Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T19:15:25.060Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Can Clark and Wells' (1995) Cognitive Model of Social Phobia be Applied to Young People?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2008

Kate J. Hodson ,
Freda V. McManus ,
David M. Clark  and
Helen Doll
Kate J. Hodson*
Affiliation:
Sue Nicholls Centre, Aylesbury, UK
Freda V. McManus
Affiliation:
Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre, UK
David M. Clark
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
Helen Doll
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, UK
*
Reprint requests to Kate Hodson, Department of Clinical Psychology, Sue Nicholls Centre, Bierton Road, Aylesbury HP20 1EG, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Social phobia is a common and disabling condition for both children and adults. In recent years Clark and Wells' (1995) cognitive model of social phobia has given rise to an effective treatment protocol for the condition in adults (e.g. Clark et al., 2003, 2006). The current study investigates the applicability of this model to younger people. One hundred and seventy-one 11–14 year-old participants completed questionnaires measuring social anxiety, depression, and the variables hypothesized to maintain social phobia in Clark and Wells' (1995) cognitive model: negative social cognitions, safety behaviours, self-focused attention, and pre- and post-event processing. High socially anxious children scored significantly higher than low socially anxious children on all of the variables in Clark and Wells' model. Negative social cognitions, self-focused attention, safety behaviours, and pre- and post-event processing were all significant predictors of social anxiety, accounting for 48% of the variance in social anxiety. Furthermore, these variables showed specificity to social anxiety, predicting significantly more variance in social anxiety than in depression. Findings suggest that although Clark and Wells' (1995) model of social phobia was developed from research on adult populations, it may be equally applicable to younger people with social phobia.

Keywords

Social phobiachildrencognitive-behavioural intervention
Type
Research Article
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 36 , Issue 4: Anxiety of Childhood and Adolescence , July 2008 , pp. 449 - 461
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albano, A. M. and Detweiler, M. F. (2001). The developmental and clinical impact of social anxiety and social phobia in children and adolescents. In Hofmann, S. G. and DiBartolo, P. M. (Eds.), From Social Anxiety to Social Phobia: multiple perspectives. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Alden, L. E. and Bieling, P. J. (1998). Interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36 53–64CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M. and Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobics: the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children. Psychological Assessment, 7 73–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M. and Fink, C. M. (1996). Assessment of childhood social phobia: construct, convergent, and discriminative validity of the social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C). Psychological Assessment, 8 235–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birleson, P., Hudson, I., Buchanan, D. G. and Wolff, S. (1987). Clinical evaluation of a self-rating scale for depressive disorder in childhood (Depression Self-rating Scale). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28 43–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogels, S. M. and Zigterman, D. (2000). Dysfunctional cognitions in children with social phobia, separation anxiety disorder, and generalised anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28 205–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartwright-Hatton, S., Hodges, L. and Porter, J. (2003). Social anxiety in childhood: the relationship with self and observer rated social skills. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44 737–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cartwright-Hatton, S., Tschernitz, N. and Gomersall, H. (2005) Social anxiety in children: social skills deficit or cognitive distortion? Behaviour, Research and Therapy, 43 131–141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, D. M. (2001). A cognitive perspective on social phobia. In Crozier, W. R. and Alden, L. E. (Eds.), International Handbook of Social Anxiety (pp. 405–430). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M., Butler, G., Fennell, M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F. and Wells, A. (1995). Social Behaviour Questionnaire. Unpublished.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Grey, N., Waddington, L. and Wild, J. (2006). Cognitive therapy versus exposure and applied relaxation in social phobia: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology.Google Scholar
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Fennell, M., Campbell, H., Flower, T., Davenport, C. and Louis, B. (2003). Cognitive therapy vs fluoxetine in generalised social phobia: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71 1058–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, D. M. and Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Heimberg, R. G., Liebowitz, M. R., Hope, D. A. and Schneier, F. R. (Eds.), Social Phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Curtis, R. C. and Miller, K. (1986). Believing another likes or dislikes you: behaviours making the beliefs come true. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 284–290.Google Scholar
Durlak, J. A. and Wells, A. M. (1997). Primary prevention mental health programs for children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Community Psychology, 25 115–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehlers, A. and Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38 319–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, P., Masia, C. and Klein, R. (2004). Skills for social and academic success: a school-based intervention for social anxiety disorder in adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7 241–249.Google Scholar
Guyatt, G. H., Feeny, D. H. and Patrick, D. L. (1993). Measuring health-related quality of life. Annals of International Medicine, 118 622–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, Zhao, K. A, Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M. and Eshelman, S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national comorbidity study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51 8–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovacs, M. (1992). Children's Depression Inventory: manual. New York-Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Ivarsson, T., Lidberg, A. and Gillberg, C. (1994). The Birleson Depression Self-rating Scale: clinical evaluation in an adolescent inpatient population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 32 115–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McManus, F., Sacadura, C. and Clark, D. M. in press. Why social anxiety persists: an experimental manipulation of the role of safety behaviours as a possible maintaining factor. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Morrison, T., French, P., Walford, L., Lewis, S., Kilcommons, A., Green, J., Parker, S. and Bentall, R. (2004). Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis in people at ultra-high risk. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185 291–297.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: Columbus OH: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Rachman, S., Gruter-Andrew, J. and Shafran, R. (2000). Post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38 611–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rheingold, A. A., Herbert, J. D. and Franklin, M. E. (2003). Cognitive bias in adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27 639–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T. and Clark, D. (2004). A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Conference, European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies. September, Manchester, UK.Google Scholar
Spence, S. H., Donovan, C. and Brechman-Toussaint, M. (2000). The treatment of childhood social phobia: the effectiveness of a social skills training-based, cognitive-behavioural intervention, with and without parental involvement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41 713–726.Google Scholar
Stallard, P. (2003). A retrospective analysis to explore the applicability of the Ehlers and Clark (2000) cognitive model to explain PTSD in children. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31 337–345.Google Scholar
Stangier, U., Heidenreich, T., Peitz, M., Lauterbach, W. and Clark, D. M. (2003). Cognitive therapy for social phobia: individual versus group treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41 991–1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wells, A., Stopa, L. and Clark, D. M. (1993). Social Cognitions Questionnaire. Unpublished.Google Scholar
Woody, S. R. (1996). Effects of focus on attention on anxiety levels and social performance of individuals with social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105 61–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woody, S. R., Chambless, D. L. and Glass, C. R. (1997). Self-focused attention in the treatment of social phobia. Behavioural Research and Therapy, 35 117–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.