Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T02:09:43.707Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Relationship between Adolescent Rumination and Maternal Rumination, Criticism and Positivity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 March 2017

Jessica L. Douglas*
Affiliation:
Children's Services, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
Deirdre Williams
Affiliation:
Honorary Lecturer, Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Shirley Reynolds
Affiliation:
Charlie Waller Institute, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
*
Correspondence to Jessica Douglas, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Background: Rumination predicts depression in adults and adolescents. The development of rumination has been linked to parenting practices, but only limited research has investigated this and research has tended to rely on self-report parenting measures. Aims: To investigate the relationship between female adolescent rumination and maternal modelling, criticism and positivity using an observational measure of parental behaviour. Method: A cross-sectional design was used. Daughters aged 16–18 years and their mothers (n = 154 dyads) completed questionnaire measures of rumination and affect. Mothers of girls with rumination scores in the upper and lower quartile (both n = 26) also completed the Five Minute Speech Sample, which was used to measure maternal criticism and positivity. Results: Mothers of low rumination girls made significantly more positive comments about their daughters than the mothers of high ruminators. Mothers made very few critical comments. Self-reported rumination was not correlated in mothers and daughters, suggesting a lack of support for the potential role of modelling. Conclusion: Overall, low maternal positivity was associated with rumination in female adolescents. There was no evidence that maternal rumination or criticism were associated with adolescent rumination. The results suggest a number of implications for future research, including the need for prospective longitudinal studies using observational parenting measures.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1 Former Trainee Clinical Psychologist, Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.

References

Alloy, L., Abramson, L., Smith, J., Gibb, B. and Neeren, A. (2006). Role of parenting and maltreatment histories in unipolar and bipolar mood disorders: mediation by vulnerability to depression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 9, 2364. doi: 10.1007/s10567-006-0002-4 Google Scholar
Bardone, A., Moffitt, T., Caspi, A., Dickson, N., Stanton, W. and Silva, P. (1998). Adult physical health outcomes of adolescent girls with conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 594601. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199806000-00009 Google Scholar
Beck, A., Daley, D., Hastings, R. and Stevenson, J. (2004). Mothers’ expressed emotion towards children with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48, 628638. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00564.x Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Brent, A. and Benson, S. (1998). Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 12341238. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199811000-00029 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, L. and Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331346. doi: 10.1007/BF01420597 Google Scholar
Clark, S. and Coker, S. (2009). Perfectionism, self-criticism and maternal criticism: a study of mothers and their children. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 321325. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.020 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, M., Csank, P., Holm, S. and Blake, C. (2000). On assessing individual differences in rumination on sadness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 404425. doi: 10.1207/S15327752JPA7503_04 Google Scholar
Cox, S., Funasaki, K., Smith, L. and Mezulis, A. (2012). A prospective study of brooding and reflection as moderators of the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 290299. doi: 10.1007/s10608-011-9373-z Google Scholar
Crawford, J. and Henry, J. (2004). The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245265. doi: 10.1348/0144665031752934 Google Scholar
Daley, D., Sonuga-Barke, E. and Thompson, M. (2003). Assessing expressed emotion in mothers of preschool ADHD children: psychometric properties of a modified speech sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 5367. doi: 10.1348/014466503762842011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Furman, W. and Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103115. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03599.x Google Scholar
Gardner, C. and Epkins, C. (2012). Girls’ rumination and anxiety sensitivity: are they related after controlling for girl, maternal and parenting factors? Child Youth Care Forum, 41, 561578. doi: 10.1007/s10566-012-9188-4 Google Scholar
Gaté, M., Watkins, E., Simmons, J., Byrne, M., Schwartz, O., Whittle, S. et al. (2013). Maternal parenting behaviors and adolescent depression: the mediating role of rumination. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 348357. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.755927 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibb, B., Grassia, M., Stone, L., Uhrlass, D. and McGeary, J. (2012). Brooding rumination and risk for depressive disorders in children of depressed mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 317326. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9554-y CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guastella, A. and Moulds, M. (2007). The impact of rumination on sleep quality following a stressful life event. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 11511162. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.028 Google Scholar
Harvey, A., Watkins, E., Mansell, W. and Shafran, R. (2004). Cognitive Behavioural Processes across Psychological Disorders: a Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hilt, L., Armstrong, J. and Essex, M. (2012). Early family context and development of adolescent ruminative style: moderation by temperament. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 916926. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.621932 Google Scholar
Joiner, T., Catanzaro, S. and Laurent, J. (1996). Tripartite structure of positive and negative affect, depression, and anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 401409. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.401 Google Scholar
Jose, P. and Brown, I. (2008). When does the gender difference in rumination begin? Gender and age differences in the use of rumination by adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 180192. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9166-y Google Scholar
Kercher, A. and Rapee, R. (2009). A test of a cognitive diathesis-stress generation pathway in early adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 845855. doi: 10.1007/s10802-009-9315-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kocovski, N., Endler, N., Rector, N. and Flett, G. (2005). Ruminative coping and post-event processing in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 971984. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.015 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovejoy, M., Graczyk, P., O'Hare, E. and Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561592. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7 Google Scholar
Luminet, O. (2004). Measurement of depressive rumination and associated constructs. In Papageorgiou, C. and Wells, A. (eds), Depressive Rumination: Nature, Theory and Treatment. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Magana, A., Goldstien, M., Karno, M., Miklowitz, D., Jenkins, J. and Falloon, I. (1986). A brief method for assessing expressed emotion in relatives of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Research, 17, 203212. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(86)90049-1 Google Scholar
Manfredi, C., Caselli, G., Rovetto, F., Rebecchi, D., Ruggiero, G., Sassaroli, S. and Spada, M. (2011). Temperament and parental styles as predictors of ruminative brooding and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 186191. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.023 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarty, C. and Weisz, J. (2002). Correlates of expressed emotion in mothers of clinically referred youth: an examination of the five-minute speech sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 759768. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00090 Google Scholar
Melvin, G. and Molloy, G. (2000). Some psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule among Australian youth. Psychological Reports, 86, 12091212. doi: 10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3c.1209 Google Scholar
Molloy, G., Pallant, J. and Cantas, A. (2001). A psychometric comparison of the positive and negative affect schedule across age and sex. Psychological Reports, 88, 861862. doi: 10.2466/PR0.88.3.861-862 Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259282. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.259 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569582. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569 Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: the 1989 Loma Piesta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115121. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. and Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400424. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x Google Scholar
Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bogels, S., Nolen-Hoeksema, S. and Schouten, E. (2009). The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 607616. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.001 Google Scholar
Rose, A. (2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73, 18301843. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00509 Google Scholar
Spasojevic, J. and Alloy, L. (2002). Who becomes a depressive ruminator? Developmental antecedents of ruminative response style. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 16, 405419. doi: 10.1891/jcop.16.4.405.52529 Google Scholar
Stroud, C. B. and Fitts, J. (2015). Rumination in early adolescent girls: interactive contributions of mother–adolescent relationship quality and maternal coping suggestions. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Epub ahead of print, 1–12. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1094737 Google Scholar
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R. and Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247259. doi: 10.1023/A:1023910315561 Google Scholar
Twenge, J. and Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2002). Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status and birth cohort difference on the children's depression inventory: a meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 578588. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.4.578 Google Scholar
Vatanasin, D., Thapinta, D., Thompson, E. and Thunjaroenkul, P. (2012). Testing a model of depression among Thai adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 25, 195206. doi: 10.1111/jcap.12012 Google Scholar
Vostanis, P., Nicholls, J. and Harrington, R. (1994). Maternal expressed emotion in conduct and emotional disorders of childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 365376. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01168.x Google Scholar
Wambolt, F., O'Connor, S., Wambolt, M., Gavin, L. and Klinnert, M. (2000). The five minute speech sample in children with asthma: deconstructing the construct of expressed emotion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 887898. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00676 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. and Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 10631070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, D., London, K. and Field, A. (2011). Using bootstrap estimation and the plug-in principle for clinical psychology data. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 2, 252270. doi: 10.5127/jep.013611.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.