P. (2017). The association between attention control, anxiety, and depression: the indirect effects of repetitive negative thinking and mood recovery. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30, 456–468.10.1080/10615806.2016.1260120CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klemanski, D. H., Curtiss, J., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2017). Emotion regulation and the transdiagnostic role of repetitive negative thinking in adolescents with social anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 206–219.10.1007/s10608-016-9817-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laposa, J. M., Mancuso, E., Abraham, G., & Loli-Dano, L. (2016). Unified protocol transdiagnostic treatment in group format: a preliminary investigation with anxious individuals. Behavior Modification, 0145445516667664.Google Scholar
Larsen, R. J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1986). Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 803.10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.803CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Månsson, K. N., Frick, A., Boraxbekk, C.-J., Marquand, A., Williams, S., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Furmark, T. (2015). Predicting long-term outcome of Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder using fMRI and support vector machine learning. Translational Psychiatry, 5, e530.10.1038/tp.2015.22CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McEvoy, P. M., Watson, H., Watkins, E. R., & Nathan, P. (2013). The relationship between worry, rumination, and comorbidity: evidence for repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic construct. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 313–320.10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013). Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Unpublished manual.Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., Ellard, K. K., Fresco, D. M., & Gross, J. J. (2013). United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. Behavior Therapy, 44, 234–248.10.1016/j.beth.2013.02.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2014). Emotion regulation therapy. Handbook of Emotion Regulation, 2, 469–490.Google Scholar
Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., O’Toole, M. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder with and without co-occurring depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86, 268.10.1037/ccp0000289CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., Ritter, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). An open trial of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and cooccurring depression. Depression and Anxiety, 32, 614–623.10.1002/da.22377CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Jack, M. S. (2000). Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder in primary social phobia: symptom severity, functional impairment, and treatment response. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 325–343.10.1016/S0887-6185(00)00026-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487–495.10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohammadi, A., Birashk, B., & Gharaie, B. (2013). Comparison of the effect of group transdiagnostic therapy and group cognitive therapy on anxiety and depressive symptoms. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42, 48.Google ScholarPubMed
Moscovitch, D. A., Gavric, D. L., Senn, J. M., Santesso, D. L., Miskovic, V., Schmidt, L. A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M. (2012). Changes in judgment biases and use of emotion regulation strategies during cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: distinguishing treatment responders from nonresponders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 261–271.10.1007/s10608-011-9371-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mululo, S. C. C., Menezes, G. B. d., Vigne, P., & Fontenelle, L. F. (2012). A review on predictors of treatment outcome in social anxiety disorder. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 34, 92–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Greist, J. M. (2002). The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 461–464.10.1192/bjp.180.5.461CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nedjat, S., Montazeri, A., Holakouie, K., Mohammad, K., & Majdzadeh, R. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Iranian interview-administered version of the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): a population-based study. BMC Health Services Research, 8, 61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newby, J. M., McKinnon, A., Kuyken, W., Gilbody, S., & Dalgleish, T. (2015). Systematic review and meta-analysis of transdiagnostic psychological treatments for anxiety and depressive disorders in adulthood. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 91–110.10.1016/j.cpr.2015.06.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92.10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norton, A. R., Abbott, M. J., Norberg, M. M., & Hunt, C. (2015). A systematic review of mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments for social anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71, 283–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norton, P. J. (2012). A randomized clinical trial of transdiagnostic cognitve-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorder by comparison to relaxation training. BehaviorTherapy, 43, 506–517.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Toole, M. S., Zachariae, R., & Mennin, D. S. (2017). Social anxiety and emotion regulation flexibility: considering emotion intensity and type as contextual factors. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 1–9.10.1080/10615806.2017.1346792CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68, 235–243.10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., & Tolin, D. F. (2010). A meta-analysis of the influence of comorbidity on treatment outcome in the anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 642–654.10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., Maki, K. M., Gould, R. A., Worthington, J. J., Smoller, J. W., & Rosenbaum, J. F. (2001). Childhood history of anxiety disorders among adults with social phobia: rates, correlates, and comparisons with patients with panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 14, 209–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V., Weiss, H., & Mann, A. (2010). Predictors of outcome in patients with common mental disorders receiving a brief psychological treatment: an exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial from Goa, India: original article. African Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 291–296.10.4314/ajpsy.v13i4.61879CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renna, M. E., Quintero, J. M., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2017). Emotion regulation therapy: a mechanism-targeted treatment for disorders of distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 8.10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00098CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renna, M. E., Quintero, J. M., Soffer, A., Pino, M., Ader, L., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2018). A pilot study of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety and depression: findings from a diverse sample of young adults. Behavior Therapy, 49, 403–418.10.1016/j.beth.2017.09.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scholten, W. D., Batelaan, N. M., van Balkom, A. J., Penninx, B. W., Smit, J. H., & van Oppen, P. (2013). Recurrence of anxiety disorders and its predictors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 180–185.10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segal, Z., Williams, J., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Relapse Prevention. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Sharifi, V., Assadi, S. M., Mohammadi, M. R., Amini, H., Kaviani, H., Semnani, Y., Shabani, A., Shahrivar, Z., Davari-Ashtiani, R., & Shooshtari, M. H. (2009). A persian translation of the structured clinical interview for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: psychometric properties. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 86–91.10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.04.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID): I: history, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 624–629.10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., Oliver, A., & Pettman, D. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PloS One, 9, e96110.10.1371/journal.pone.0096110CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swain, J., Hancock, K., Hainsworth, C., & Bowman, J. (2013). Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of anxiety: a systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 965–978.10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S., Abramowitz, J. S., & McKay, D. (2012). Non-adherence and non-response in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 583–589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrubia, R., Avila, C., Moltó, J., & Caseras, X. (2001). The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) as a measure of Gray’s anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 837–862.10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00183-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 629–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, D. (2005). Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: a quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 522.10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.522CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHOQOL Group (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28, 551–558.10.1017/S0033291798006667CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, M. J., Kim, B. N., Lee, E. H., Lee, D., Yu, B. H., Jeon, H. J., & Kim, J. H. (2014). Diagnostic utility of worry and rumination: a comparison between generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68, 712–720.10.1111/pcn.12193CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Abasi et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S5

Download Abasi et al. supplementary material(File)
File 27.8 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.